Classification &Taxa. Primate Classification. Adaptive Radiation

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1 Memorize for Exam Primate Classification 1 Adaptive Radiation Definition: the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of an evolving group of organisms as they adapt to new ecological niches. Classification &Taxa Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens 1

2 Analogies (Function) Homologous Structures Homoplasies Parallel evolution Old World and New World monkeys 2

3 Convergent Evolution Tasmania wolf and North American wolf. North American wolf is more closely related to the whale. Biological definition of the species: species comprise a homogenous community whose members closely resemble one another in general morphological (anatomical) structure and are capable of interbreeding freely and producing fully fertile offspring". Species Parapatric Species are found in connected but not overlapping areas Sympatric (non-geographic) species are found in completely or partially overlapping areas Allopatric (geographic) species occupy geographically separated areas 3

4 Time-successive, Evolutionary or Paleospecies A time-successive species is a segment of a lineage (an ancestral-descendant sequence of biological species) evolving through time. A. Three-dimensional representation of a phylogeny. The horizontal dimensions within each branch symbolize extent of variation, and horizontal distances between branches represent degree of divergence between isolated lineages and species. The tree is represented as cut by time plans at time t1, t2, and t3, and the intersects of each are genetical contemporaneous species. B. Formal representation of the same phylogeny in two dimensions, with the same time intersects and genetical species (heavy dots). Each line leading to a terminal genetical species is a clearly separate lineage, enclosed in broken lines. The problems classifying common stems and of possible successional divisions of longer lineages (e.g., f-a) require further consideration. C. Lineage pattern starting from a terminal species, b as an example, and tracing back to the initial species, h, of the phylogeny. Each terminal species has such an extended lineage, all overlap eventually as they are followed backward in time. Evolutionary/Biological Species 4

5 Anagenesis/Cladogenesis Anagenesis: straight line or sequential evolution Cladogenesis: branching evolution Geographic or allopatric speciation (allopatric species) Non-geographic or sympatric speciation (sympatric species) Speciation Causes Reproductive isolation Behavioral (ethological) changes Temporal/seasonal isolation Mechanical isolation 5

6 Nomenclature Rule of Priority (1758) Binomial name: species e.g., Homo sapiens How should crocodiles, lizards, and birds be classified? All the evidence suggests that birds and crocodiles are literally more closely related than crocodiles and lizards: that is, they shared a more recent common ancestor, as indicated in the top figure. Cladists, who classify animals strictly according to their evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationship, would therefore put birds with crocodiles. But numerical taxonomists are more interested in observable phenetic similarities: and would classify lizards and crocodiles together (in the class Reptilia ) leaving birds on their own (as Aves ). Geological Time Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, Age Phanerozoic Era Precambrian 6

7 Early hominids (0.004) First Mammals First Dinosaurs First Land Plants Time, Billion years ago First fossil multicellular eukaryotes First fossil protozoans (eukaryotes) O 2 begins to appear 3.8 First fossil microbes 4.6 Earth formed Phanerozoic Era Cenozoic [ Cen = Recent] Age of Mammals Mesozoic [ Meso = middle] Age of Dinosaurs Paleozoic [ Paleo = ancient] Age of Fishes zoic = zoo = animal Bilaterally symmetrical Internal spinal cord surrounded by vertebrae Notochord replaced by spinal chord Vertebrata: 7

8 Respiration: breathing air Retention of body fluids Reproduction Locomotion Terrestrial Amniotic Egg Monotremes Marsupials Placental Mammals Approaches to Studying Evolution Paleontological: Fossil Record Comparative approach 8

9 Geographic Distribution of Primates Primate Classification (Traditional) Know Order and Suborder Categories For the Exam New (Alternative) Memorize for Exam Primate Classification 27 9

10 Classification of Primates Prosimii-prosimians ( pre-apes ) Anthropoidea (humanlike) Strepsirhine/Haplorhine Lemurs 1. true lemurs 2. indris, avahis & sifakas 3. aye-ayes Sifaka (Family Indriidae) Aye aye (Family Daubentoniidae) Lemur 10

11 Loris Potto Galago Slow loris Tarsiers New World Monkeys Extra premolar Prehensile tails Platyrrhine ( flat nosed ) 11

12 New World Monkeys (Ceboidea) Callitrichidae Cebidae O.W. Monkeys: Cercopithecoids Colobinae Cercopithecinae Catarrhine ( narrow nosed ) Hylobatidae (gibbons & siamangs) Pongidae (Pongo) Panidae (Pan, Bonobos, Gorilla) Hominidae (Homo) Hominoidea 12

13 Primate Characteristics Pentadactylism (5 digits) Flat nails (replace claws) Prehensile hands and feet Power and precision grip Vision large eye sockets post-orbital closure eyes placed forward Post-orbital closure/lack of Closure Relatively Large Brains Manual dexterity Eye-hand coordination Stereoscopic vision 13

14 Theories Arboreal Theory Visual Predation Theory flowering plants (angiosperms) Primate Reproductive Strategy Extensions of Prenatal and Postnatal life cycles Greater parental investment Giving birth to single offspring Complex behavior Learning Behavioral flexibility Social Way of Life 14

15 Rods Cones macula lutea and fovea Binocular vision Optic chiasma/ incomplete decussation Vision Lobes of Brain Primate Locomotion Vertical clinging and Leaping Quadrupedalism Brachiation Bipedalism 15

16 Behavior Learned vs. innate behavior Reflex clinging vs. righting reflex Displays Territoriality Grooming Marking behavior 5 Themes 1. Mother-infant bond and matri-focal subunit 2. Dominance and dominance hierarchies 3. Sexual bond between males and females 4. Separation of roles: adults and young 5. Separation of roles by sex Primate Social Organization Monogamous family group Single female and her offspring One-male-several-females group Multimale-multifemale group Fission-fusion society 16

17 Human/Chimp Tool Making Tools essential for human survival Humans save tools Humans use tools to make tools Humans accumulate knowledge of tool making Context of Tool Using/Making in non-human Primates food/water antagonistic display food getting/searching/sharing Symbolic form of communication Openness Discreteness Arbitrary assignment of sound to meaning Displacement Learned Human Language 17

18 Ape and American Sign Language (ASL) Washoe (Gardners) Clever Hans phenomenon Kanzi (bonobo) Savage-Rumbaugh experiments Chimpanzee signing hurt Exam Format 60 Multiple Choice Questions (60 pts.) Primate Classification: 20 blanks to fill-in (10 pts) Term matching: (4 pts) Total pts: 74 Extra Credit: 5 pts max. Total possible score: 79 Start Time: 9 AM Finish time: 10:45 18