Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

Transcription

1 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abscesses, aural, in reptiles, 378 dental, in rabbits, 488 Acceptance of food. See Behavioral considerations. Acetate energy, in macropods, Acid base correction, for rabbits, with hepatic lipidosis, 492 with urolithiasis, 491 Acid detergent fraction (ADF), 357 Adaptogens, as supplements, Aeromonas hydrophila, for aquatic animals, 336 Aflatoxins, in food, 341, 411 Alfalfa, for chinchillas and guinea pigs, 472, 476 for marsupials, 432 for rabbits, Algae, for aquatic animal nutrition, 336, 344 Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), for fish, 508 for liver support, for reptiles, 508 ocular effects of, 513 Alternative medicine, supplements vs., 505 American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), 338 Amino acids, essential, for aquatic animals, 334 for avians, , for ferrets, , 456 for reptiles, 508 for rodent, in feeder insects, for amphibians, 357 Ammonia, excretion of, in aquatic animals, production of, in macropods, Amphibian nutrition, diet components of, digestibility challenges with, 356, gastrointestinal anatomy and, in adults, in larvae, 348 insects in, nutrient composition of, nutritive value of, optimizing, introduction to, key points of, 347 nutrient bioavailability of, 357, nutrient components/requirements for, Vet Clin Exot Anim 17 (2014) vetexotic.theclinics.com /14/$ see front matter ª 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 528 Index Amphibian (continued ) fats, metabolizable energy, minerals, 359 proteins, 357 vitamins, nutrient composition of insects for, , , species overview for, 348 supplements in, 344 Anorexia, in ferrets, 465 in rabbits, 491 causes of, , 491 dietary management of, in reptiles, clinical signs of, diagnosis of, 388 overview of, 387 treatment of, in rodents, 477, 479 Antibiotics, in feed, for aquatic animals, 338 Antifungals, in feed, for aquatic animals, 338, 516 Antiinflammatory supplements, for ferrets, 468 Antimicrobial supplements, Antioxidant supplements, for aquatic animals, 341 for avians, 405 for ferrets, 457 for macropods, for reptiles, 382 vitamin E as, 511 with beneficial ocular effects, Antiparasitics, in feed, for aquatic animals, 338 natural substances as, 504 Anxiolytics, for stress reduction, 517 Aquarium fish, tropical, nutrition for, Aquatic animal nutrition, food selection for, behavioral considerations of, , 518 energy and, , food formulations and, nutrient requirements and, specific recommendations in, storage and, 336, for elasmobranchs, 344 for koi, for marine invertebrates, 344 for stress reduction, 518 for tropical aquarium fish, key points of, 333 larval amphibians and, 348 medicated feeds in,

3 Index 529 nutrient requirements for, carbohydrates, 333, 335 color enhancers, 337 fats, , 338 fiber, minerals, 336, 338 practical applications of, probiotics, proteins, , 338 summary of, vitamins, , 338 summary overview of, 345 supplements in, , 341, 344, 508 Arachidonic acid (AA), 516 Arginine, for aquatic animals, 334 for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Arteriosclerosis, in rabbits, with obesity, 490 Artichoke, 508, 515 Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C entries. Ash, in ferret diet, 452, 456 in rabbit diet, 495 Aspergillus antibody testing, in avians, 516 Aural abscesses, in reptiles, with hypovitaminosis A, 378 Avian nutrition, conversion of large birds and, 411 conversion of small birds and, enrichment and, feeding companion birds in the home, feeding strategies of psittacine birds, foraging and, formulated diets for, key points of, 397 needs in, 397 nutrient requirements in, for psittacines and passerines, minerals, omega fatty acids, protein, species-specific, 399 vitamins, nutritional history in, stress-related behavioral problems and, 517 supplements in, , 516 B Baby food, for ferrets, 463, 465, 467 for hand-reared marsupials, 442 Basal metabolic rate (BMR), definition of, 416 of amphibians, 356

4 530 Index Basal (continued) of aquatic animals, of avians, 399 of marsupials, consequences of low, during torpor and hibernation, scope of, 418, 420 summary of, of rabbits, in calorie intake calculation, 492 of reptiles, 386 Bearded dragon, cachexia in, 388 nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in, Behavioral considerations, of food selection, for aquatic animals, for avians, 400 enrichment and foraging strategies, large birds, 411 small birds, for ferrets, 451, 454, 459, 461 for marsupials, hand-rearing, sugar gliders, 425 weaning, supplements and, Berries, in avian diet, Beta-carotene. See Carotenoids. b-cell adenomas, in ferrets, dietary management of, Beta-glucan supplements, Bile, in amphibians, 349 in aquatic animals, 337 Bioavailability, of nutrients, for amphibians, for aquatic animals, , 338 Biological filtration, in amphibians, 348 in aquatic animals, 339 Biotin, for ferrets, 453, 458 Bird nutrition. See Avian nutrition; specific bird classification. Bloat, in chinchilla, 477 in rabbits, Blood sugar level. See Glucose level. Body condition score (BCS), for obesity, in rabbits, , 494 Body mass (BM), of marsupials, nutrition based on, Body temperature, with low BMR, in marsupials, 416 Bone disease, in bearded dragon, 371, 373 in marsupials, , 445 in rodents, 478 Bone mineral density, in reptiles, , 373 Booth diet, for sugar gliders, 427 Bottle-feeding, 441, 468 Bourbon s Modified Leadbeater s diet, for sugar gliders, 426 Breeding. See Reproduction. Browsers, macropods as, 430 Brunner s glands, in opossum, 436

5 Index 531 Brush border enzymes, intestinal, in ferrets, , 453 Buccal glands, in amphibians, 348 C Cachexia, in reptiles, clinical signs of, diagnosis of, 388 overview of, 387 treatment of, Calcium carbonate, in rabbits, urolithiasis related to, in reptiles, 375 Calcium deficiencies. See also Secondary hyperparathyroidism. in amphibians, in avians, 408 in ferrets, 457 in opossum, 437 in rodents, 477 in sugar gliders, Calcium excess, in rabbit diet, Calcium metabolism, in rabbits, 490, 499 in rodents, 475, 479 Calcium requirements, in amphibians, 359 chitinolytic digestion and, 360 insects for, optimizing, supplements for, in aquatic animals, 336 in avians, in marsupials, macropods, 432 opossum, sugar gliders, in rabbits, 490, 497 in rodents, , 479 Calcium supplement, 510 for amphibians, for avians, 506 for marsupials, , 432 opossum, 435, 437 for rabbits, for reptiles, Calculi, renal. See Urolithiasis. Calendula, Caloric requirements. See Energy requirements. Cancer. See Malignancies. Cannibalism, in amphibians, 350 Ca:P ratio, in avians, 405, 407 for egg laying, 408 for growing chicks, in ferret diet, 452, 455, 457 in insect nutritive value,

6 532 Index Ca:P (continued ) in marsupials, opossum, sugar gliders, in rabbits, 499 in reptiles, 370, 374 in rodents, Captivity diet. See also Commercial diets. for amphibians. See Insects. for aquatic animals, for birds. See Avian nutrition. for marsupials, 419 macropods, 419, comparison of suggested, opossum, short-tailed, Virginia, sugar gliders, comparison of suggested, for rodents, chinchilla and guinea pig, hamster and gerbil, Carbohydrate requirements, in aquatic animals, 333, 335 in ferrets, in rabbits, Carbonate metabolism, in rabbits, in reptiles, 375 Cardiomyopathy, in ferrets, Carnivores, amphibians as, 350 avians, 411 ferrets as, 449, 451, 453, 457, 465 fish as, , 337 opossum as, reptiles as, 376, 379, 386 supplements for, 509 Carotenoids, as supplement, 509 in amphibian diet, 358, in aquatic animal diet, 336 in avian diet, in ferret diet, 457 in reptile diet. See Hypervitaminosis A; Hypovitaminosis A. ocular effects of, 512 Cat food, for ferrets, 451, , 457, , 463 for weaning hand-reared marsupials, Caviomorph nutrition, captive diet in, coprophagy in, digestive anatomy in, 473 health issues related to, introduction to, 471 mucus trap colonic separation mechanism and, natural diets in, oxalate metabolism in, 475 species overview for,

7 supplements in, 507 Cecotrophs, in rabbits, 491 Cecum, of macropods, of opossum, 436 of rabbits, fermentation in, 491, 498 anorexia impact on, GI stasis impact on, 486 of rodents, Cellulose digestion, in rabbits, 498 in rodents, 473 Cetaceans, supplements for, 508, 515 Chameleon, dehydration in, 385 nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in, 372 Chelonians, nutritional disorders in, 371, , 383, esophageal feeding tube for, 388, 390 supplements for, , 518 Chicago Zoo diet, for sugar gliders, 427 Chinchilla nutrition, captive diet in, coprophagy in, dentition for, 472 supplements for, 475 digestive anatomy in, 473 health issues related to, introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 475, 507 Chitin, of feeder insects, amphibian digestion of, 360 Chloride requirements, in rabbits, 496 Choana, of amphibians, 348 Cholecalciferol. See Vitamin D 3 entries. Choline, for ferrets, 459 Chow-pudding, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, Clay, dietary, for IBD, in ferrets, 468 Cloaca, in amphibians, 350 Cloacal washes, for constipation, in reptiles, 391 Clotting factors, vitamin K for, in avians, 406 Coelom, in amphibians, 349 in reptiles, with constipation, 390 Colocolic intussusception (IN), in hamsters, 480 Colon, of macropods, of opossum, 436 of rabbits, 498 of rodents, Colonic separation mechanism (CSM), in rodents, Color enhancers, food, for aquatic animals, 337 Commercial diets. See also specific branded name. for ferrets, development efforts for, 456 Dook Soup as, , 465 Index 533

8 534 Index Commercial (continued) during illness, nutrients provided by, , 460 selecting a complete, 459 for guinea pig, 476 vs. homemade diets, 338 Companion birds, feeding in the home, Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), supplements vs., 505 Computed tomography (CT), for dental disease complex, in rabbits, 488 Conjunctivitis, in reptiles, with hypovitaminosis A, 377 Constipation, in chinchilla, 477 in reptiles, causes of, 389 clinical signs of, 390 diagnosis of, 390 prevention of, 391 treatment of, Contractions, gastrointestinal, in amphibians, 349 Copper requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 in rabbits, 496 Coral nutrition, 344 Critical Care diet, for rabbits, , Critical Care Fine Grind diet, for rabbits, , Critical care nutrition, for rabbits, , diet comparisons in, Cross-fostering, in marsupials, 440 Crude fiber, for rabbits, 498 Crustacean nutrition, 344 Cuticle, of feeder insects, amphibian digestion of, 357, Cuttlefish bone, for reptiles, 374 Cyanocobalamin supplement, for avians, 506 for ferrets, 458 for reptiles, 508 Cystine, for amphibians, 357 for ferrets, 452 Cystotomy, for urolithiasis, in rabbits, 491 D Dandelion, 515 Decomposition, of food wastes, in aquatic animals, 339 Decompression, for GI stasis, in rabbits, 487 Defecation, stimulation of during hand-rearing, of ferrets, 468 of marsupials, 442 Dehydration, in reptiles, clinical signs of, 385 diagnosis of, 385 overview of, 384 prevention of, 386 treatment of, with anorexia and cachexia, 388 Demineralization. See Bone disease.

9 Dental evaluation, for rabbits, 488 Dental malocclusions, in rabbits, in rodents, 477, Dentition, of amphibians, for dermatophagy, of ferrets, adaptations of, geriatric, 467 grain consumption and, 453 of marsupials, 435, 437 for plant consumption, 420 of rabbits, 487 of rodents, caviomorphs, 472 myomorphs, 472 nutrition-related disorders of, , 480 supplements for, 475, 477, 480 Dermatophagy, in amphibians, 350 Dextrose solutions, for ferrets, with islet cell disease, Diarrhea, in ferrets, 450 in rabbits, 389 in reptiles, 389 in rodents, 477, Dierenfeld diets, for sugar gliders, 427 Diet(s). See also Food selection. captivity. See Captivity diet. fish as. See Fish diets. formulated. See Formulations. high-fiber, for rabbits, 487, 490, 498 high-protein, for avians, for ferrets, 465, 467 homemade vs. commercial, 338 honey-pollen, for sugar glider, maintenance. See Maintenance diet. mink, for ferrets, 451, 454, 456 seed-only, for avians, 402, 408, 410 therapeutic. See Prescription diets. wild-type. See Natural diets. Diet history, in avian nutrition, in rabbit nutritional disorders, 487 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), 505 Dietary supplements. See Supplements. Digestibility, of fiber, in rabbits, 498 of insects, by amphibians, of nutrients, in marsupials, 420, 431, 436 in rabbit pellets, 500 of protein, in avians, 408 in ferrets, , 463 Digestion, of food, in amphibians, , in aquatic animals, 335, 337, 339 in marsupials, 420, in rodents, chinchilla, 473 Digestive efficiency, food processing in, 356 in macropods, 431 Index 535

10 536 Index 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-OHD), vitamin D deficiency and, in avians, 405 Disclosure, of nutrient sources, 338, 460, 463 Docosanol, 517 Dog food, for ferrets, 453, 460 Dolphins, serotonin for, 518 sponge carrying by, Dook Soup, for ferrets, during illness, Drug resistance, medicated feeds and, in aquatic animals, Drugs, in feed. See Medicated feeds. Dry food, for aquatic animals, for avians, 409 for ferrets, 451, 453, 461, for marsupials, 421, 437 macropods, sugar gliders, 425, 427, 429 for rabbits, extruded pellets as, 500 for reptiles, Dry matter (DM), in metabolizable energy, 356 Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), of reptiles, 373 Dusting of food, with calcium supplement, 374, 510 E Echinacea, for small mammals, 507 Ectotherms, metabolizable energy and, 356 Egg laying, in avians, Ca:P ratio for, 408 methionine for, 399 Eicosanoids, 516 Elasmobranch nutrition, 344 Electrolyte balance, in rabbits, with hepatic lipidosis, 492 with urolithiasis, 491, 499 Electrolytes, for hand-reared marsupials, for macropods, 432, 434 for reptiles, with cachexia, with dehydration, Elimination disorders. See Fecal disorders. Emeraid Herbivore diet, for rabbits, comparison to other prescription diets, indications for, , 493, 495 Endodontal disease, in rabbits, 488 Endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN). See Urea cycle. Endotherms. See also Marsupial nutrition. metabolism of, 356, 416 during torpor and hibernation, Enemas, for constipation, in reptiles, 391 Energy intake, obesity and, in reptiles, 386 Energy requirements, in amphibians, , 359 in aquatic animals, , in avians, 399, 408, 410 in ferrets, 451, , 463 in marsupials,

11 Index 537 during torpor and hibernation, maintenance, 417, 419 scope of, 418 sugar gliders, , 428 in rabbits, 495 balance with anorexia, 492 calorie intake calculation for, endogenous sources of, in reptiles, obesity and, 386 in rodents, coprophagy and, 474 endogenous sources of, 473 Enrichment, in avian nutrition, in macropod nutrition, 432 Enteral feedings, for rabbits, administration methods for, 493 immediate-term diets in, 489, long-term diets in, , 497 short-term diets in, , 497 with anorexia, for reptiles, Enteritis, in guinea pig, 479 Enteroendocrine cells, in opossum GI tract, 435 Enterotoxemia, in rabbits, risks for, with GI stasis, 486 Environmental factors, of energy requirements, in marsupials, of food acceptance, in amphibians, 350 in aquatic animals, in macropods, 432 of nutritional disorders, in reptiles, Enzymes, intestinal brush border, in ferrets, , 453 pancreatic powder, for avians, 506 proteolytic, in amphibians, Esbilac formula, for hand-reared marsupials, Esophageal choke, in chinchilla, 477 Esophageal feeding tube, for reptiles, 388, 390 Esophagus, of amphibians, of opossum, 435 Exoskeleton, of feeder insects, amphibian digestion of, 357, Extrusion processes, for pelleted diet, 500 Eye diseases. See Ocular disorders. Eye sea, for avians, 506 F Fat composition, of insects, in amphibian diet, Fat requirements, in amphibians, optimizing insects for, 360 in aquatic animals, , 338 in avians, 402 in ferrets, , , in opossum, in rabbits, 489, 495 in rodents, 476, 480

12 538 Index Fat storage, in aquatic animals, obesity and, in rabbits, in reptiles, Fat supplement, for ferrets, for hand-reared marsupials, 442 Fat-soluble vitamins, for amphibians, 362 for aquatic animals, 335, for avians, , 404 for opossum, 436 Fatty acids, essential, for amphibians, for aquatic animals, 335 for avians, , 506 for marsupials, 419 free, in rabbits, , 492 omega. See Omega fatty acids (OFA). short-chain, for macropods, volatile, in rabbits, 491 in rodents, 473 n-3 Fatty acids. See a-linolenic acid (n-3). Feathers, pigmentation of, carotenoids role in, protein in, 408 Fecal disorders, in opossum, 436 in rabbits, diarrhea as, 486 with GI stasis, in reptiles, constipation as, diarrhea as, 389 soft feces as, 389 in rodents, constipation as, 477 diarrhea as, 477, Feed/feedings, dry. See Dry food. enteral. See Enteral feedings. formulations of. See Formulations. living. See Live food. medications in. See Medicated feeds. Feeding strategies, for avians, companion birds, enrichment as, foraging as, large birds, 411 psittacine birds, small birds, for ferrets, kits, when switching diets, for marsupials, macropods, opossum, sugar gliders, Feeding times, for aquatic animals, 342 for ferrets, 451 for marsupials, 425, 429, 438 Feeding tubes, for marsupials, 441 for rabbits, for reptiles, 388,

13 Fermentation, cecal, in rabbits, 491, 498 anorexia impact on, GI stasis impact on, 486 foregut, in marsupials, hindgut, in rodents, 473 coprophagy and, microbial, in marsupials, 420 Ferret nutrition, commercial diets in, development efforts for, 456 nutrients provided by, , 460 selecting a complete, 459 dentition for, grain consumption and, 453 during breeding, 452, during gestation, during lactation, 465 energy needs and, 451, 454 food considerations in, for growth, 464 for kits, during weaning, 465 gastrointestinal tract and, anatomy and physiology of, clinical significance of, 450 geriatric, 467 high-fat supplements in, 451, illness and, 465, 468 inflammatory bowel disease and, 468 insulin-secreting tumors and, 450, introduction to, 449 islet cell disease and, key points of, 449 maintenance diets in, 454, minerals in, 452, optimal diet in, switching to, physiologic states requiring special, aging as, 467 breeding and gestation as, 454, growth as, 454, 464 illness as, 465, 468 insulin-secreting tumors as, 450, lactating and weaning as, 454, 465 snacks in, 450, 459 specific requirements in, diets failure to meet, physiologic states and, supplements in, 450, 457, 461, 463, 507 high-carbohydrate, 463 taurine deficiency and, treats in, acceptable, Index 539

14 540 Index Ferret (continued ) during illness, 467 sweet, 454, 459, 463 unsuitable diets in, vitamins in, 450, 453, water in, 459 Ferretone, for ferrets, Fiber requirements, in aquatic animals, in ferrets, , 463 in marsupials, 420, 431 in rabbits, , 495 crude, 498 for GI mobility, , 492, 494 high-fiber, 487, 490, 498 recommended levels for, 498 source and length of, 498 with enteral feedings, 492, 494 in reptiles, 387, 391 in rodents, captive diet and, chinchilla, 472, 477 coprophagy and, gerbil, 474 guinea pig, 473, 479 Field metabolic rate (FMR), definition of, 416 measurement of, 417 of marsupials, Fish diets, available formulations of, 339 for ferrets, 451, 454, 457 Fish nutrition, See also Aquatic animal nutrition. Fish oils, for aquatic animals, 335 Fish supplements, 508 Flavonoid supplement, ocular effects of, 512 Fluid therapy, for ferrets, with islet cell disease, for rabbits, with GI stasis, 487 with hepatic lipidosis, 492 for reptiles, with cachexia, with constipation, 391 with dehydration, 385 Fluorescent light bulb fixture, for fish tanks, 375 FMR:BMR ratio, in marsupials, Foliage, in chinchilla diet, 472 in rodent diet, 472, Folic acid, for ferrets, 453, 458 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), regulation of dietary supplements, 505, 507 Food extrusion, for pelleted diet, 500 Food formulations. See Formulations. Food groups, consumption of, by avians, Food preferences, of avians, 402 of ferrets, 451, 459, 461, 467 of macropods, 430 Food processing, in digestive efficiency, 356

15 Index 541 Food selection. See also specific nutrient or species. during foraging. See Foraging. for amphibians. See Insects. for aquatic animals, behavioral considerations of, energy and, , food formulations and, nutrient requirements and, specific recommendations in, storage and, 336, for avians, for ferrets, Food storage, for aquatic animals, 336, Food supplements. See Supplements. Foraging, by avians, by marsupials, , 430, 438 Foregut fermentation, in marsupials, Forestomach, of hamster, of macropods, Formulations, diet, for aquatic animals, for avians, 407, companion birds, psittacine birds, 398, 400, 409 for captive animals. See Captivity diet. for rabbits, with nutritional disorders. See Prescription diets. milk, for ferret hand-rearing, for marsupial hand-rearing, pediatric, for marsupial hand-rearing, Fox food, for opossum, 438 Fractures, in bearded dragon, 371, 373 in reptiles, with calcium deficiency, Free fatty acids, in rabbits, lipolysis and, , 492 Free-living mammals, energy requirements of, captivity diet vs., 420 Frozen food, for aquatic animals, for reptiles, Fruits, in avian diet, in ferret diet, 459, 463 in marsupial diet, macropods, opossum, 435, sugar glider, , 427, 429 weaning of hand-reared, 445 in rodent diet, 472, Fundus/fundic contractions, in amphibians, 349 in opossum, 435 Fungal infections, in aquatic animals, 338, 516 supplements for, 516 G Gallbladder, in amphibians, 349 Gastric gavage, for reptiles, with constipation, 391

16 542 Index Gastric tympany, in chinchilla, 477 in rabbits, Gastrointestinal anatomy, of amphibians, adults, larvae, 348 of aquatic animals, 337 of ferrets, anatomy and physiology of, clinical significance of, 450 of marsupials, macropods, maturation of, 440 opossum, transit time in. See GI transit time. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders, in ferrets, 460 in rabbits, in rodents, 477, natural cures for, 504 Gecko, nutritional disorders in, 372, 386 Geophagy, 504 Gerbil nutrition, captive diet in, coprophagy in, dentition for, 472 digestive anatomy in, 474 health issues related to, 480 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 507 Geriatric nutrition, for ferrets, 467 Gestational nutrition, in ferrets, in marsupials, GI obstruction, in guinea pig, 479 in rabbits, 486 GI stasis, in rabbits, GI transit time, in ferrets, , 453 in hamsters, 480 in rabbits, Glandular stomach, of hamster, Glucose level, plasma, in aquatic animals, 335 in ferrets, during illness, 465 islet cell disease and, in marsupials, 431, 436 in rabbits, with anorexia, Glycogen, metabolism vs. storage of, in aquatic animals, 335 in ferrets, 466 Good manufacturing practices (GMPs), for nutraceuticals, 507 Gout, in avians, from high-protein diets, Grains, in ferret diet, 453 in rodent diet, 472, 474, Grasses, in macropod diet, 431, 433 in rodent diet, 472

17 Index 543 Grazers, macropods as, maintenance diet for, Green tea, ocular effects of, 512 Growing chicks, calcium and phosphorus for, protein for, 408 Growth and development, of ferrets, special nutrition for, 464 of marsupials, hand-reared, lactated milk differences for, macropods, 443 sugar gliders, Growth rate, in avians, methionine and, 399 Guinea pig nutrition, captive diet in, coprophagy in, dentition for, 472 digestive anatomy in, 473 health issues related to, 479 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 507 Gum, in sugar glider diet, , 424 supplements, 425 Gut, of ferrets, , 453 Gut flora, in ferrets, 450 in guinea pig, 473 Gut loading, of reptiles, for calcium supplementation, H Hamster nutrition, captive diet in, coprophagy in, dentition for, 472 digestive anatomy in, health issues related to, 480 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 supplements in, 480, 507 Hand-rearing, of ferrets, of marsupials, cross-fostering vs., 440 lactation milk differences vs., macropods, methods for, milk formulations for, need for, 440 opossum, scope of, sugar gliders,

18 544 Index Hay, for chinchillas and guinea pigs, 472 for macropods, for rabbits, protein in, with GI stasis, with urolithiasis, 491, 499 for rodents, Hepatic lipidosis, in rabbits, treatment of, with anorexia, with GI stasis, with obesity, 486, 489, 492 Hepatic steatosis, chronic, in rabbits, See also Hepatic lipidosis. Herbal cures/substances, traditional medicine vs., See also Supplements. Herbivores, amphibians as, 348 avians as, 406 fish as, 334, 337 geophagy in, 504 marsupials as, 417, 420, 429, 433 rabbit as, 487 reptiles as, , , 386, 389 rodents as, chinchillas and guinea pigs as, coprophagy and, hamsters and gerbils as, 472, 474 supplements for, 509 Herptiles, calcium requirements in, 359 metabolizable energy and, 356 protein bioavailability in, 357 vitamin supplementation for, Heterothermy, metabolism during, Hibernation, in marsupials, metabolism rates during, 418 sugar gliders, 424 High Protein Wombaroo diet, for sugar gliders, 426 High-carbohydrate supplements, for ferrets, 463 for rabbits, 499 High-fiber intake, for rabbits, 487, 490, 498 High-protein diets, for avians, for ferrets, 465, 467 Hindgut fermentation, in rodents, 473 coprophagy and, Histidine, for ferrets, 452 Homemade diets, vs. commercial foods, 338 Honeydew, in sugar glider diet, 420, Honey-pollen diet, for sugar glider, Hormones, for stress reduction, 517 vitamin A regulation of, in avians, Humidity, in food storage, for aquatic animals, 336, nutritional disorders related to, in reptiles, 384, 386, 390 pouch life and, in marsupials, Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), vitamin D deficiency and, in avians, 405 Hypercalcinuria, in ferrets, 460 in guinea pig, 479 in rabbits,

19 Index 545 Hyperglycemia. See Glucose level. Hyperparathyroidism, nutritional. See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Hypertension, in rabbits, with obesity, 449 Hypervitaminosis A, in opossum, 437 in reptiles, Hypoglycemia, dietary management of. See Glucose level. in ferrets, signs and symptoms of, in rabbits, with anorexia, Hypothyroidism, nutritional. See Secondary hypothyroidism. Hypovitaminosis A, in reptiles, clinical signs of, diagnosis of, 378 overview of, prevention of, 379 treatment of, 378 Hypovitaminosis C, 509 Hypovitaminosis E, in reptiles, I Iguana, cachexia in, 388 Ileus, GI, in guinea pig, 479 Illness, nutrition for, in ferrets, in rabbits, calorie calculations, in reptiles, Immediate-term formulas, for enteral feedings, in rabbits, 489, Immune function, diet and, in young ferrets, 460 supplements for, Immuno-2865, for avians, 507 for cetaceans, 508 In utero nutrition, in ferrets, in marsupials, Infections, fungal. See Fungal infections. in ferrets, geriatric, 467 young, 460, 463 parasites as. See Parasites. secondary, in macropod nutrition, 432 supplements for, Inflammation, supplements for, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in ferrets, 468 Ingredients list, 338, 460, 463 Inositol, 514 Insectivores, amphibians as, , 351 marsupials as, , , reptiles as, 374, rodents as, 472 supplements for, 509 Insects, in amphibian diet, digestibility of, nutrient composition of, specific invertebrate,

20 546 Index Insects (continued) nutritive value of, optimizing, in reptile diet, 374, in rodent diet, 472 in sugar glider diet, , , 427, 429 Insulinomas, in ferrets, dietary management of, 450, Insulin-secreting tumors, in ferrets, 450, Intestinal disorders, nutrition-related, in chinchilla, 477 in guinea pig, 479 in rabbits, Invertebrates, in amphibian diet, See also Insects. marine, nutrition for, 344 Iodine deficiency, 511 in reptiles, Iodine requirements, in rabbits, 496 Iodine supplement, for aquatic animals, 344, 508 for avians, 506 for reptiles, 384 Iron dextran, for reptiles, 508 Islet cell disease, in ferrets, dietary management of, Isoleucine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Isotope-labeled water, for FMR measurement, in marsupials, 417 J Jar lid, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, 444 Joey nutrition. See Hand-rearing. Jurgelski diet, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, K Kangaroo nutrition. See Macropod nutrition. Ketogenic activity, in macropods, in rabbits, with lipolysis, 489, Kibble, for ferrets, 451, 453, 461, 464 Kilocalories, in metabolizable energy, 356 Kits, ferret, feeding of, weaning of, 465 Kitten food, for weaning hand-reared marsupials, Koi nutrition, L Lactase, intestinal, in ferrets, Lactation, in ferrets, diet for, 465 problems with, in marsupials, metabolic rate and, 418 milk maturation differences in,

21 Lactation phases, in marsupials, Lactobacillus spp., for aquatic animals, 336 for avians, 506 for small mammals, 507 in rodent gut, 473 Lactococcus lactis, for aquatic animals, 336 Lagomorphs, wash-back colonic separation mechanism in, Large intestines, of amphibians, 350 of ferrets, 450 of rodents, Larval feeders, amphibians as, diet components for, , gastrointestinal anatomy of, 348 aquatic animals as, 339 Larval insects, for nutrition. See Insects. Lauric acid, for amphibians, 358 Leadbeater s diet, for sugar gliders, Lecithin, 508, 514 Lemon balm, for avians, 506 Leucine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Light exposure, in food storage, for aquatic animals, 336, 340 nutritional value of. See UV-B entries. Linolenic acid (n-6), for amphibians, 357 for avians, , 506 for ferrets, 452, 461 a-linolenic acid (n-3), for amphibians, 357 for aquatic animals, 335 for avians, Lipidosis, hepatic. See Hepatic lipidosis. Lipids. See Fat requirements. Lipoic acid. See Alpha lipoic acid (ALA). Lipolysis, in rabbits, with anorexia, Lips, of amphibians, 348 Liquid food. See also Feeding tubes. commercial. See Formulations. for aquatic animals, prescribed. See Prescription diets. Live food, for aquatic animals, 339 for ferrets, 451 Liver, as ferret food, 457, 460, 463 in amphibians, 349 in avians, vitamin A stored in, 402 in rabbits, lipid metabolism role of, in reptiles, fat storage in, vitamin A stored in, 376, 378, 509 Liver disease/function, in rabbits. See also Hepatic lipidosis. with GI stasis, with obesity, supplements for, in ferrets, Index 547

22 548 Index Lizards, obesity in, 387 Long-term formulas, for enteral feedings, in rabbits, , 497 Lysine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 M Macronutrients, in amphibian diet, 351, in avian diet, 395 Macrophagous amphibians, 350 Macropod nutrition, captivity diets for, 419, comparison of suggested, classification per dietary preferences, 430 energy metabolism in, gastrointestinal dynamics of, hand-rearing and, need for, metabolism in, rate approximations, 430 micronutrient requirements in, 432 commercial formulations for, summary overview of, 415, , 445 Magnesium requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 in rodents, Maintenance diet, for ferrets, 454, for macropods, for marsupials, 417, 419 parenteral, for rabbits, Malignancies, in ferrets, islet cell, terminal, 467 Malocclusion, of teeth, in rabbits, in rodents, 477, Manna, in sugar glider diet, 420, 422, 424 Marine invertebrate nutrition, 344 Marsupial milk, energy content of, 442 maturation differences of, Marsupial nutrition, hand-rearing and, cross-fostering vs., 440 lactation milk differences vs., methods for, milk formulations for, need for, 440 scope of, species-specific guidelines for, introduction to, 415 key points of, 415 metabolic scope in, 418 metabolism in, BMRs and, consequences of low,

23 maintenance of, 417, 419 FMRs and, hibernation and, metabolic rates and, summary of, torpor and, 419 most important goal of, 445 nutrient requirements in, 417, 420, 423 species as pets, Maximum sustained metabolic rate (MSMR), definition of, 416 of marsupials, 415, 418 Medicated feeds, for aquatic animals, for marsupials, 433 wild sources of, Melissa balm, for avians, 506 Menadione, in avians, 406 Mercury vapor bulb, UV-B output of, Merycism, in macropods, 429 Metabolic energy requirements. See Energy requirements. Metabolic scope, 418 in marsupials, sustained, 418 Metabolism/metabolic rate, basal. See Basal metabolic rate (BMR). field. See Field metabolic rate (FMR). maximum sustained. See Maximum sustained metabolic rate (MSMR). Metabolizable energy (ME), calculation of, 356 definition of, 356 for ferrets, 454 for marsupials, 417 measurement of, 356 of insects for amphibians, requirements for, specific invertebrate composition, Methane gas, production of, in macropods, 429, 431 Methionine, 514 in amphibian diet, 357 in avians, 408 for egg-laying, 399 in ferret diet, 452, 459 in reptile diet, 508 Methyltransferases, SAMe role in reactions of, 514 Microbial fermentation, in marsupials, 420, Micronutrient mix, for macropods, Micronutrient requirements, in avians, 395 in marsupials, 419 macropods, Microphagous amphibians, 348 Milk, from lactation. See Lactation. in marsupial nutrition, for hand-rearing, formulations, replacement, 442 lactated, energy content of, 442 maturation differences of, Index 549

24 550 Index Milk replacers, artificial, 440, 442, Milk thistle, 515 for reptiles, 508 for small mammals, 507 Mineral deficiencies, in ferrets, 457, 463 in reptiles, 370, 374, 382 Mineral requirements, in amphibians, 359 optimizing insects for, in aquatic animals, 336 in avians, , in ferrets, 452, in marsupials, 419 macropods, sugar gliders, 425, 429 Mineral supplements, Mink diet, for ferrets, 451, 454, 456 Moisture, dietary, for ferrets, , 463 Dook Soup and, for rodents, 472 Molasses, for rabbits, 499 Molt, energy expenditure with, in avians, 408 Mucous production/secretion, in amphibians, in hamsters, 480 Mucus-trap colonic separation mechanism, in rodents, Multi-Milk formula, for hand-reared marsupials, Muscle disease, in macropods, Muscle meat, for ferrets, Myomorph nutrition, captive diet in, coprophagy in, digestive anatomy in, health issues related to, 480 introduction to, 471 mucus trap colonic separation mechanism and, natural diets in, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 species overview for, supplements in, 507 Myopathy, in ferrets, in macropods, N n-3. See a-linolenic acid (n-3). n-6. See Linolenic acid (n-6). Nasogastric tube, in rabbits, for decompression, 487 for feedings, Natural cures/substances, supplements vs., See also Supplements. Natural diets. See also Food preferences; specific species. of marsupials, of rodents, caviomorphs, myomorphs, 472

25 Natural rhythms, of food intake, in aquatic animals, 342 in avians, 400, 412 in ferrets, 451 in marsupials, 420, 436 in reptiles, 386 Nectar, in sugar glider diet, 420, Nephritis, in geriatric ferrets, 467 Niacin, for ferrets, 453, Nickel requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 Nipples. See Teats. Nitrogen, in amphibian diet, in ferret diet, 453, 456 in sugar glider diet, 423 Nitrogen recovery. See also Urea cycle. in amphibians, 357 in aquatic animals, 339 in macropods, in marsupials, 423 Nitrogen requirements, in avians, 408 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASD), 515 NSHP (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism). See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nutraceuticals. See also Supplements. good manufacturing practices for, 507 regulation of, 505, 507 Nutri-Cal, for ferrets, 450, , 464 geriatric, 467 with islet cell disease, for small mammals, 507 Nutrient bioavailability. See Bioavailability. Nutrient composition, of ferret diets, of invertebrates. See also Insects. in amphibian diet, of prescription diets, for rabbits, Nutrient requirements, for amphibians, fats, metabolizable energy, minerals, 359 proteins, 357 vitamins, for aquatic animals, carbohydrates, 333, 335 color enhancers, 337 fats, fiber, 337 minerals, 336 probiotics, proteins, summary of, vitamins, for avians, Index 551

26 552 Index Nutrient (continued) minerals, omega fatty acids, protein, vitamins, for ferrets, , for marsupials, 417 for rabbits, prescription diets compared to, for reptiles, See also Reptile nutritional disorders. Nutrition, for amphibians, See also Amphibian nutrition. for aquatic animals, See also Aquatic animal nutrition. for avians, See also Avian nutrition. for ferrets, See also Ferret nutrition. for marsupials, See also Marsupial nutrition. for rabbits, See also Rabbit nutrition. for rodents, See also Rodent nutrition. supplements for, See also Supplements. Nutritional disorders. See also specific disorder, nutrient, or species. in ferrets, in marsupials, 420 in rabbits, anorexia as, 487, 491 bloat as, GI obstruction as, GI stasis as, hypercalcinuria as, obesity as, hepatic lipidosis with, 486, 489 teeth malocclusion as, urolithiasis as, , 499 in reptiles, See also Reptile nutritional disorders. in rodents, chinchilla and guinea pig, hamster and gerbil, 480 Nutritional history. See Diet history. Nutritional labels, 338, 460, 463 Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP). See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nutritional secondary hypothyroidism. See Secondary hypothyroidism. Nutritional supplements, See also Supplements. Nuts, in avian diet, 411 in gerbil diet, 477 in marsupial diet, 425 O Obesity, in aquatic animals, in ferrets, 451 in marsupials, 420 opossum, 437 sugar gliders, , 429

27 in rabbits, , 499 arteriosclerosis related to, 490 body condition scoring for, , 494 dietary management of, 490, 492 hepatic lipidosis with, 486, 489, 492 hypertension related to, 489 in reptiles, in rodents, 477, 480 Obstruction, GI, in rabbits, 486 OcuGlo, for avians, 507 Ocular disorders, antioxidants for, in ferrets, OHD. See 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD). Oleic acid, for amphibians, 358 Omega fatty acids (OFA), as supplement, for avians, 506 for ferrets, 462 for rabbits, 496 for reptiles, 508 ocular effects of, Omnivores, amphibians as, 348, 350 fish as, 337 geophagy in, 504 marsupials as, 420, 435 reptiles as, 376, rodents as, 472, 474 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-OHD), vitamin D deficiency and, in avians, 405 Oophagy, in amphibians, 350 Opossum nutrition, adult, as omnivorous, captivity diet for, 419, hand-rearing and, need for, 440 weaning formulation for, 444 metabolism in, secondary hyperparathyroidism and, 437 short-tailed opossum, 415, summary overview of, 415, , 445 Virginia opossum, 415, vitamins in, Opportunistic feeders, chinchillas as, 472 Oral cavities, of amphibians, 348 Oral disorders, in reptiles, with vitamin A disorders, Oral examination, for rabbits, 488 Organic waste, digestion/decomposition of, in aquatic animals, 339 Ornamental fish, tropical, nutrition for, Osteodystrophia fibrosa. See Secondary hyperparathyroidism. Overfeeding, of aquatic animals, of reptiles, starved, Index 553

28 554 Index Oxalate metabolism, in rabbits, 499 in rodents, 475, 479 Oxidation, of stored food, for aquatic animals, P Pain management, for rabbits, with GI stasis, 487 Palmitic acid, for amphibians, 358 Pancreas, in amphibians, Pancreatic enzyme powder, for avians, 506 Pantothenic acid, for ferrets, 453, 459 Parasites, diarrhea related to, in reptiles, 389 in macropod food, 432 natural cures for, 504 Parenteral nutrition, for rabbits, Parrots, feeding strategies in the home, Passerine birds, nutrient requirements in, Pasturing, of macropods, 431, 433 Peak metabolic rate, 418 Pediatric formulas, for marsupial hand-rearing, Pellets. See Dry food. Penguins, supplements for, 507 Periodontal disease, in hamsters, 480 in rabbits, 488 Peristalsis, in amphibians, in rabbits, with GI stasis, 486 Phenylalanine, for avians, 408 for ferrets, 452 Phosphatidylcholine (PC), 514 Phosphorus requirements, in amphibians, 359 insects for, in aquatic animals, 336, 338 in avians, for reproductive needs, in ferret diet, 452, 455, 457 in marsupials, sugar gliders, in rabbits, 497 in reptiles, 370, 374 in rodents, 476, Photoperiod. See UV-B radiation. Photoreceptor actions, of vitamin A, in avians, 403 Placental mammals, enteroendocrine cell in GI tract of, 435 external. See Marsupial entries. Plasma osmolality, dehydration and, in reptiles, Poikilotherms, metabolizable energy and, 356 Pollen, in sugar glider diet, 420, Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). See also Linolenic acid (n-6); a-linolenic acid (n-3). for avians, for ferrets, 460 liver effects of,

29 Index 555 ocular effects of, Potassium requirements, in aquatic animals, 336 in macropods, 432 Prebiotics, for aquatic animals, 336 Prescription diets, for rabbits, comparison of constituents of, enteral feedings and, immediate-term formulas, 489, long-term formulas, , 497 short-term formulas, , 497 with nutritional disorders, 486, anorexia, calorie intake calculation in, dental malocclusions, 488 GI stasis, obesity, 490 urolithiasis, 491 Primates, tryptophan for, 508 Probiotic requirements, in aquatic animals, Prokinetic enhancers, for GI stasis, in rabbits, 487 Protein composition, of captivity diets, for ferrets, 428, 452, , 460 for marsupials, of insects, in amphibian diet, Protein requirements, in amphibians, 357 in aquatic animals, , 338 in avians, 401, in ferrets, , Dook Soup and, , geriatric, 467 in marsupials, 417, , in rabbits, 495 hay content of, in reptiles, 508 in rodents, , Protein synthesis, microbial, in macropods, Proteolytic enzymes, peptic, in amphibians, Psittacine birds, feeding in the home, feeding strategies of, nutrient requirements in, for growing chicks, supplements for, 506 Puppy Esbilac formulation, for hand-reared marsupials, Pyloric contractions, in amphibians, 349 Pyloric gland, in opossum, 435 Pyloric sphincter, in amphibians, 349 Pyridoxine, for ferrets, 453, 458 R Rabbit Digestive Health Formula, Rabbit nutrition, cecal fermentation in, 491, 498 anorexia impact on,

30 556 Index GI stasis impact on, 486 dietary management in, 486, calorie intake calculation as, during anorexic periods, enteral feeding as, for hepatic lipidosis, 492 for obesity, 492 immediate diet formulas, immediate-term diet formulas, 489, long-term diet formulas, , 497 myths, misconceptions, and important facts, nasogastric tubes for, 49 short-term diet formulas, , 497 disorders related to, anorexia as, 487, 491 bloat as, GI obstruction as, GI stasis as, hypercalcinuria as, obesity as, arteriosclerosis related to, 490 body condition scoring for, , 494 dietary management of, 490, 492 hepatic lipidosis with, 486, 489, 492 hypertension related to, 489 teeth malocclusion as, urolithiasis as, , 499 fiber requirements in, , 495 crude, 498 for GI mobility, , 492, 494 high-fiber, 487, 490, 498 recommended levels for, 498 source and length of, 498 with enteral feedings, 492, 494 introduction to, key points of, 485 summary overview of, 500 supplements for, 507 Rabbit Urinary Tract Health Formula, 491, Rabbit Weight Management diet, 490, Radiography, of bone demineralization, in bearded dragon, of constipation, in reptiles, 390 of dental disease, in rabbits, 488 Raisins, for chinchilla, 476 for ferrets, 459, 463 Raptors, supplements for, 506 Recovery diet, for rabbits, 489, RecoveryPlus diet, for rabbits, , Rectum, of ferrets, 449 Reef nutrition, 344 Regulation, of dietary supplements, 505, 507

31 Reproduction, in ferrets, diet for, in marsupials, diet for, 429 energy reserves for, with low BMR, zoopharmacognosy and, , 518 Reptile nutritional disorders, See also specific disorder. anorexia as, cachexia as, constipation as, dehydration as, , 388 diarrhea as, 389 hypovitaminosis E as, introduction to, key points of, 369 obesity as, soft feces as, 389 stress-related, 517 supplements for, 508 thiamine deficiency as, thyroid-related, secondary hyperparathyroidism as, secondary hypothyroidism as, vitamin A related, hypervitaminosis A as, hypovitaminosis A as, overview of, Retinol, in amphibian diet, 358, 362 insects for, in avian diet, in reptile diet. See Hypervitaminosis A; Hypovitaminosis A. supplements for, 509 Riboflavin, for ferrets, 453, 458 Rodent nutrition, captive diet in, for caviomorphs, for myomorphs, chinchillas and. See Chinchilla nutrition. coprophagy in, digestive anatomy in, colonic separation mechanism in, of caviomorphs, 473 of myomorphs, gerbils and. See Gerbil nutrition. guinea pigs and. See Guinea pig nutrition. hamsters and. See Hamster nutrition. health issues related to, in caviomorphs, in myomorphs, 480 introduction to, 471 key points of, 471 natural diets in, of caviomorphs, of myomorphs, 472 oxalate metabolism in, 475 Index 557

32 558 Index Rodent (continued) species overview for, supplements in, 507 Rodents, as ferret food, 451 Rumen, in hamster, 473 in macropods, S S-adenosy-L-methionine (SAMe), 514 Salivary glands, in opossum, 435 of amphibians, 348 Salt blocks, for macropods, 434 Salt poisoning, in ferrets, 461 Sap, in sugar glider diet, , Saw palmetto, for small mammals, 507 Scurvy, 509 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, nutritional, in ferrets, in opossum, 437 in reptiles, calcium intake deficiency and, clinical signs of, diagnosis of, treatment of, etiology of, 370 prevention of, UV-B radiation effect on, , Secondary hypothyroidism, nutritional, in reptiles, clinical signs of, 383 diagnosis of, iodine deficiency and, 383 prevention of, 384 treatment of, 384 Seed-only diets, for avians, 402, 408, 410 Seeds. See also Grains. in marsupial diet, 425 in rodent diet, , 474, 477 ocular effects of, 513 Selenium requirements, in ferrets, 452, 460 in reptiles, 382, 508 Sensory factors, of food acceptance, in aquatic animals, Serenin Vet, for cetaceans, 508 Serotonin, for stress reduction, Sexual behavior, wild, serotonin for, 518 Shana-Vet, for avians, 507 for cetaceans, 508 Shark nutrition, 344 Short-chain fatty acids, for macropods, Short-tailed opossum, nutrition for, 415, captivity diet in, 419