Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 1 ) Name:

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1 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 1 ) Name: Please write the first letter of your last name in the box; 5 points will be deducted if your name is hard to read or the box does not contain the correct letter. Written answers should be concise and precise; answers typically have short correct answers. Regrade requests cannot be made for exams completed in pencil for any reason. (1) EVOLUTIONARY REASONING. Most reptiles have hard scales that cover most of their body, while the pangolin (a highly trafficked placental mammal) also has hard scales. Based on what you know about their evolutionary history, would you describe this trait as homologous or analogous? The exam is worth 100 points total (a, 4 pts) Explain your reasoning using only text and with technical terms (b, 4 pts) Explain your reasoning using an annotated phylogenetic tree and explain your reasoning using non-technical language.

2 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 2 ) Name: (2) GEOLOGIC RECORD. Uranium to Lead decay, 235 U to 207 Pb, is often used to date the ages of very old rock formations. When zircon forms it incorporates Uranium, but not lead, so we can assume that the initial crystals of zircon have no lead. The half-life of the 235 U to 207 Pb decay process is 710 million years. (a, 2 pts) If there are 10 times more Uranium-235 atoms as Lead-207 atoms in a zircon crystal, provide a minimum and maximum age (based on the number of half-lives you infer occurring) of the crystal. Between and Million years old There is a second type of radioactive decay, 238 U to 206 Pb, which has a half-life of 4.47 billion years. (b, 2 pts) Assume that a deposit of Uranium-238 becomes isolated billion years ago and is recently discovered. Will the amount of Uranium-238 that has decayed be more or less than 25%? Explain your reasoning. (3) COMPOUND INTEREST. Imagine that you have a loan with an initial balance of $1,000 and you make no payments for a given amount of time. You will calculate the new balance after this period of time for the following two situations. Provide your answers to the nearest dollar. (a, 2 pts) If the loan carries an annual interest rate of 8% and you wait 6 years, what is the new balance? (b, 2 pts) If the loan carries an annual interest rate of 6% and you wait 8 years, what is the new balance? $ $ (4) ARTIFICIAL SELECTION. (3 pts. each). Consider the data set to the right showing the mass at 6 weeks measurements for a set of 20 mice. Imagine that we divided these mice into two equal groups based on their size (i.e., one group is the biggest half, the other are the smallest mice) and then randomly mated them within each group. If the mean mass at six weeks for the offspring arising from the smallest group is 13.8, answer the following questions. (a, 2 pts) Based on this data, what does the heritability of this trait in this population appear to be? (b, 2 pts) Based on this data, what would you expect the mean mass at 6 weeks to be for the offspring arising from the largest group? h 2 = Mean mass =

3 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 3 ) Name: (5) CROSSWORD PUZZLE. FILL IN THE BLANKS (1 pt. per correct answer) ACROSS 5 Mammalian order that manatees belong to. 12 Mammalian order that deer and goats belong to. 15 One of the two epochs within the quaternary period. 16 Proposed a theory of evolution involving "use and disuse" prior to Darwin's theory. 17 The three eras within the Phanerozoic eon are the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and the 18 Described allopatric speciation and defined a species as a group of interbreeding individuals. 19 Phylum often described as "jellyfish" which includes corals and anemones. 20 Most ancient period in the Paleozoic DOWN 20 1 Fisher,, and Haldane are credited with the modern synthesis of evolution and population genetics. 2 Explained apparent geologic change via a model of uniformitarianism. 3 Order encompassing salamanders and newts. 4 Invented the system of binomial nomenclature for naming species. 6 Mammalian order that armadillos belong to. 7 Mammals first evolved during this period. 8 Mammalian group that lays eggs. 9 Most recent period in the Mesozoic 10 Dinosaur group with long necks that includes Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, and Apatosaurus. 11 Eon during which life began. 13 Phylum including sponges. 14 He was influential in popularizing the scientific method.

4 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 4 ) Name: (6) PHYLOGNETIC RELATIONSHIPS. (2 pts. each). In the boxes below provide the phylogenies for the following sets of taxa: Annelida Ctenophora Echinodermata Hyperoartia Mollusca Squamata Dolphins Elephants Primates Raccoons Rodents Sloths In the box below and to the left draw a phylogeny (with the base of the tree on the left and terminal taxa on the right) that is described by this set of statements: The group consisting of BLUE, PURPLE, and GREEN is monophyletic. Taxon BLUE is basal to taxa PINK, ORANGE, and YELLOW Taxa ORANGE and YELLOW are sister taxa. Taxon RED is the outgroup to all the others. In the box below and to the right draw a phylogeny that represents the same history, but has a different order of taxa names when looked at from top to bottom.

5 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 5 ) Name: (7) LINES OF EVIDENCE. (2 pts each). In the table below describe 5 of the 8 major lines of evidence for evolution discussed in the lectures. For lines of evidence with subcategories, only describe one of these. For each you must describe the logic of the argument and name or describe one of the examples used in the lectures. Line of evidence description Example

6 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 6 ) Name: FOR THE REMAINING QUESTIONS USE YOUR SCANTRON FORM, MULTIPLE CHOICE: (2 pts each). (1) According to the phylogenetic tree you were given (i.e., do not consider any taxa that may have been omitted), which of the following statements is false? (A) Amphibians are monophyletic. (D) Mammals are monophyletic. (B) Birds are monophyletic. (E) Reptiles are paraphyletic. (C) Fish are monophyletic. (2) Which of the following taxa is NOT a Period within the Paleozoic? (A) Cambrian (C) Cretaceous (E) Permian (B) Carboniferous (D) Devonian (3) Which of the following is closest to when dinosaurs went extinct? (A) 30 million years ago (C) 90 million years ago (E) 150 million years ago (B) 60 million years ago (D) 120 million years ago (4) Which of the following taxa is most closely related to carnivora? (A) Artiodactyla (C) Rodentia (E) Xenartha (B) Chiroptera (D) Sirenia (5) Which of the following taxa is least closely related to coral? (A) Birds (C) Frogs (E) Plants (B) Cows (D) Fungi (6) Spiders do not belong in which of the following taxonomic categories? (A) Animalia (C) Ecdysozoa (E) Protostomia (B) Bilateria (D) Lophotrochozoa (7) Which of the following terms does not describe a type of similarity? (A) Analogy (C) Homophylogeny (E) Synapomorphy (B) Homology (D) Symplesiomorphy (8) Which of the following events occurred most recently? (A) 100 million years ago (D) First placental mammals (B) Extinction of the dinosaurs (E) First birds (C) First marsupial mammals (9) Which of the following is the correct sequence of the three listed periods, from most ancient to most recent?? (A) Cretaceous - Jurassic - Triassic (D) Jurassic - Cretaceous - Triassic (B) Cretaceous - Triassic - Jurassic (E) Triassic - Jurassic - Cretaceous (C) Jurassic - Cretaceous - Triassic (10) Which of the following events occurred most recently? (A) Cambrian (C) Paleocene (E) Pleistocene (B) Mesozoic (D) Permian

7 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 7 ) Name: Use the 5 phylogenetic trees shown here for the next two questions. The shade of the circles for each extant taxon indicates the morphology of the trait in question. You may assume the outgroup represents the ancestral state. A B C D E (11) Which of the 5 phylogenetic trees shown above is the MOST parsimonious? (12) Which of the 5 phylogenetic trees shown above is the LEAST parsimonious? (13) The scientific name for the group commonly described as frogs and toads is which of the following? (A) Amphibia (C) Caudata (E) Urochordata (B) Anura (D) Squamata (14) The scientific name for the group commonly described as hagfish is which of the following? (A) Cephalochordates (C) Hyperoartia (E) Urochordata (B) Chondrichthyes (D) Hyperotreti (15) Rhinos, horses, and tapirs belong to which of the following orders? (A) Artiodactyla (C) Lagomorpha (E) Scandentia (B) Cetacea (D) Perrisodactyla (16) The large basal group of placental mammals which includes elephants and elephant shrews is termed which of the following? (A) Afrotheria (C) Macroscelidea (E) Synapsida (B) Eutheria (D) Probiscidea (17) Consider the phylogeny drawn to the right. Which set of taxa below would correctly match the history shown? (Note: the same set of taxa are used in each answer choice) (A) A=Anura, B=Arthropoda, C=Carnivora, D=Fungi, E=Mollusca, F=Squamata, G=Rodentia (B) A=Fungi, B=Arthropoda, C=Mollusca, D=Anura E=Squamata, F=Carnivora, G=Rodentia (C) A=Fungi, B=Carnivora, C=Arthropoda, D=Mollusca, E=Rodentia, F=Anura, G=Squamata (D) A=Fungi, B=Mollusca, C=Anura, D=Squamata, E=Arthropoda, F=Carnivora, G=Rodentia (E) A=Fungi, B=Squamata, C=Rodentia, D=Carnivora, E=Anura, F=Arthropoda, G=Mollusca G F E A D B C

8 Bio 312, Spring 2017 Exam 1 ( 8 ) Name: The following 4 questions are about the video you were required to watch for this exam. (18) The host of this video is best described as which of the following? (A) A female Hispanic paleontologist. (B) A female Native American physician. (C) A male African American astrophysicist. (D) A male Asian evolutionary biologist. (E) A male Caucasian molecular biologist. (19) What type of genetically influenced variation allows the domestication of wolves in the hypothesis described by the host? (A) Amino acid differences that allowed digestion of cooked meat. (B) Amounts of pigmentation that allowed camouflage. (C) Expression patterns of neurological chemicals that lead to obedience. (D) Levels of stress hormones in their blood that induce fear. (E) Structure in their vocal cords that allowed barking and howling. (20) The host describes an organism that he describes as tough - able to survive high heat and even the harsh conditions of space an dehydration. This organism survived several major extinctions during Earth's history. What was the name of this organism? (A) The "bacteriophage", also known as the microhunter. (B) The "rock cell", also known as the titan. (C) The "space lion", also known as the leonitype. (D) The "stone worm", also known as the geominthes. (E) The "water bear", also known as the tardigrade. (21) Toward the end of the episode a simple cartoon is shown while classical music plays. This cartoon depicts which of the following? (A) The big bang to the formation of the Sun and Earth. (B) The development of an egg into an adult human. (C) The evolutionary transitions between wolves and domestic dogs. (D) The organisms in the evolutionary history of humans. (E) The process of fertilization in plants.