DISPERSION.A.ND ABUNDANCE OF WOOD HABITAT OF THE SANTA FE AND LOWER SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEMS IN RELATION TO FLOW AND FLOW RELATED VARIABLES

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1 DSPERSON.A.ND ABUNDANCE OF WOOD HABTAT OF THE SANTA FE AND LOWER SUWANNEE RVER SYSTEMS N RELATON TO FLOW AND FLOW RELATED VARABLES A REpORT OF FNDNGS Submitted February 2 to: Suwannee River Water Management District 9225 CR49 Live Oak, Florida 326 By Ernest D. Estevez and J'1Y Sprinkel 11te Marine Laboratory 16 Ken Thompson P:lrkway Sarasota, Florida Phone: (941) ; Fax: (941) research@mote.org lv/ote A1arine Laboratory Technical R<!port Nllmlcr 646

2 T ABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. TABLE OF CONTENTS LST OF FGURES LST OF TABLES lv LST OF ApPENDCES lv RVERNE HABTAT STUDY NTRODUCTON WOOD N AQUATC SYSTEMS STUDY STES Santa Fe River near Fort White Suwannee River near Eula Landing Suwannee River near Manatee Springs METHODS RESULTS Wood Metrics Wood Comparison of Study Reaches Wood Results by Reach Santa Fe Near Fort White Suwannee River near Eula Landing Suwannee Near Manatee Springs Other River and Habitat Results Santa Fe River Benthic Habitats Physico-chemical Features of the Study Reaches DSCUSSON When, and for How Long, is Existing Wood Structure Actually Available as Aquatic Habitat? Recommendations REFERENCES ApPENDCES MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report / Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page i

3 LST OF FGURES Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 1. Figure 11. Figure 12. Location of riverine habitat study reaches. SF, Santa Fe near Fort White; EU, Suwannee River near Eula Landing; MS, Suwannee River near Manatee Springs. Adapted from Fernald and Patton (1984) Photograph of wood on bank of the Santa Fe River near Fort White Schematic of bank profile and wood survey lines Frequency distribution of all wood diameters in each study reach. Data compiled from 6 stations per reach Distribution of wood diameters by size class, data compiled from 6 stations per reach Bank profiles for 6 stations at Santa Fe near Fort White; vertical distance is registered to top-of-bank Diameters of individual wood pieces relative to top-of-bank for all 6 stations at Santa Fe near Fort White. Collisions obscure high numbers of very small pieces Cumulative volume of wood as percent total, by survey line, for Station 1, Santa Fe River near Fort White. Volumes were accumulated starting at top of bank (illustrated) and moving toward the river. Percentile exceedence values for river stage, registered to NGVD, were taken from Franklin et ai., Bank profiles for 6 stations at Suwannee River near Eula Landing; vertical distance is registered to top-of-bank Diameters of individual wood pieces relative to top-of-bank for all 6 stations at Suwannee river near Eula Landing. Collisions obscure high numbers of very small pieces Cumulative volume of wood as percent total, by survey line, for Station 3, Suwannee River near Eula Landing. Volumes were accumulated starting at top of bank (illustrated) and moving toward the river Bank profiles for 6 stations at Suwannee River near Manatee 'i'. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page ii

4 Springs; vertical distance is registered to top-of-bank Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 2. Diameters of individual wood pieces relative to top-of-bank for all 6 stations at Suwannee River near Manatee Springs. Collisions obscure high numbers of very small pieces Cumulative volume of wood as percent total, by survey line, for Station 5, Suwannee River near Manatee Springs. Volumes were accumulated starting at top of bank (illustrated) and moving toward the river Cross-sections of the Santa Fe River near Fort White, looking upstream from sill and gage area (left is North). Cross-section 5-6 (top figure) is most upstream; cross-section 3-4 is most downstream. Bottom types are limestone platform, sand, cobble and boulder. Types of macrophyte habitat are logs (filled circle), Vallisneria ("V"), and Fontinalis ("f'). Filamentous green algae was sporadically epiphytic on tape grass Wood abundance as a function of bank slope Wood abundance for Station 3, Suwannee River near Eula Landing, expressed as diameter, surface area, and volume Cumulative vertical dispersion of wood volume for the Santa Fe River near Ft. White. Solid line depicts a cubic regression (y =, x x X 3 ; R2 =.935) of cumulative wood volume and elevation Cumulative vertical dispersion of wood volume for the Suwannee River near Eula. Solid line depicts a cubic regression (y = x x X 3 ; R2 =.936) of cumulative wood volume and elevation Cumulative vertical dispersion of wood volume for the Suwannee River near Manatee Springs. Solid line depicts a cubic regression? 5'? (y = x x xj; R- =.985) of ' cumulative wood volume and elevation MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page iii

5 LST OF TABLES Table 1. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Characteristics of riverine habitat study reaches. "Fort White", Santa Fe near Fort White; "Eula Landing", Suwannee River at Eula Landing; "Manatee Springs", Suwannee River near Manatee Springs; "msl", mean sea level Summary of wood data for each station and reach. SF, Santa Fe near Fort White; EU, Suwannee River near Eula Landing; MS, Suwannee River near Manatee Springs. Length refers to maximum length of survey lines at each station Counts and sizes of exposed and submerged wood in each reach. Data compiled from 6 stations per reach and water level on day of survey Summary of physico-chemical conditions in three study reaches. B signifies a Secchi depth equal to or greater than bottom depth LST OF ApPENDCES Appendix 3. Summary of physical and chemical data from reach surveys MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page iv

6 RVERNE HABTAT STUDY NTRODUCTON A common scientific issue underlies the study of instream habitats and riparian wood habitats, namely the extent to which these unique habitat types exhibit quantitative properties (metrics) that can be related to river stage, velocity, or other physical expression of river flow. f so, then such habitat metrics may also have value in defining the minimum flows and levels used to manage and regulate streams. Snag habitat, particularly wood along the banks of rivers, is exposed or submerged according to river stage, and previous studies in other rivers have shown that the amount of submerged wood varies according to the geometry and stage characteristics of each river system. n undertaking a study of riverine habitat special attention was sought in defining this aspect of habitat dispersion and abundance, anticipating that metrics of wood abundance could vary in relation to stage in the Suwannee and Santa Fe Rivers. Relating stage and flow to metrics of snag habitat may provide information useful to the District in setting minimum flows and levels. A more desirable outcome in these studies will be whether discontinuous variation in such relationships can be discovered. Using snag habitat as an example, we need to know if there is a critical stage of the Santa Fe River below which the quantity of submerged wood decreases rapidly, or is lost altogether. Knowledge of such discontinuous variations will significantly improve the District's ability to establish and defend minimum flows and levels. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 1

7 WOOD N AQUATC SYSTEMS Studies of wood in lakes, reservoirs, streams, and estuaries find that ecological roles of wood in aquatic systems are several. Maser and Sedell (1994) provide an eloquent summary of the ecology of wood in aquatic systems. Wood occurs in many forms, including the live, deadstanding, and fallen trees in floodplain forests and along river banks. Wood is referred to variously as fallen trees, logs, snags, coarse or large particulate organic matter, debris, and large woody debris. The woody material may be riparian (connected to a tree or bank and periodically exposed to water); floating or buoyant; submerged (drifting, or connected to a bank or bottom but exposed to water on most surfaces); or buried (in organic or mineral sediment with little to no surfaces exposed to water). Trees that are fallen into a stream across the current tend to be called snags whereas those in the stream and aligned with the current are called planters. Buried logs are called deadheads or clinkers. Wood in river floodplains displaces, retards, and directs flowing water. Wood affects a stream's stage and current characteristics, and interacts with stream energy to influence stream morphology. Logjams can have even more profound effects, by forming stable structures that control channel hydraulics and creating conditions for long-term, large-scale riparian forest development (Abbe et al. 1996). Wood can create or modify riffle-pool conditions, cascades, backwater connections, and other habitat features. Downed wood is sometimes the dominant or only component of riparian litter mass, and becomes a significant source of coarse and fine particulate organic matter (CPOM, FPOM), and nutrients when decomposition or export of leaves is rapid. As downed wood decays its density decreases but N, P, and ash contents increase. (Polit and Brown 1996). Woody debris is an important source of fme particulate MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 2

8 organic matter in streams (Ward and Aumen 1986). Dams of organic debris form in running waters. Such dams may comprise as much as 75% of the standing stock of organic matter in a stream and act to process CPOM into FPOM (Bilbey and Likens 198). n some systems, submerged wood also serves as retention sites for FPOM (Hooker 199). Fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) tends to be incorporated within or in close proximity to bottom sediments. Compared to FPOM, coarse to large wood tends to be located farther above channel sediments, or up-bank. The habitat quality of submerged wood is sometimes, though not consistently, improved by the development ofbiofilms (organic veneers oflabile foodstuffs, protists, fungi, algae, etc.). n a comparison of submerged wood and stony benthic habitats, Phillips and Kilambi (1994) found that chironomids were more abundant in coarse woody debris, than stone; the extent of wood decay was an important microhabitat factor, and biofilms were important to two taxa. Periphyton or attached algae develops on logs and provides cover and a food source for aquatic animals. Periphyton species diversity and biomass may vary considerably, depending on stream type and order, canopy cover and water clarity, and season. Species richness and abundance of periphyton on logs in tidal waters are affected significantly by salinity (Nwanko et al. 1994). Woody debris is a major structural habitat element of coastal plain and lowland streams (O'Conner 1991). Submerged wood is an important substratum for the colonization of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Mason et al., 1994 found that 14% of the invertebrates and allied./f. macrofauna in the Suwannee River utilized the "epibenthic-section " type habitat in which fallen wood is a dominant structure. Pattern and intensity of colonization may be uniform or widely different within a stream for numerous reasons, but in a study of a cypress-tupelo swamp and MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 3

9 blackwater stream, Thorp et al. (1985) found that, except for the abundance of true midges (Chironomidae), densities of other invertebrate species depended largely on location. Macroinvertebrate colonization is responsive to habitat diversity on individual logs, for example being affected by levels of wood decay, and sediment accumulation (O'Connor 1991). Sediments tend to accumulate more on structurally complex snags. Fish and benthic invertebrates tend to be more abundant on the side of a stream with the most wood, whether the lateral differences in wood supply are caused naturally or experimentally (Angermeier and Karr 1984). Sunken and submerged logs attract fishes and create more local areas of significantly higher species richness and abundance, than areas without logs. Fish enrichment is caused by protective cover and increased food supply -- macro invertebrate biomasses are higher in sediments near logs than on logs per se (Moring et al. 1987). Coarse woody debris was found in the Rhode River subestuary of Chesapeake Bay to be the dominant above-bottom structural habitat in shallow water. Field and laboratory experiments show that coarse woody debris is a significant source of structure and refuge from predation for many common epibenthic species of invertebrates and fishes. (Everett and Ruiz 1993). Long term studies of wood in aquatic systems are rare, but at least one study over a 6 year period has shown that the amount and size distributions of wood were comparable within years for a given site (Hooker 199). Quantity and type of wood at sites in Steel Creek, an Atlantic coastal plain stream in South Carolina, were functions of riparian sources and the channel' s. ability to trap and retain wood. n studies most comparable to Florida's stream ecosystems, Wallace and Benke (1984) and Benke and Wallace (199) studied wood dispersion and abundance in a 4th and a 6 th order Georgia stream network. Wood was more abundant in low- MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 4

10 latitude, low-relief streams than previously known, and most of the wood was located along erosional banks of meandering systems. Snags were the most abundant form of structural habitat and supported large numbers of invertebrates (Wallace and Benke 1984). Most of the wood was submerged at normal river stages and the diameter of individual pieces generally increased with depth. Compared to wood in nearby swamps, wood in river channels and along banks was considerably more abundant, evidently accumulating as stream order increased (Benke and Wallace 199). So far as known, wood dispersion and abundance in Florida streams are unstudied, especially with reference to the vertical dispersion of wood along river banks. The present study therefore sought to describe the vertical and horizontal (bank-normal) patterns of wood dispersion and abundance, and also describe related physical, chemical, and biotic aspects of habitats at each study site. STUDY STES Studies were conducted in three reaches of the lower Suwannee River network (Figure 1). One reach was part of the Santa Fe River and two reaches were part of the Suwannee River between its confluence with the Santa Fe, and the Gulf of Mexico. The Suwannee Rivers heads i the Okeefenokee Swamp and flows generally southwest. some 24 miles to the Gulf of Mexico, draining a watershed of 995 square miles. The river has an overall relief of about.5 ft. per mile. The lower Suwannee system, including and downstream of the Santa Fe River, crosses the Gulf coastal lowlands (elevations below 5 ft.) underlain by an Eocene-period Ocala Formation. The Ocala Formation is the principal part of MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 5

11 the Floridan Aquifer, a porous limestone system exposed at the surface throughout much of this region. The Ocala's exposure results in a low stream and lake density in the lower Suwannee system, but also creates a number of springs within the Santa Fe and lower Suwannee Rivers. The Santa Fe River has a length of7 miles and drains an area of 144 square miles. The river's overall slope is 1.9 ft. per mile but the river falls below ground at Oleno State Park, re-emerges, and loses flow that appears again at Columbia Springs. Several prominent springs contribute to stream flow and the Santa Fe has a major tributary in the spring run of the chetucknee River. Santa Fe River near Fort White This reach is 84 miles from the mouth of the Suwannee River and 18 miles upstream of the Santa Fe's confluence with the Suwannee. The bed of the river lies approximately 15 feet above sea level. The study reach is at USGS gaging station, "Santa Fe River near Ft. White, FL" (USGS D No ) and extends upstream from the gage. A natural sill immediately below the gage creates a level pool running upstream throughout the study reach. The study reach captures a drainage area of 1,17 square miles: annual mean and median flo ws past this reach are 162 and 1334 cfs, respectively (Franklin et ai., 1995). Based on annual low flow data, springs comprise approximately two-thirds of average annual flows here. This value was estimated by dividing the annual, 3 day low flow (2 year recurrence) from Giese and Franklin (1996), by mean annual flow. The stream channel is about 15-2 ft wide and bordered by;low uplands, a narrow system of floodplain hardwood forest, sloughs, small tributaries, and irregular banks. The channel is incised in and runs over exposures of fossiliferous limestone and the bed of the river is a mixture of rock, boulders, and thin lenses of coarse sands. Submerged aquatic MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 6

12 vascular vegetation grows in patches of sand and may be luxuriant in areas of open canopy. Suwannee River near Eula Landing This reach is 46 miles from the mouth of the Suwannee River and 2 miles downstream of the Santa Fe's confluence with the Suwannee. The bed of the river lies near sea level and under very low flow conditions a small amount of tidal variation occurs here. The study reach is in the vicinity of Eula Landing and a USGS gaging station. The study reach is 1 miles downstream of USGS gage "Suwannee River Near Bell, FL" (2323), which captures a drainage area of 926 square miles: annual mean and median flows past this reach are 8514 and 6664 cfs, respectively. Based on annual low flow data, springs comprise approximately one-half of average annual flows here. The stream channel is about 5 ft wide and bordered by low uplands, a wide system of floodplain hardwood forest, sloughs, small tributaries, and irregular banks and levees. Banks are sedimentary with small exposures of indurated clays. The thalweg is flanked by level beds of varying widths and outside bends are steeply banked. Unconsolidated sediments are quartzitic, moderately-sorted, and invested with low to high levels of fine particulate organic matter. Submerged aquatic vegetation is lacking here. Suwannee River near Manatee Springs This reach is 25 miles from the mouth of the Suwannee River and 19 miles downstrenm of the Eula Landing site. The bed of the river lies below sea level and tidal variation occurs in river stage, but not at all flows. The study reach is in the vicinity of Manatee Springs State Park and a USGS gaging station, "Old Town" (232357) also sometimes informally known as MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 7

13 "Yellowjacket." Another gage operated by Suwannee River Water Management District is located on a dock at Manatee Springs State Park. The study reach is 8 miles downstream of USGS gage "Suwannee River Near Wilcox,FL" (23235), which captures a drainage area of 964 square miles: annual mean and median flows past this reach are 154 and 8427 cfs, respectively. Based on annual low flow data, springs comprise approximately one-half of average annual flows here. The stream channel is about 75 ft wide and bordered by a wide system of floodplain hardwood forest, sloughs, the run of Manatee Springs, and regular banks and levees. Banks are sedimentary. The thalweg is flanked by level beds of varying widths and outside bends are steeply banked. Unconsolidated sediments are quartzitic, well-sorted, and invested with low to high levels of fine particulate organic matter. Submerged aquatic vegetation is also lacking here. Characteristics of the study reaches are summarized in Table 1, which illustrates that sites represent ranges in stream order, width, contributions of springs to flow, elevation, and tidal influence. METHODS Bank features, wood dispersion, and physical and chemical conditions of the stream were measured in all three study reaches. n the Santa Fe study reach, bank-to-bank bottom profiles cr. were also made. Six stations were occupied within each study reach (Table 2). As the purpose of this study was to characterize the vertical dispersion of wood where it occurs, rather than to map the absolute abundance of wood along the length of river reaches, stations were situated so as to represent optimal or maximal conditions of wood accumulation (Figure 2). MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 8

14 Horizontal locations were determined using a non-differential global positioning system, and reference to local landmarks. V erticallocations were determined by using staff gages associated with recording stage recorders; benchmarks, and temporary staff gages. A USGS staff gage tied directly to NGVD was employed at the Santa Fe near Fort White study reach. A SR WMD staff gage at Manatee Springs State Park (staff datum = -1. ft NGVD) was employed for that study reach. Near Eula Landing, the District arranged for a private surveyor to level a railroad spike discovered in a cypress tree near the ramp; the spike was part of the installation of a USGS recording gage there. Depending on the apparent change of river levels during days of field work, these primary references were visited more or less often to record river stage. n addition, temporary staff gages were installed and monitored during the period of work at each station. Bank and wood profiles were determined at each station from the top of bank out to the maximum extent of submerged wood. Beginning at the top of bank, survey lines were extended perpendicular to the bank at each.5 meter elevation below the highest line (Figure 3). Lines were kept parallel and horizontal by using string-levels and the water surface. Horizontal positions were reckoned with a tape measure starting at the origin of the top-of-bank line. Bottom profiles, and the vertical position of some underwater lines, were determined with surveyor rods or telescoping rules. Three bank-to-bank profiles across the Santa Fe River were made by lashing a tape measure to a floating polypropylene line stretched tightly across the fiver. Wood was quantified following the forestry techniques of Warren and Olsen (1964), Van Wagner (1968), and Wallace and Benke (199), who find that diameter measurements are sufficient estimators of wood abundance provided that certain eligibility criteria are honored; for MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 9

15 example, ignoring pieces whose central axis coincides with the sample line. All eligible roots, branches, boles, and other natural wood encountered along each survey line was measured using a forester's diameter tape. Small items were measured using a diameter template. n this manner, the diameter, vertical location, and horizontal position of each piece of eligible wood in contact with survey lines could be recorded. Vertical locations were later standardized to top of bank at each station, river stage on the day of work, and NGVD. Bank slope was calculated from top-ofbank elevation to the bottom depth at the far end of the deepest survey line at each station. Upon completion of the sixth station, a profile of the study reach was made along the centerline of the channel with samples and measurements made at points corresponding to the location of bank stations. Depth was measured with a weighted tape measure. Near surface and near bottom measuremnts of temperature and conductivity were made with a YS Model 33 SCT meter. A YS Model 57 DO meter was used to measure dissolved oxygen concentration at the same depths. An Oakton ph Tester-3 was used to measure the ph of surface waters. Current speed was measured using a Price-type cup and vane current meter. Speed was measured near the surface and at a depth corresponding to.6 total depth at each station. Revolutions per 6 seconds was recorded and converted to velocity (V) as feet per second using the formula V = 2.2 R +.3 where R is revolutions per second. Additional current speeds were measured close by fallen wood along the banks. RESULTS Wood Metrics Forestry science allows for estimators of wood surface area and volume to be calculated MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 1

16 from diameters of wood intercepted by line transects, and the method works well for long transects over wood oriented horizontally on the surface of a forest floor (Warren and Olsen 1964; Van Wagner 1968). The method is relatively insensitive to diverse orientations, fragmentation or branching of wood, and other sources of error. We calculate abundance estimators but employ diameters, circumferences, and surface areas of'wood as direct measures of wood abundance on river banks within the study reaches, because the present sampling presents three as-yet untested variations from the forestry application, or from applications in Georgia streams (Wallace and Benke 1984). First, survey lines are relatively short, and of unequal lengths within and between stations. Second, the total amount of wood at a station or along a survey line is small compared to forestry settings. And third, the architecture of bankside and underwater wood is much different than the structure of fallen wood on a forest floor, opening such possibilities as an otherwise eligible piece of wood being intercepted by multiple survey lines, making it ineligible in calculations of wood abundance. Wood Comparison of Studv Reaches Cumulative wood diameter for all 6 stations within a reach increased with downstream position in the non-tidal river network (Table 3; Appendix 1). The Santa Fe reach had a cumulative surface area estimate of almost 75 m2, whereas Eula Landing had a cumulative area of 111 m 2. Near Manatee Springs, the study reach closest to the Gulf of Mexico and affected b'y tides, cumulative area was about 97 m 2 A different pattern was seen in total counts of wood (Figure 4). Santa Fe and Manatee Springs reaches had cumulative counts of approximately 22 pieces whereas Eula Landing had slightly more than half as many pieces (121) as the upstream or MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page

17 downstream stations. All three reaches were similar with respect to one aspect of wood abundance. Small pieces of wood (diameter < 5. cm) comprised the majority of wood measured at all stations (Figure 5). Wood diameter exceeded 4. cm in all reaches and intermediate diameters were also common, but diameters smaller than 5. cm comprised more than 75% of total sample size at each station. n terms of vertical dispersion of wood, a greater proportion of wood was present above the water surface than below at Santa Fe near Fort White and Suwannee at Manatee Springs, than at Suwannee at Eula Landing (Table 4; Appendix 1). n Table 4, cumulative percent wood at water level was computed based on volumes, and values represent the amount of wood above the water surface on the day of each survey. Values represent means for 6 stations per reach. At Santa Fe, for example, an average of72% of wood by volume was located above the plane of the river surface (i.e., exposed) and 28% was submerged. At Eula Landing the majority of wood volume was submerged. This pattern did not correspond with number of wood pieces above and below the waterline. At Santa Fe only, most of the pieces of wood were submerged (Table 4). Both Suwannee River reaches had more pieces, approximately three-fourths, of wood above the water rather than below. Wood Results by Reach Santa Fe Near Fort White - Bank profiles registered to top-of-bank illustrate the shallow and rock-controlled bathymetry of the river in this reach (Figure 6). n all but one case total vertical ranges of the bank profiles were less than ten feet, including the bank system. The southern bank had a more uniform topography than the northern bank, which, lying on the inside of a MOTE M ARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 12

18 broad curve, possessed more undulations in the form of irregular levees and erosional floodways. For all stations combined, average bank slope was only 12 degrees. Banks beneath canopies tended to lack unvegetated bottoms although there were extensive areas of exposed rock in both canopied and open areas. As previously described, the proportions of wood pieces above and below the water line along this reach were roughly equal, although the majority of wood mass (as volume) was clearly above water at the time of study. The main reason for this was the inland origin of survey lines. Had survey lines begun closer to the stream fewer living trees would have been intercepted and counted. Despite the inclusion of boles, smaller pieces of wood were more-or-ess uniformly dispersed down banks (Figure 7). On balance, small pieces of wood were scarce on the river bottom, most likely because currents were strong and turbulent. The volume of wood down-bank was calculated as accumulation curves for percent volume (Figure 8). Elevations are shown with respect to top of bank, observed water level on the day of study, and the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD). Elevations corresponding to the 25 th, 5 th, and 75 th percentiles of stage-exceedence are also illustrated. The station shown in Figure 8 varies from the tendency for emerged wood in this reach to be more abundant than submerged wood. Furthermore, inspection of accumulation curves for other Santa Fe stations (Appendix 2), will reveal that no ' necessary or even regular pattern existed between wood volume distribution, and stageexceedence levels. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 13

19 Suwannee River near Eula Landing- Bank profiles for the Suwannee River at Eula Landing, and also near Manatee Springs, depict the geometry of a higher-order stream (Figure 9). Bank slopes at Eula Landing averaged 18 and the slopes above and below the water line at each station were comparable. Station variation in bank slopes also was lower than at Santa Fe near Fort White, reflecting the lack oflithic control on stream geometry. Total profile range also was greater at Eula Landing because banks were higher and the river bottom was deeper. By count and diameter, small pieces of wood occurred throughout the vertical range of bank profiles (Figure 1). Eula Landing stations had more wood with diameters greater than 5 inches, and 5 pieces had diameters greater than 2 inches. These pieces were above and near the water line, signifying the fallen boles of large trees. Rootlets contributed to high numbers of very small pieces on exposed banks. Vertical accumulation of wood volume was less variable than at Santa Fe (Figure 11; Appendix 2) although no station can be regarded as typical of all stations in the Eula Landing reach. Eula Station 3 illustrates an accumulation curve intermediate among others, and at that station wood volume increased most below observed water level. For all stations, an average of 74% wood volume was above the water-line, due in part to standing boles but also to the broader channel flank available for accumulation of fallen wood. Suwannee Near Manatee Springs- Bank profiles for the Suwannee River near Manatee Springs (Figure 12) had an MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 14

20 average relief of 16, close to that seen near Eula Landing. n aspect, bank profiles in the tidal river tended to be convex whereas profiles at Eula Landing tended to be concave. n comparing number of wood pieces (Figure 13) to cumulative wood volume (Figure 14) it is apparent that more pieces of wood occurred above the water line but more volume of wood was added below the water line. Figure 13 illustrates the accumulation of wood at Manatee Springs Station 5, which was intermediate in terms of curves for other stations. Overall variation between stations here was high, in terms of wood volume accumulation. Other River and Habitat Results Santa Fe River Benthic Habitats- Because habitat dispersion data for the bed of the Santa Fe River are few, we mapped the cross-sectional bathymetry of the stream in the Fort White study reach, and characterized bottom types along each cross-section. Cross-sections were made between bank profiles described above. n downstream order (i.e., approaching the USGS gage from upstream), cross-sections were Station 6 to Station 5; Station 2 to Station 1, and Station 3 to Station 4. Stations 6,2, and 3 were on the south bank. The river shall owed upon approaching the natural sill downstream of the USGS gage (Figure S). The upstream-most cross-section (Stations 6 to 5) was narrow but t;'; deep, with maximum depths of at least 2 feet relative to the surface of the water. Such depths corresponded to rock-lined holes among large boulders and lithic platforms, and may have been deeper than could be measured by a vertical lead-line. Whether such features corresponded to spring vents could not be determined but the measured depths MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 15

21 place the river bed at and slightly below the NGVD. The NGVD falls between mean low water and mean tide level at Cedar Key, Florida, signifying that holes in the bed of the Santa Fe River, Fort White reach, are at or below sea level. The river widened and shallowed with downstream position as the stream swept through a bend (middle cross-section in Figure 15) and then shallowed and narrowed at the upstream approach to the lithic sill. Stream flow accelerated and became more turbulent with proximity to the sill-- although water depth over the sill was only about 2 feet the current was too swift to stand. Bottom types reflected bathymetry. The deep, upstream cross-section was comprised entirely of solid rock with sand lenses, whereas submerged aquatic vegetation appeared in the wider, shallow cross-sections closer to the sill. The dominant macrophyte was Vallisneria americana. n the middle cross-section (Bank Stations 1-2) it grew on all bottom types but solid rock. Blade lengths ranged from 4.3 ft. to 6.9 ft. and Braun- Blanquet (1932) cover values in four.25 m 2 quadrats were all 5's (greater than 75 percent cover). Similar cover values were measured in Vallisneria at the downstream cross-section (Bank Stations 3-4) although the incidence of Vallisneria there was constrained to narrower patches (Figure 15). The aquatic bryophyte, Fontinalis sp., also grew on the last cross-section and was most abundant under canopy on the north bank. Braun-Blanquet values for moss cover were 5,5,4 (5-75% cover), and 3 (25-5% co er) on the north bank and 5,5,4, and 4 on the south bank. For the Santa Fe near Fort White study reach as a whole, solid rock comprised 53% of all bottom, followed by sand (3%), boulders (9%), and cobble (8%). Vegetation MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 16

22 occurred on 22% ofthese bottom types, with Vallisneria representing 78% of the vegetated bottom (not counting logs). Physico-chemical Features of the Study Reaches- Measurements were made in the areas of fallen wood, in the channel immediately beyond the area of fallen wood, and in main river channels at each study reach (Table 5, Appendix 3). Because measurements were made during different seasons and conditions of river discharge, few direct comparisons can be made. The case of current speed is interesting. Currents were greatest at Santa Fe. Current measurements made "in snags" were close to banks and roughly centered on the lateral extent of fallen wood. The speed of currents in the snag habitat was considerably lower than in open water near snags. Current speed falls in proximity to banks for theoretical reasons, but the added diminution of speed in snags contributes to their heightened value as habitat for fishes and invertebrates. Temperature and dissolved oxygen were lower near the bottom than near the surface at Santa Fe and Eula Landing, and conductivity was lower near the bottom than surface, at Eula Landing. The extent to which these vertical patterns might be explained by ground-water discharge is unknown. Transparency was very high at Santa Fe, with all bottoms visible except for a rock-lined hole of unknown depth. Transparency was greater at Manatee Springs than Eula Landing; horizontal visibilities of ft. were seen while diving among snags. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 17

23 DSCUSSON The importance of fallen and submerged wood as habitat continues to increase with new studies. n many coastal plain streams the structure provided by wood is the dominant habitat for many taxonomic groups, feeding guilds, and communities of fauna. Features of wood in coastal plain streams are just beginning to be quantified (Lewis and Turtora 1998), so it is not presently possible to make precise empirical comparisons of results from this study with studies made in other streams. The present study, in fact, is the first characterization of wood's vertical dispersion in any Florida stream, and the only study in the southeastern US to measure wood dispersion on half-meter intervals. Black Creek and the Ogeechee River of Georgia offer some basis for comparison (Wallace and Benke 1984). Black Creek is a 4th order stream somewhat smaller than the Santa Fe River. t has a higher stream gradient and a sand bottom with some sandstone outcrops. About the same amount of wood is submerged in Black Creek as exposed, which was true in the Santa Fe River for counts of wood, but not wood volume (Table 4); more wood volume is exposed in the Santa Fe. The Ogeechee is a 6 th order stream nearly as long as the Suwannee but with a watershed half as large as the Suwannee's. Wood was studied 39 miles from the Ogeechee's mouth, similar in distance to the Eula Landing's distance from the Gulf of Mexico (46 miles), although the if. elevation of the Ogeechee (2 ft) is considerably greater than river elevation at Eula Landing. n the Ogeechee, more wood area and volume is submerged than exposed. At Eula Landing, more pieces of wood were above water, but most wood volume was submerged. A principal difference between these studies was the use of multiple bank-to-bank MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 18

24 profiles in the Georgia streams. Single banks were surveyed in Florida, so normalized estimators of wood abundance cannot be compared directly. Also, more effort was placed on surveying submerged wood in Florida streams, than indicated by Wallace and Benke (1984), although neither study surveyed buried or sunken wood in the deepest channel reaches. Finally, Florida sites were chosen to capture accumulations of fallen wood, rather than randomly map or sample wood conditions along multiple study reaches. Patterns of wood dispersion are comparable between the Ogeechee River and Suwannee River systems but the Santa Fe study reach is not readily comparable to Black Creek. At Santa Fe, factors affecting wood dispersion include lithic control of banks and river bed (possibly including the extent to which trees can be rooted along banks); a relatively constant pool elevation due to a sill, and swift and turbulent currents. Because rock is so common in the Santa Fe, wood is not the dominant structural habitat it is in studied Georgia streams or the lower Suwannee River. When. and for How Long. is Existing Wood Structure Actually Available as Aquatic Habitat? Regardless of units used to express wood abundance, high variability in vertical dispersion of wood was found in all three study reaches. Bank slope has an important effect on wood supply (Figure 16), with more wood found on banks with greater slope. But is the vertical dispersion of wood causally conformable to a physical or geographic control? Such is the l? scientific question opened by the present study. Normalizing vertical wood abundance to tops of banks, for example, does little to reduce between-station variability within a study reach. There does not appear to be a strong relationship between forces shaping individual banks and the MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 19

25 vertical orientation of wood on them. When the several figures in Appendix 2 are registered to water level or NGVD the amount of observed variation remains high but is reduced at Santa Fe and Eula Landing, but not at Manatee Springs where tidal forces are present. n order to test the hypothesis that wood's vertical dispersion is related somehow to aspects of water level it was useful to rely upon the tendency of volume to exaggerate abundance patterns (Figure 17). Volume data were re-compiled for all six stations within each study reach, combined. n other words, the vertical dispersion of wood volume was evaluated on a reach basis rather than a station basis. All data for each reach were employed although the following figures contain a large number of symbol collisions. Lines depicted on the figures were fitted using cubic regression analysis. Stage data were only available for the Santa Fe River near Ft. White. Figure 18 depicts wood dispersion at Santa Fe near Ft. White, and similar results for the Suwannee near Eula and Suwannee at Manatee Springs are given in Figure 19 and Figure 2, respectively. Three general patterns are evident. First, wood dispersion follows a sigmoid pattern at all three sites. Wood is accumulated more rapidly through the middle range of elevations than on the river bank or on the river bed. Second, large logs clump the dispersion of cumulative wood data, especially at Santa Fe and Eula reaches. Third, the Santa Fe curve is flatter than either Suwannee River curve (despite differences in y-axis scales). The Santa Fe curve also depicts median river stage, which intersects the wood volurrie curve near its second inflection. This discovery has two relevant consequences. Along the Santa Fe, more wood is added to the curve at or near the median water surface elevation, than elsewhere. This does not necessarily mean that in nature more wood is added near the water MOTE MARNE LARORA TORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 2

26 surface than on the bank or river bed; it could also mean that wood is equally supplied to all elevations within the bank system but that wood is exported from the system at greater rates above and below the usual water line. There is no way to distinguish the two alternatives with data at hand but both deserve further study. t may be that wood on the bank is exported from the system by infrequent but strong currents associated with flood events, whereas wood at depth is exported by slower currents working persistently through time. Such a distribution of energy could leave more wood near the water-line than elsewhere. The Santa Fe curve invites analysis with respect to the consequences of altered river stage. A small change in stage corresponds to a relatively large change in wood volume available as aquatic habitat. n the case of a reduced stage, for example, a decline of median stage by two feet would reduce the amount of submerged wood by more than 4 percent. For now, the vertical location of median stage at the two Suwannee River reaches is unknown, so it is not possible to say whether measured wood volume accumulates most rapidly near the reaches' respective water-lines. By the same token, the changes in wood availability potentially caused by changes in river stage cannot presently be calculated, but should median stage or other stages of interest intersect the Suwannee curves through their middle (flatter) segments, the District will have a useful tool for the assessment of habitat changes caused by flow and stage alterations. A sigmoid pattern in the vertical dispersion of wood along river banks is a discovery new to science. More must be learned of factors responsible for the pattern, as well as whether at'ld how the pattern evolves across stream-order, river-systems, and proximity to tide. The pattern may be useful in tracking geomorphic responses of river systems to natural hydrological changes over large spatio-temporal scales, and may also illuminate novel manifestations of human-caused MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 21

27 changes to river flow or stage. Recommendations Recommendations from this preliminary study would improve the quality of data on wood abundance for comparison to stage data: Reaches of similar river slope, bank slope, and tidal influence should be employed; Reaches rather than stations should form the basis for data analysis; Replicate surveys should be made within the same tree-fall stations; Bank surveys should be made in close proximity to surface-water gaging stations; Live, standing wood should be distinguished from dead, fallen wood, and Analyses should concentrate on wood area and volume rather than counts or diameters. Other suggestions include concentrating measurement efforts at a few sentinel stations where collateral hydrologic, chemical and biological studies could be made; discounting wood diameters smaller than 1 cm for expedience in the field, and screening sites that have been snagged. High levels of recreational use in the Santa Fe River, a relatively swift and narrow stream, is associated with signs that fallen trees have been removed to improve navigation. Snagging is harmful to aquatic habitat (Wallace and Benke, 1984) and probably confounds the interpretation of wood abundance data. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 22

28 REFERENCES Abbe, TS, DR Montgomery and SJ Saltveit Large woody debris jams, channel hydraulics and habitat information in large rivers. Regul Rivers: Res. Mgt. 12(2-3): Angermeier, PL and JR Karr, Relationships between woody debris and fish habitat in a small warmwater stream. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 113(6): Benke, AC and JB Wallace Wood dynamics in coastal plain blackwater streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: Bilby RE and GE Likens mportance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems. Ecology 198: Braun-Blanquet, Plant sociology: the study of plant communities. Translated, revised and edited by C.D. Fuller and H.S. Conrad. Hafner, London, 439 p. Everett, RA and GM Ruiz Coarse woody debris as a refuge from predation in '? aquatic communities. Oecologia 93: MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report oj Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 23

29 Fernald, E.A. and D.J. Patton Water Resources Atlas of Florida. Florida State University, Tallahassee FL. 291 p. Franklin, MA, GL Giese and PR Mixson Statistical summaries of surface-water hydrologic data collected in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida, USGS Open-File Report Tallahassee FL. Giese, GL and MA Franklin Magnitude and frequency of low flows in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida. USGS Water-Resources nvestigations Report Tallahassee FL. Hooker, KL Quantification of woody structures in the Steel Creek-swamp system. Westinghouse Savannah River Lab. Report, NTS Dept. Energy E Maser, C and JR Sedell From the forest to the sea: the ecology of wood in streams, rivers, estuaries and oceans. St. Lucie Press. 2 p. Mason, WT Jr., RA Mattson and JH Epler Benthic invertebrates and allied macrofauna in the Suwannee River and estuary ecosystem, Florida. Fla. Sci. 57(4): MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 24

30 Moring, JR, MT Negus, RD McCullough and SW Herke Large concentrations of submerged pulpwood logs as fish attraction structures in a reservoir. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44(2): Nwankwo, DY, AA Olugbenga and Y Abdulrasaq Floating timber logs as a substrate for periphyton algae in the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 41 (4): Phillips EC and RV Kilambi Use of coarse woody debris by Diptera in Ozark streams, Arkansas. 1. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 13(2): O'Connor, NA The effects of habitat complexity on the macroinvertebrates colonising wood substrates in a lowland stream. Oecologia 85(4): Polit, J1 and S Brown Mass and nutrient content of dead wood in a central llinois floodplain forest. Wetlands 16: Van Wagner, CEo The line intersect method in forest fuel sampling. Forest Sci. 14(1 ): Wallace, JB and AC Benke Quantification of wood habitat in subtropical coastal plain streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41 : MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Rep ort of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 25

31 Ward, GM and NG Aumen Woody debris as a source affine particulate organic matter in coniferous forest stream ecosystems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: Warren, WG and PF Olsen A line intersect technique for assessing logging waste. Forest Sci. 1(3): MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 26

32 Table 1. Characteristics of riverine habitat study reaches. "Fort White", Santa Fe near Fort White; "Eula Landing", Suwannee River at Eula Landing; "Manatee Springs", Suwannee River near Manatee Springs; "msl", mean sea level. Feature Fort White Eula Landin2 Manatee Srin2s River system Santa Fe Suwannee Suwannee County Gilchrist Gilchrist Levy Latitude N ' ' ' Longitude W ' ' ' Miles to Gulf of Mexico Gage D No (Note 1) Mean annual 1,62 8,514 1,54 flow, cfs (Note 1) (Note 2) Base-flow from springs, % (Note 3) River width, ft Bed elevation msl -msl <msl River type non-tidal non-tidal tidal Note 1: For Suwannee River near Bell FL, 1 miles upstream of Eula Landing. if. Note 2: For Suwannee River near Wilcox FL, 8 miles upstream of Manatee Springs. Note 3: Estimated by dividing the annual, 3 day low flow (2 year recurrence) from Giese and Franklin (1996), by mean annual flow. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Slbmitted to the Slwannee River Water Management District Page 27

33 Table 2. Station position and sampling data. Latitude Longitude Reach Station Date Time N 29deg W 82deg Santa Fe Eula Landing Manatee Springs ,.,) MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 28

34 Table 3. Summary of wood data for each station and reach. SF, Santa Fe near Fort White; EU, Suwannee River near Eula Landing; MS, Suwannee River near Manatee Springs. Length refers to maximum length of survey lines at each station. SAE= surface area estimator. Length L Diameter L Perimeter L Surface Area Station ft Count em em em A 2 SAE SF SF SF SF SF SF EU EU EU EU EU EU MS MS MS MS MS MS it. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report a/findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 29

35 Table 4. Counts and sizes of exposed and submerged wood in each reach. Data compiled from 6 stations per reach and water level on day of survey. Reach Santa Fe near Fort White Suwannee near Eula Landing Suwannee near Manatee Springs Cumulative Percent Wood Volume at Water Cumulative Number Exposed Submerged (47%) (53%) (73%) (27%) (74%) (26%) 1/ Mean of 6 stations, computed for each beginning at top of bank and moving into the river channel. if. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 3

36 Table 5. Summary of physico-chemical conditions in three study reaches. B signifies a Secchi depth equal to or greater than bottom depth. Mean Value Santa Fe Eula Landing Manatee Springs Depth, ft. n snags near snags mid-river 12.5 Current speed, fps n snags near snags mid-river 1.33 (note 1) Secchi depth, ft. B ph Temperature, DC surface bottom Spec. Cond.,,urnho/cm surface bottom Diss. Oxygen, mg/l surface bottom Note 1: Single measurement. MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 31

37 .r ' Suwannee River Water Management District JJ' Cities and Towns!.XJO 24.1," \.H tt\a" " 1"JNncO!'PO'lledP'lKn ". ". ' ' 2 3D.oWL ::;:::, ::;:'::::;:, =;::::, ' :::=;-,----'-, ---l' 12 3.oKm.. 1:1,DO'J.DO:) '..,. Figure 1. Location of riverine habitat study reaches. SF, Santa Fe near Fort White; EU, Suwannee River near Eula Landing; MS, Suwannee River near Manatee Springs. Adapted from Fernald and Patton (1984). MOTE MARNE LABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 32

38 Figure 2. Photograph of wood on bank of the Santa Fe River near Fort White. MOTE MARNE L ABORATORY A Report of Findings - Submitted to the Suwannee River Water Management District Page 33

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