9/29/08. SYNAPSIDS (Carboniferous - Recent) Age of Mammals. Age of Dinosaurs PELYCOSAURS SPHENACO- DONTIDS DICYNODONTS BIARMO- SUCHIANS
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1 Age of Mammals Age of Dinosaurs SYNAPSIDS (Carboniferous - Recent) PELYCOSAURS VARANOPSEIDS/ OPHIACODONTIDS SPHENACO- DONTIDS DICYNODONTS BIARMO- SUCHIANS NON-MAMMAL CYNODONTS CASEIDS/ EOTHYRIDIDS EDAPHOSAURS DINOCEPH- ALIANS GORGONOPSIANS THEROCEPH- ALIANS MAMMALS THERIODONTS CYNODONTS SYNAPSIDA 1
2 PELYCOSAURS Grade of basal mammal-like reptiles, earliest & most diverse in N Amer BASAL LINEAGES: Eothyridids, Caseids - small head, pointy nose, BIG NOSTRIL EOTHYRIDIDS (Permian, TX/OK) Carnivores CASEIDS (Permian, TX/OK, Russia) Herbivores (spatulate teeth, barrel-chest) Eothyris (Permian, N Amer) 1-2 ft long Ennatosaurus (Permian, Russia), ~4 ft long. Cotylorhynchus (Permian, OK) 12+ ft long, 600+ lbs PELYCOSAURS DERIVED LINEAGES (1) VARANOPSEIDS (Carb-Permian, N Amer) OPHIACODONTIDS (Carb-Permian, N Amer) Earliest fossil synapsids Carnivorous, largest animals alive at this time (3+ m) Head shape long, narrow, hatchet-shaped Skull - ventral view PELYCOSAURS DERIVED LINEAGES (2): EDAPHOSAURS Edaphosaurus (Permian, N Amer) Skull - ventral view Large (10 ft+) herbivores: tiny head, barrel chest, round peg teeth (on palate, too) Sail fin on back - neural spines with crossbars (spines bear grooves for blood vessels) 2
3 PELYCOSAURS DERIVED LINEAGES (3): SPHENACODONTIDS Dimetrodon (Permian, N Amer) Large (10 ft+) carnivores Sail fin on back PALEOBIOLOGY: Limb Posture Dimetrodon (Permian, N Amer) Scapula (lateral view) PELYCOSAURS Humerus head (proximal view) Femur head (terminal) Distal condyles (ventral) All pelycosaurs use SPRAWLING limb posture SCREW-SHAPED GLENOID on scapula - head of humerus fits in track Head of femur terminal; distal condyles ventral (directs femur horizontal, shank vertical) Skull differences PELYCOSAUR vs THERAPSID Lots of canine teeth Occiput slopes forward Large postdentary bones Single large canine tooth Occiput slopes back Smaller postdentary bones in jaw 3
4 BASAL LINEAGES (1): BIARMOSUCHIANS (Permian, Russia, S Afr) Biarmosuchus (Permian, Russia) canine Most basal therapsid, shows: Posterior sloping occiput, expansion of cerebellum 1 large canine Erect gait BASAL LINEAGES (2): DINOCEPHALIANS (Permian, Russia, S Afr) Titanophoneus (Permian, Russia) Terrible heads - tend to have thickened, robust skulls Some herbivores, some carnivores (this one carnivorous) BASAL LINEAGES (2): More DINOCEPHALIANS (Permian, Russia, S Afr) Estemmenosuchus (Permian, Russia) Moschops (Permian, Russia) Force transferred thru occipital condyle Herbivores: nipping incisors, small cheek teeth, barrel chest Thick skulls, many with ornamentation - head butting? 4
5 BASAL LINEAGES (3): DICYNODONTS (Perm-Triassic, global) Lystrosaurus (Perm-Triass, S Afr, Russia, Antarc) Dicynodon (Perm, S Afr, Russia) Specialized herbivores, shearing beak, lose most or all teeth except tusks 70+ taxa, 80-90%specimens in some Permian faunas (5+ sympatric taxa, diff sizes & niches) Most die out at end-perm, Triassic radiation less diverse DERIVED LINEAGES(1): GORGONOPSIANS (Perm, S Afr, Russia) Inostrancevia (Permian, Russia) Flattened femur sabre canines Dominant predators of Permian; tiger sized (~10 ft, 500 lbs) Massive, sabre canines Dorsal view DERIVED LINEAGES(3): CYNODONTS (Perm-Recent, includes mammals) Probelesodon (Triassic, S Amer) Cynognathus (Triassic, S Afr) Masseter fossa Bony palate Many changes closer to mammals: Cheeks flare laterally to accommodate larger jaw muscles Coronoid develops deep fossa for massester (jaw closing muscles) Secondary palate expands** Double occipital condyle** Even smaller postdentary bones BUT, still no single dentary-squamosal articulation. NOT Mammalia (rather, Mammaliamorpha )** 5
6 PELYCOSAUR THERAPSID MAMMAL HEAD DISTAL Changes in limb anatomy related to upright posture Head offset at angle & spherical, distal condyles rotate terminally PELYCOSAUR THERAPSID MAMMAL (Carrier, 1987) (Jenkins, 1971) Upright posture facilitates shift from lateral bending to dorso-ventral bending in running (This allows both lungs to fill during running, promoting SUSTAINED ACTIVITY) DERIVED LINEAGES(3): CYNODONTS (Perm-Recent, includes mammals) Cynodonts typically reconstructed as active predators (or foraging herbivores) 6
7 MAMMALS! (or at least, Mammaliaforms...) (Jurassic-Recent) Morganucodon (Jurassic, England) Megazostrodon (Jurassic, S Afr) Earliest mammaliaform mammals tiny (~15 cm) Distinctive features (1) Precisiely occluding cheek teeth divided into premolars & molars (2) Cheek teeth have 2 roots (3) Only 1 set replacement teeth (some teeth only in adult) (4) Enlarged brain capacity (mostly hearing & smell - nocturnal?) Trait Pelycosaurs Therapsids Cynodonts Posture: sprawling intermediate upright Teeth: weakly heterodont increasingly heterodont strongly hetero Palate: no secondary palate partial complete -apsidy small temporal fenestra enlarged fenestra vastly expanded Postdentary bones: present, large present, reduced absent Body size: Large, ca. 3m Medium and large (3-5m) small (eventually) Occipital condyle: Single Double Double Kemp (1982) 7
8 When did endothermy evolve? Endothermy---Body temperature regulated internally. Homeothermy---Body temperature maintained within a narrow range. When did endothermy evolve? Advantages of endothermy: 1. Independence from environment (active in colder places, and at NIGHT). 2. Enhanced respiritory capacity (allows sustained vigorous activity) 3. Speeds growth When did endothermy evolve? DISadvantages of endothermy: 1. Energetically expensive: ca. 70% of calories JUST to stay warm. Birds & mammals eat ca. 10X more food than similar sized ectotherms. 8
9 When did endothermy evolve? Birds & mammals: Common ancestor ECTOthermic, HETEROthermic. When did endothermy evolve? Birds & mammals: Common ancestor ECTOthermic, HETEROthermic. ENDO-, HOMEOthermy evolved at least twice. When did endothermy evolve? Homeothermy: Doesn t require endothermy. Probably evolved several times. Result of thermal inertia: Bigger=relatively smaller surface area. Slower changes in body temperature. 9
10 When did endothermy evolve? Late pelycosaurs: Therapsids: 1. BONE STRUCTURE 2 types of bone: 1. Lamellar-zonal: Bone laid down in simple layers. 2. Fibro-lamellar (birds & mammals): Similar layering, but additional canal system to carry blood. Pelycosaurs: Lammellar-zonal. Therapsids: Fibro-lamellar. BUT--lots of diversity, & some modern endos have #1 (and vice versa)...suggestive, not definitive. 2. POSTURE & LIMB SUPPORT Upright posture expensive, more common in endos. Maintained by muscle contraction---gives of HEAT. Therapsids were hybrids. Some modern ectos have similar gaits to endos. INCONCLUSIVE/WEAK. 10
11 3. HAIR Therapsid fossils have SOME indication of hair on skulls, but similar markings found on hairless ectos. 4. Brain size Mammal & bird brains ca. 10 times larger than similar sized reptiles. Endothermy requires larger brain? Therapsids: intermediate. WEAK. 5. DIAPHRAGM Doesn t fossilize. INCONCLUSIVE. 11
12 6. SECONDARY PALATE Reflects increased need of O2? BUT...crocs have, birds don t. Soft palate would do just as well (wouldn t fossilize). First see in dicynodonts, but INCONCLUSIVE. 7. PREDATOR-PREY RATIOS. Endo carnivores burn lots of calories to stay warm, community can support fewer. 7. PREDATOR-PREY RATIOS. Endo carnivores burn lots of calories to stay warm, community can support fewer. Mammal pred:prey ratios usually 2-3% of community. Ecto pred:prey ratios usually 40-50%. Pelycosaurs: 45%. Therapsids 15-20%...intermediate. BUT, must know PREY; MASS more important than NUMBERS; fossil ratio true ratio...weak. 12
13 8. BIOGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Therapsids lived at high latitudes; large ectos can t. BUT, high latitudes warmer then. AND, evidence of ectos at same latitudes, same time. UNCONVINCING 9. MAXILLARY TURBINALS Modern mammals (& birds) have turbinals covered with epithelium. 1. Cleans, humidifies, & WARMS air breathed in. 2. COOLs exhaled air (conserving heat). As air cools, loses moisture---deposited & absorbed (conserving water). COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE (heat AND moisture) Works ONLY if body temp. warmer than surrounding air. NOT found in any ectos, living or extinct. Most amniote tetrapods: Lateral walls of nasal cavity exhibit one or more conchal projections, which provide additional surface area for nasal epithelia. 13
14 Ethmoid turbinals (sensory: olfaction) Maxillary turbinals (heat, moisture retention) 14
15 15
16 9. MAXILLARY TURBINALS Present in several therapsids. Pre-mammalian therapsids were warm-blooded! 16
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