Prevention and Control of Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis In Japan

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1 Prevention and Control of Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis In Japan Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand Nobuyuki Tanaka, Yuichi Kishita (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan)

2 Animal Health System in Japan International organizations (e.g. OIE) Producers Beef cattle: 50,000 farms (2.50 M head) Dairy cattle: 16,000 farms (1.32 M head) Pigs: 4,700 farms (9.35 M head) Layers: 2,400 farms (180 M hens) Broilers: 2,300 farms (130 M broilers) (as of Feb. 1, 2017) Prefectural Gov ts Livestock Hygiene Service Centers (LHSC) 170 centers (including disease diagnosis centers) with 2,075 veterinarians (as of Jul. 31, 2017) (MHLW) 101 Meat Inspection Centers with 2,580 veterinarians (as of Mar. 31, 2013) MAFF Animal Health Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau Animal Quarantine Service Head office, 8 branches, 16 subbranches with 418 animal quarantine officers (as of Apr. 2017) Industrial associations for disease control National Veterinary Assay Laboratory National Institute of Animal Health 1

3 Location of major Outline facilities of Veterinary for animal Services health services -Location of major facilities for animal health services- Local Livestock Hygiene Service Centers: 170 (7/31/2017) National Institute of Animal Health: 4 Local Livestock Hygiene Service Centre NIAH 2

4 History In the late 1800s The dairy sector in Japan was growing fast. During this period, bovine tuberculosis (TB) became a major problem in imported dairy cattle Act on Bovine Tuberculosis Control was established. Test-and-cull program started. The national surveillance for bovine TB began. Testing all dairy cattle & breeding bulls At least once a year 1951 Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control (in which Act on Bovine Tuberculosis Control was integrated) was established. Brucellosis was designated as one of the diseases for which test-and-cull strategy was applied. Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 3

5 History 1956 The national surveillance for bovine brucellosis began. Testing all dairy cattle & breeding bulls At least once a year 1975 The surveillance standard for bovine TB and brucellosis was revised. Testing all dairy cattle & breeding bulls At least once in every 2 years 1998 The surveillance standard for bovine TB and brucellosis was further revised. Testing all dairy cattle & breeding bulls At least once in every 5 years Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 4

6 Diagnostic Test Flow Chart of Bovine Tuberculosis in Japan Tuberculosis in cattle Tuberculin test (intradermal injection of bovine tuberculin in the caudal fold) negative positive inconclusive Suspected Tuberculin test negative positive inconclusive Tuberculin test negative Confirmed positive/inconclusive In Japan, the positive test result of TB skin tests is treated as a confirmed case and the affected animal is culled. Culling Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 5

7 Bovine Tuberculosis situation in Japan (heads) 1,400,000 1,200,000 The number of tuberculin test performed in cattle (1984~) At least once in every 2 years (~ 1997) 1,000, , ,000 Average number of tuberculin test performed in cattle per year is about 270,000 during the last 10 years. ( ) (1998~) At least once in every 5 years 400, ,000 0 (year) Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 6

8 Bovine Tuberculosis situation in Japan 3,000 The number of affected cattle (1937~) 2,500 (1901~1974) At least test once 1 year 2,000 1,500 (heads) 1,000 The number of affected cattle since , Kumamoto (35), Osaka (1), Hyogo (1) 2000, Miyagi (1), Fukui (1) 2001, Hyogo (1) 2002, Miyagi (1) 2003, Okayama (1) 2005, Aomori (1) 2006, Ehime (1) 2009, Chiba (2) 2014, Hyogo (1) Bacteria has not been isolated since 1999 outbreak in Kumamoto. 500 (1975~1997) At least test once in every 2 years (1998~) At least test once in every 5 years 0 (year) Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 7

9 Diagnostic Test Flow Chart of Bovine Brucellosis in Japan Brucellosis in cattle Buffered plate agglutination test positive ELISA negative negative Suspected positive Complement fixation test negative positive Confirmed In Japan, the positive test result of Brucellosis antibody tests is treated as a confirmed case and the affected animal is culled. Culling Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 8

10 Bovine Brucellosis situation in Japan (heads) 1,000,000 The number of buffered plate agglutination test performed in cattle (1984~) Test at least once in every 2 years (~ 1997) 900, , , , ,000 Average number of buffered plate agglutination test performed in cattle per year is about 250,000 during the last 10 years. ( ) (1998~) Test at least once in every 5 years 400, , , ,000 0 (year) Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 9

11 Bovine Brucellosis situation in Japan (heads) 800 The number of affected cattle (1937~) (1956~1974) At least test once 1 year The number of affected cattle since , Fukushima (1) 2002, Chiba (1) 2007, Hiroshima (1) 2008, Fukui (1) 2009, Chiba (1) 2010, Saga (1), Kumamoto (1) Bacteria has not been isolated since (1975~1997) At least test once in every 2 years (1998~) At least test once in every 5 years 0 (year) Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 10

12 Current legal measures and Future challenges <Current legal measures> Testing all dairy cattle & breeding bulls at least once in every 5 years Culling of affected cattle (confirmed cases) Compensation for culled animals (80% of the estimated market price) <Future challenges> The national surveillance for bovine TB and brucellosis needs to be more efficient because the prevalences for both diseases have drastically decreased over recent decades. In order to demonstrate the freedom from these diseases in accordance with the OIE Code, we are planning to implement a 3-year renewed national surveillance from April Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in animals: Sept 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 11