Last Lecture Gas Exchange Nutrients Digestion

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1 Last Lecture Gas Exchange Nutrients Digestion

2 Outline Temperature

3 Phylum: Tardigrada (Water Bears)

4

5 Phylum: Tardigrada (Water Bears) -273 C (-459 F) to 151 C (304 F)

6 Temperature Dessert Pools 45 C (112 F), desert pupfish

7

8

9 Temperature Dessert Pools 45 C (112 F), desert pupfish Polar Seas -2 C (28 F), icefish

10

11 What is heat? Molecular Motion moves down thermal gradients

12 Temp. Importance Too Hot proteins denature Too Cold enzymes stop cell membranes are solid

13 Figure 2.04

14 Heat Balance Body Temp = heat made + heat gained - heat lost

15 Heat Exchange Conduction transfer through touch

16

17 Heat Exchange Conduction Convection moving air maintains thermal gradient

18

19 Heat Exchange Conduction Convection Evaporation water vapor removes heat

20

21 Heat Exchange Conduction Convection Evaporation Radiation emission of electromagnetic waves

22

23

24 Figure 28.01

25 Thermal Classification Warm Blooded versus Cold Blooded

26

27 Heat Source Ectotherm environmental heat Endotherm metabolic heat

28

29

30 Thermal Variability Poikilotherm temp. changes with environment

31

32 Thermal Variability Poikilotherm temp. changes with environment Heterotherm temp. changes over time (temporal)

33

34 Thermal Variability Poikilotherm temp. changes with environment Heterotherm temp. changes over time (temporal) temp. changes over body (regional)

35

36 Thermal Variability Poikilotherm temp. changes with environment Heterotherm temp. changes over time (temporal) temp. changes over body (regional) Homeotherm temp. stable

37

38 Thermoregulation Invertebrates Most Insects behavior

39

40 Thermoregulation Invertebrates Most Insects behavior Honeybees raise hive temp.: bee clusters lower hive temp.: beat wings

41

42 Thermoregulation Fishes poikilothermic ectotherms body temp. changes with environment heat from environment

43

44

45 Thermoregulation Fishes poikilothermic ectotherms regionally heterothermic endotherms metabolism heats part of body

46

47 Concurrent 50 % 50 % 50 % 25 % 0 % 50 % 50 % 50 % 75 % 100 % blood flow heat transfer

48 Countercurrent 0 % 25 % 50 % 75 % 95 % 5 % 30 % 55 % 80 % 100 % blood flow heat transfer

49 Figure 28.04

50

51 Thermoregulation Amphibians poikilothermic ectotherms body temp. changes with environment heat from environment evaporation limits habitats

52

53 Thermoregulation Reptiles poikilothermic ectotherms body temp. changes with environment heat from environment some thermoregulation behavior

54

55

56 Thermoregulation Reptiles poikilothermic ectotherms body temp. changes with environment heat from environment some thermoregulation behavior change metabolic rate evaporation

57

58 Thermoregulation Reptiles poikilothermic ectotherms body temp. changes with environment heat from environment some thermoregulation behavior change metabolic rate evaporation thermal inertia

59

60 Thermoregulation Birds & Mammals Homeothermic endotherms body temp. consistent heat from metabolism

61

62 Heat Gain & Loss Birds & Mammals evaporative water loss sweating panting

63

64 Heat Gain & Loss Birds & Mammals evaporative water loss sweating panting gular flutter

65

66 Heat Gain & Loss Birds & Mammals evaporative water loss insulation feathers, hair, blubber

67

68 Heat Gain & Loss Birds & Mammals evaporative water loss insulation countercurrent heat exchange in limbs

69 Figure 28.05b

70 Heat Gain & Loss Birds & Mammals evaporative water loss insulation countercurrent heat exchange large surface area dump heat

71 Figure 28.06

72 Heat Production Birds & Mammals Basal Metabolic Rate Shivering Thermogenesis Nonshivering Thermogenesis ATPase pump brown fat

73 Figure 28.07

74 Dormancy Sleep slight temp. decrease occurs throughout a day

75

76 Dormancy Sleep Torpor large temp. decrease occurs daily small mammals & birds cold environments

77

78 Dormancy Sleep Torpor Hibernation deep torpor last for week or months small mammals cold environments

79

80 Dormancy Sleep Torpor Hibernation Estivation large metabolism decrease hot and/or dry environments

81

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