Gina M Pighetti & Raul Almeida. University of Tennessee

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1 Gina M Pighetti & Raul Almeida University of Tennessee

2 Ultimate goal most vaccines Prevent infection Typically by increasing production of antibodies specific to an organism BUT, mastitis vaccines face several challenges

3 Different bacteria tickle the immune response differently How the mammary immune system works Immune system response depressed when IMI is more prevalent Milk antibody levels are less than that in blood Relatively short duration of antibody production The type of immunity generated by vaccination may not match what is needed to kill the bacteria

4 Release of immune mediators Y Increase blood flow & leakiness of mammary cells Increase immune cells, antibodies production & other defenses

5 IgG levels in milk ~ 100 to 1000x lower than blood Strep. uberis SUAM specific antibody (IgG) Vaccination induced levels may not be sufficient to prevent infection from occurring Levels do not increase in milk until AFTER infection

6 Log 10 serum IgG Specific antibody levels begin to decrease within 2-4 weeks J5 specific IgG antibody Requires booster Relatively short window of effectiveness Time vaccine to when your herd has a problem J5 vaccine 1 st dose 2 nd dose Reinhardt, et al., 1999

7 But, this may not be the best means of eliminating certain types of bacteria Recognizes bug Works great if antibody can BIND TO the bacteria But, some bacteria like Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis & and some E.coli strains HIDE so antibodies are NOT as effective Provides enhanced function actab.html

8 That depends What are the mastitis issues on your farm? Is a vaccine available? Are there other concerns that need to be addressed?

9 Gram negative ~ $1.50 per dose Enviracor J-5 (Zoetis) J-VAC (Merial) Endovac-Bovi (Immvac) Staphylococcus aureus ~ $1.25 per dose Lysigin (Boehringer Ingleheim)

10 A large portion of clinical mastitis cases caused by Gram negative bacteria More frequent in herds that have low SCC (<200K) At least 1 of every 100 cows experience severe clinical mastitis Severe clinical mastitis tends to occur during a certain stage of lactation or season Adapt vaccine protocol to match when infections typically occur

11 # clinical per 1000 cow-days Gram negative infections will still occur at the same level BUT you most likely will : See more mild and shorter cases of mastitis Clinical mastitis 1 st 90 days Lose less milk production that lactation 0.2 Fewer cows die or culled 0.1 because of mastitis 0 Hogan et al., 1992, Wilson et al., 2007, Wilson et al., 2008 Control J5

12 Evaluate for other risk factors & modify management as needed Clean, dry environment Minimize overstocking (100% or less)/maximize stall use Minimize heat stress Control transition cow diseases such as ketosis & hypocalcemia

13 Staph aureus does not cause a strong clinical response Delays & limits influx of antibodies into milk Gives time to invade tissue & hide from immune cells Bannerman et al., 2004

14 Generally, not recommended for lactating cows Proper milking processes & functioning milking equipment more effective because Staph. aureus is transmitted during milking

15 S. aureus IMI at calving (%) May be helpful for controlling Staph. aureus mastitis in heifers Decrease # infections at calving Decrease culling Improved 305-day milk yield (~ 886 kg or 1953 lb 10 5 Don t forget about fly control 0 No vaccine Vaccine Nickerson, 2010 (

16 Mastitis vaccines are a TOOL to help you manage mastitis in your herd Vaccination CANNOT overcome poor management Effective & consistent milking practices Milking equipment well maintained Clean, dry environment

17 Incidence of new intramammary infection during the lactation cycle. Arnold, mastitiscontrol/managementofdrycow

18 Alternative Vaccination Schedule Arnold, mastitiscontrol/managementofdrycow

19 Facts: Immune response depressed during the transition period Control of IMI in the early dry period reduces new IMI during early lactation Therefore, boosting immunity before dry period may reduce IMI during early lactation

20 If you have any questions, please contact: Gina M. Pighetti AND/OR Raul Almeida

21 2015 Conference Sponsors Platinum Multimin USA Zoetis Gold Elanco Maryland-Virginia Producers Cooperative Association Silver CPC Commodities Kentucky Dairy Development Council Contributor Bluegrass Dairy and Food, Inc. DFA Mid-East DFA Southeast W.D. Hoard & Sons Thank you for your support!