Biol 119 Herpetology Lab 5: Diversity of the Urodela and Using Taxonomic Keys Fall 2013
|
|
- Kevin Raymond Dorsey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Biol 119 Herpetology Lab 5: Diversity of the Urodela and Using Taxonomic Keys Fall 2013 Philip J. Bergmann Lab objectives The objectives of today s lab are to: 1. Learn how to use library resources to conduct literature searches. 2. Refresh your knowledge of the Anura. 3. Familiarize yourself with Urodela diversity. 4. Learn to identify local salamanders and newts. 5. Learn to use a taxonomic key. Today s lab is the second in which you will learn about amphibian diversity. We will cover the Urodela, or salamanders and newts. Tips for learning the material Near the beginning of this week s lab we will talk about using the library to find primary scientific literature. With your bibliography assignment approaching, it is important to know how to do an effective literature search. For the rest of the lab, continue what you have been doing in previous weeks. Examine all of the specimens on display, taking notes, drawings and photos of what you see. Attempt to identify the local species to species level and the others to their higher clades. Quiz each other to see which taxa are easy for you and which ones give you troubles, and then revisit the difficult ones. You will also learn to use a taxonomic key today. This is an important tool for correctly identifying species, especially when they are very difficult to distinguish from other species. Although most Urodela have a similar generalized body plan consisting of four short limbs, relatively small head, and a tail, multiple groups have evolved elongate, limb-reduced bodies. In some groups, like the Ambystomatidae and the diverse Plethodontidae, species can look very similar, so subtle details are important. 1
2 Exercise 1: Library resources During this course, you will be researching a topic of your choosing (related to herpetology), with a bibliography of at least 15 references being due on November 1. For this part of the term project you will need to identify, and obtain relevant primary literature. With the multitude of scientific papers that are being published, it can be a daunting task to do these things. During today s lab you will learn how to do at least some of these things. There will be a short presentation and demonstration on using library resources to identify and obtain relevant papers on any topic you might choose. Unfortunately, there is no easy way out of reading and citing the papers, you just have to get to work Answer the following questions during the library tutorial. What is meant by primary literature? What are sources of literature that are not acceptable to cite in a scientific paper? What resources are available to you online to help you identify papers that are relevant to your research topic? What resources are available to you online to obtain papers that you identify? 2
3 If a paper is not available online, how would you obtain it? Why is it important to cite literature? Exercise 2: Urodela diversity General information Salamanders are a monophyletic group called Urodela. Some people call it Caudata, so you should be familiar with both terms (see p. 41 of Pough et al. 2004). Salamanders have been around at least since the Jurassic (~170 mya) and are relatively similar morphologically to the earliest amphibians. Currently, we recognize 61 extant genera and about 415 species that are placed into 10 major clades (see Pough et al. Fig. 3-1, to the right). The greatest diversity is in North America, with nine of those clades. They are also found in Eurasia, northern Africa, and Central and South America. Which clade of Urodela does not live in North America? (Hint: we do not have a representative available in lab.) Generalized morphology Salamanders typically have a tail in all stages of their life cycle (the names Urodela and Caudata both refer to a tail) and four limbs of approximately equal size set at right angles to the body (except Sirenidae). Many bones are absent from the skull. However, they do have ribs and true teeth on upper and lower jaws. Larvae usually have external gills and gill slits. The largest 3
4 salamanders can reach 1.8 m, but most are fewer than 15 cm in total length. Some salamanders lack lungs, and rely on cutaneous respiration for gas exchange. Generalized life history Urodela are found in moist, cool habitats, and are often nocturnal. Typically they start out as aquatic larvae with external gills, lateral line systems, no eyelids, very permeable skin, tail fins, a non-adult tooth pattern, as well as other features. Then they metamorphose into terrestrial adults that breathe through lungs and/or skin. They return to ponds or streams for breeding. Fertilization is external in 3 clades (Sirenidae, Cryptobranchidae, and Hynobiidae), and internal in all others, which use a spermatophore. A spermatophore is a pile of jelly with a sperm cap on top that the male deposits on the ground. After an elaborate courtship ritual, the receptive female picks up the spermatophore with the lips of her cloaca. Her eggs are then fertilized as they pass through her cloaca and are usually deposited in water. Almost all salamanders are oviparous and parental care of eggs is fairly common. Salamanders are carnivorous in all life stages, primarily eating insects. Amphibians have two chemo-sensory organs in their nose; the olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal (Jacobson s) organs. Chemoreception is well developed in most salamanders and may play an important role in courtship, species recognition, feeding, and territoriality. Evolutionary trends Two evolutionary trends found in salamanders are the loss of lungs and paedomorphosis (retention of larval or juvenile characteristics as adults). Salamanders can breathe through their skin and the loss of lungs may free up some muscles that facilitate tongue projection. Some species always metamorphose from larvae into terrestrial adults, some always remain in their larval form, and some have no larval stage. In some species, only certain populations or individuals exhibit paedomorphosis. Paedomorphosis has evolved independently in several salamander lineages. Miscellaneous facts Salamanders have the largest genomes of any tetrapod. Genome size (amount of DNA) ranges from 5 to 30 times larger than the human genome. In fact, there is so much DNA in the nucleus in some species that cell size is constrained. The cells of these salamanders are large to accommodate the genetic material. North American Salamanders The clades are listed in order from the base of the phylogeny to more derived clades. Sirenidae: Sirens Content and distribution: 2 genera, 4 species. Southeastern U.S. and extreme northeast Mexico. Morphology: Sirenids are elongate, paedomorphic, aquatic amphibians with two tiny front limbs and no hind limbs. They have external gills, small eyes, and keratinized beaks. 4
5 Life history: Sirenids inhabit warm, shallow, stationary bodies of water including lakes, swamps, marshes, and roadside ditches. Fertilization is external. At least some species can burrow in mud and aestivate in mucus cocoons to survive droughts. Females guard eggs. Miscellaneous facts: Sirenids are the sister group of all other salamanders. Siren intermedia Lesser Siren When we say that Sirenids are the sister group to all other salamanders, what does this mean? (Hint: look at the phylogeny at the beginning of the lab.) Cryptobranchidae: Hellbenders Content and distribution: 2 genera, 3 species. Eastern U.S., Japan, and central China. Morphology: Cryptobranchids are elongate, paedomorphic, aquatic amphibians with four robust limbs. They have flat heads with small eyes, dorsoventrally compressed bodies, and thick folds of skin on their sides. Adults have a pair of gill slits, but no external gills. Life history: Cryptobranchids live under rocks in cold, fast-flowing mountain streams. The males defend territories on the stream bottoms and construct nests under stones or logs. Fertilization is external and the male guards the eggs. Miscellaneous facts: Cryptobranchids are the largest extant salamanders. One genus (Andrias) can reach 1.8 m in length! Andrias, which is restricted to Japan and China, is severely endangered due to hunting for food. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Hellbender Examine the Hellbender on display. Given the habitat of this animal, described above, hypothesize why the body is dorsoventrally flattened and why it has the prominent folds of skin on its body. 5
6 Amphiumidae: Amphiumas Content and distribution: 1 genus, 3 species. Distributed in the southeastern U.S. Morphology: Amphiumas are elongate, paedomorphic, aquatic amphibians with 4 vestigial limbs, each ending in 1-3 toes (depending on species). They lack gills, but retain a pair of gill slits in adulthood. They can reach over 1 m in length. They have large, powerful heads that can deliver a painful bite. Life history: Amphiumas spend most of their time in slow-moving or stationary water, including streams, lakes, marshes, and swamps. They surface periodically to breathe air because they lack gills. During the summer, they burrow into river banks to aestivate. Amphiuma males deposit a spermatophore directly into the female s cloaca, unlike most other salamanders. Eggs are laid in muddy water and are usually guarded by the female. Amphiumas are voracious predators. Amphiuma means Two-toed Amphiuma Since amphiumas have vestigial limbs, what do you think is their primary mode of locomotion? How might depositing the spermatophore directly into the female's cloaca be an adaptation to an aquatic habitat? Where do most other salamanders deposit their spermatophores? Plethodontidae: Lungless salamanders Content and distribution: 27 genera, about 360 species. Distributed in the New World and southern Europe. This is the most diverse group of salamanders (including about 60% of all extant salamanders) and the only family to successfully exploit the tropics. Morphology: These salamanders lack lungs, so all gas exchange is through moist skin. Thanks to the lack of lungs, many species can project their tongues to capture prey. A characteristic of this family is forward facing eyes that probably allow them binocular vision. A nasolabial groove, used for chemoreception, is also a synapomorphy of the Plethodontidae. Female Red-backed Salamanders will nose-tap a male s feces to determine the quality of a male s food supply and show breeding preference for male s that have access to high-quality 6
7 prey. They have well-defined costal grooves. Other external characteristics are variable, as this clade includes terrestrial species, arboreal species with prehensile tails, and cavedwelling paedomorphic aquatic species with external gills. Life history: Plethodontids have good chemoreception and use pheromones for a variety of social interactions. All of the genera we will review in lab (except Eurycea) have direct development, meaning there is no larval stage and that eggs hatch directly into adults. These genera, like most plethodontids, are highly terrestrial and rarely enter water. However, Eurycea and some other plethodontids have an aquatic larval stage or are permanently aquatic. Usually females (and sometimes males) guard eggs. Desmognathus fuscus - Northern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus - Mountain Dusky Salamander Eurycea bislineata Northern Two-lined Salamander Plethodon cinereus Red-backed Salamander Plethodon glutinosus - Northern Slimy Salamander Please remember that the species listed in bold live in Massachusetts. You should be able to identify these species to species (from one another). The other species you should simply be able to identify to Plethodontidae. Examine the specimens on display. Find the nasolabial groove. How is it oriented? Describe it. How might it be involved in chemoreception? Why would direct development be advantageous to a salamander? How would a lack of lungs allow these salamanders to evolve projectile tongues? What is an autapomorphy of each of the three local species that are on display that will allow you to identify them? 7
8 How could you distinguish Desmognathus fuscus from Desmognathus ochrophaeus? Proteidae: Waterdogs and Mudpuppies Content and distribution: 2 genera, 6 species. Eastern North America and southern Europe. Morphology: Proteids are large, elongate, paedomorphic, aquatic amphibians with large external gills, caudal fins, and strongly compressed tails. Due to a lack of maxillary bones, they develop a long, pointed snout. Life history: Proteids inhabit streams, rivers, and lakes. Some are cave-dwellers. After mating, females lay fertilized eggs under stones or logs on stream bottoms. Males or females may guard eggs. Miscellaneous facts: In Massachusetts, the mudpuppy was introduced to the Connecticuit River Valley in the 1800s. They are commonly used for dissection to teach students salamander anatomy because of their large size. Unfortunately, some features, such as the lack of a maxilla make them atypical salamanders. Necturus maculosus Common Mudpuppy What is most likely the primary site of gas exchange for this species? Salamandridae: Newts and True Salamanders Content and distribution: 15 genera, 62 species. North America, Eurasia, and North Africa. Morphology: These are small to moderate-sized salamanders with robust legs and indistinct costal grooves. The skin of newts is often rough and keratinized (although not the local Notophthalmus). Life history: Many are poisonous and have aposematic coloration and defensive displays. Most are oviparous. Some species, such as Notophthalmus viridescens, metamorphose twice, with aquatic larvae metamorphosing into terrestrial efts, which finally metamorphose into aquatic adults. Most species have the more usual life cycle of an aquatic larval stage followed by a terrestrial adulthood. Notophthalmus viridescens Eastern Newt 8
9 What is "aposematic coloration"? And what sorts of aposematic features does Notophthalmus viridescens have? How do efts differ from adults in Notophthalmus viridescens? Ambystomidae: Mole Salamanders Content and distribution: 1 genus, about 30 species. Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. Morphology: Ambystomatids are robust salamanders that typically have a broad, short head; large limbs; small eyes; well-developed costal grooves; and a laterally flattened tail. The teeth form a row across the roof of the mouth. Larvae and non-metamorphosed adults also have broad heads, but exhibit long, filamentous external gills; 4 pairs of gill slits; and caudal fins. Life history: All start off as aquatic larvae. Some individuals never metamorphose (these are called axolotls, an example of paedomorphosis). Metamorphosed adults are fossorial and mostly live under cover or in burrows that stay relatively moist, returning to ponds or slow streams in the spring to breed. Miscellaneous facts: This family includes two all-female triploid species (Ambystoma platineum and Ambystoma tremblayi). Females of these species mate with males of two other species (A. jeffersonianum and A. laterale, respectively), but the males make no genetic contribution. A. platineum and A. tremblayi arose from hybridization between A. jeffersonianum and A. laterale. In some species, when the larvae are in very high densities in a pond, some of the larvae become cannibalistic. These larvae have larger heads, wider mouths, and more highlydeveloped teeth than non-cannibals. Ambystoma maculatum Spotted Salamander Ambystoma opacum - Marbled Salamander Ambystoma texanum - Small-Mouthed Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum - Tiger Salamander 9
10 Examine the Ambystoma salamanders on display. How do the local species differ from one another and from the non-local ones? What is meant by "paedomorphosis"? Exercise 3: Using a taxonomic key An important tool for identifying organisms from many groups is a taxonomic key. A taxonomic key is something that uses a series of nested questions that, if answered correctly for an unknown organism, will identify it. Most keys are dichotomous in that there are only two options/answers at each step/question. Thus, such a key will divide a group of organisms into two smaller groups at each step, which ultimately leads to a single taxon that is correctly identified. Taxonomic keys are especially useful when taxa of interest are very similar, perhaps only differing in a few very subtle characters. Although one could potentially draw a phylogenetic tree from a taxonomic key, this wouldn t necessarily be a good idea. The characters chosen for a taxonomic key are chosen to best discriminate between taxa, not elucidate evolutionary history. Many of the characters are not synapomorphies (for example, red stripes on two species of snakes may be good characters in a key to identify these species easily, but because they both have red stripes does not mean they are closely related). It is also important to keep in mind that answering a question incorrectly will lead to the wrong answer, so be careful when using a key. One strategy to avoid mistakes is to key a specimen out several times. Another strategy is to get a partner to key a specimen out independently and compare answers. When using a key, you will find that some answers are obvious for a particular specimen, while others are not. Pay particularly close attention to instances when you are not sure how to answer a question. This could indicate that you are dealing with a difficult character to score, or that you made an error earlier on. In this lab, you have a comprehensive key to amphibians and "reptiles" of the U.S. and Canada (Powell, Collins & Hooper 1998). It will be used during this exercise, and you are encouraged to use it throughout the semester when you are unsure how to distinguish species. You will also use it to key out an unknown specimen on each of the lab exams. We will reinforce your learning of salamander and frog taxonomy today by keying some of these animals out. The Urodela and Anura are good for this activity because many may look very 10
11 similar, at least at first, and so may be confusing to identify on their own. Keying some out will help you to notice differences between some of these species, allowing you to identify them more easily in the future. Throughout this lab and future labs, you should feel free to key out specimens that give you problems. This will both give you practice using a taxonomic key and identifying local species. There are several specimens on display today that have no names associated with them, but have capital letters. Identify them using the taxonomic keys provided. Work with a partner; this allows you to confer with someone about which option is most likely at a given step and is a more effective way to learn. If you have questions or problems, make sure that you ask the instructor. For each specimen, decide whether it is a frog or salamander (hopefully easy at this point) and then start at the beginning of the appropriate section. Start by determining the "family" of each specimen, then work down to genus, and finally to species. Even if it is easy for you to identify the specimens to their higher taxa, key out at least a few to see what characteristics are used. Everyone should use the species level keys. Start at step 1 and work your way through the numbered steps until you arrive at a positive identification. Identify the specimens on display and write down the steps that you took in the species key (for example: 1b 4b 5b 6a are the step taken on the Bufo key to arrive at Bufo [= Incilium] alvarius): A. Steps: B. Steps: Species: Species: C. Steps: D. Steps: Species: Species: Exercise 4: Make your own key Today you will have a take-home assignment that will allow you to make your own key for a number of local frog species. The key will be due at the beginning of next lab, so be ready to hand it in. This exercise will give you a better understanding of how taxonomic keys work and will be useful for identification of local frogs because it will get you to notice subtle differences between the species. Please make your own dichotomous taxonomic key of all the local species belonging to the "Ranidae". Start by making a list of the species that you need to make the key for. Gather information from looking at the specimens on display during last week's lab (they are still out), using your field guide, and using reputable sources on the internet. There is no one right answer - there are many ways to make this key, so please do not use elements of keys available online or the published key available in lab - this defeats the purpose of the exercise and is a form of plagiarism. 11
12 References Conant, R. and J.T. Collins A field guide to reptiles and amphibians - eastern and central North America. 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Collins, J.T Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 4th ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Lawrence, Kansas. Crother, B.I Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Lawrence, Kansas. Degenhardt, W.G., C.W. Painter, and A.H. Price Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Duellman, W.E. and L. Trueb Biology of amphibians. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. Petranka, J.W Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Press, Washington. Pough, F.H., R.M. Andrews, J.E. Cadle, M.L. Crump, A.H. Savitzky, and K.D. Wells Herpetology. 3 rd Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Stebbins, R.C A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Stebbins, R.C. and N.W. Cohen A natural history of amphibians. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersery. 12
Necturus maculosus Family Proteidae
Necturus maculosus Family Proteidae - Robust body that is somewhat dorsoventrally compressed - Short tail with broad laterally compressed fin - Wide head with blunt/square snout - 3 pairs of bushy gills
More informationSalamanders of Tennessee
Salamanders of Tennessee WFS 433/533 1/16/2013 Caudata Diverse amphibian order; nearly 659 species (9.1% of all amphibians) Nine extant families worldwide - Proteidae - Cryptobranchidae - Plethodontidae
More informationSalamanders of Tennessee
Salamanders of Tennessee WFS 433/533 01/20/2015 Caudata Diverse amphibian order; nearly 675 species (9.1% of all amphibians) Ten extant families worldwide - Proteidae - Cryptobranchidae - Plethodontidae
More informationHow do we use a Dichotomous Key? Lab #
Name: Date: How do we use a Dichotomous Key? Lab # Introduction: All cultures have developed names for the living things found in their environments. When various everyday names are used for the same organism,
More informationGymnophiona (Caecilians) Caudata (Salamanders)
AMPHIBIANS PART I: SALAMANDER AND CAECILIAN DIVERSITY GENERAL INFORMATION The class Amphibia comprises three orders: Caudata (salamanders), Gymnophiona (caecillians) and Anura (frogs and toads). Currently
More informationSALAMANDERS. Helpful Hints: What is a Salamander: Physical Characteristics:
SALAMANDERS Helpful Hints: This study guide will focus on s found in Illinois as well as those widespread in North America. The Eco-Meet test may consist of multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank,
More informationField Herpetology Final Guide
Field Herpetology Final Guide Questions with more complexity will be worth more points Incorrect spelling is OK as long as the name is recognizable ( by the instructor s discretion ) Common names will
More informationHERPETOLOGY BIO 404 COURSE SYLLABUS, SPRING SEMESTER, 2001
HERPETOLOGY BIO 404 COURSE SYLLABUS, SPRING SEMESTER, 2001 Lecture: Mon., Wed., Fri., 1:00 1:50 p. m., NS 523 Laboratory: Mon., 2:00-4:50 p.m., NS 522 and Field Trips PROFESSOR: RICHARD D. DURTSCHE OFFICE:
More informationAmphibians. Land and Water Dwellers
Amphibians Land and Water Dwellers Amphibians Most amphibians do not live completely in the water or completely on land and most must return to water to reproduce http://potch74.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/amphibians.jpg
More informationUnit 19.3: Amphibians
Unit 19.3: Amphibians Lesson Objectives Describe structure and function in amphibians. Outline the reproduction and development of amphibians. Identify the three living amphibian orders. Describe how amphibians
More informationOutline. Identifying Idaho Amphibians and Reptiles
Identifying Idaho Amphibians and Reptiles Wildlife Ecology, University of Idaho Fall 2011 Charles R. Peterson Herpetology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho Museum of Natural History Idaho
More informationBiol 119 Herpetology Lab 2: External Anatomy & an Introduction to Local Herps Fall 2013
Biol 119 Herpetology Lab 2: External Anatomy & an Introduction to Local Herps Fall 2013 Philip J. Bergmann Lab objectives The objectives of today s lab are to: 1. Learn the external anatomy of amphibians
More informationHERPETOLOGY (B/C) SAMPLE TOURNAMENT
Station A: 1. To which family does this specimen belong? 2. A distinctive feature of this creature is its retention of a key larval feature as an adult. Name this noticeable larval feature. 3. How many
More informationAmphibians and Reptiles Division B
Amphibians and Reptiles Division B Amphibians and Reptiles KEY (corrected) Station I siren 1. Write the scientific name of this specimen (siren lacertian) 2. To which order do these belong?
More informationAnimal Form and Function. Amphibians. United by several distinguishing apomorphies within the Vertebrata
Animal Form and Function Kight Amphibians Class Amphibia (amphibia = living a double life) United by several distinguishing apomorphies within the Vertebrata 1. Skin Thought Question: For whom are integumentary
More informationNORTHEAST INDIANA S REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
NORTHEAST INDIANA S REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Bruce Kingsbury Indiana Purdue University Fort Wayne BruceAKingsbury.org 1 http://inherpatlas.org 2 3 http://erc.ipfw.edu 4 What are Herps? Herp is short for
More informationHERPETOLOGY (B/C) SAMPLE TOURNAMENT
Station A: 1. To which family does this specimen belong? 2. A distinctive feature of this creature is its retention of a key larval feature as an adult. Name this noticeable larval feature. 3. How many
More informationPiggy s Herpetology Test
Piggy s Herpetology Test Directions : There will be 20 stations. Each station will have 5 questions, and you will have 2.5 minutes at each station. There will be a total of 100 questions, each worth 1
More informationStation 1 1. (3 points) Identification: Station 2 6. (3 points) Identification:
SOnerd s 2018-2019 Herpetology SSSS Test 1 SOnerd s SSSS 2018-2019 Herpetology Test Station 20 sounds found here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oqrmspti13qv_ytllk_yy_vrie42isqe?usp=sharing Station
More informationMost amphibians begin life as aquatic organisms and then live on land as adults.
Section 3: Most amphibians begin life as aquatic organisms and then live on land as adults. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What were the kinds of adaptations
More information30-3 Amphibians Slide 1 of 47
1 of 47 What Is an Amphibian? What Is an Amphibian? An amphibian is a vertebrate that, with some exceptions: lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult breathes with lungs as an adult has moist
More informationUsing a Classification Key Lab
Using a Classification Key La Discussion Suppose you find a large colorful wildflower while walking through the woods. Chances are the flower has already een named and classified, ut how can you learn
More informationAMPHIBIANS & REPTILES (B) & HERPETOLOGY (C) SAMPLE TOURNAMENT
Station A: 1. To which family does this specimen belong? 2. A unique feature of this critter is its retention of a key larval feature as an adult. Name this noticeable larval feature. 3. How many toes
More informationAmphibians and Reptiles in Your Woods. About Me
Photo by Wayne Fidler Amphibians and Reptiles in Your Woods Jacqualine Grant, PhD jbg13@psu.edu School of Forest Resources 8 February 2011 Photo by Tom Diez About Me BS Biochemistry, Texas A&M MS Animal
More informationThe word amphibian comes from the Greek amphi and bios, meaning double life, that is, they can live or function on land and in water.
INTRODUCTION Life originated in water. The evolutionary transition from water to land occurred over millions of years. Early land vertebrates are believed to have evolved from fish; their fins developing
More informationMICHIGAN S HERPETOFAUNA. Jennifer Moore, GVSU
MICHIGAN S HERPETOFAUNA Jennifer Moore, GVSU Number of Species Herp Diversity 54 species 18 16 17 14 12 10 8 11 12 10 6 4 2 0 2 2 Amphibians Tetrapods Moist, scale-less, glandular skin Unshelled aquatic
More informationConservation. allowing them. (Images from. Salamander. Blue-spotted. 3. Salamanders. and gas exchange. toxicity in the. up but may. have eyes.
www.yearofthesalamander.org Year of the Salamander Slide Show Script 1. Welcome to the Year of the Salamander program. Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation n (PARC) is working hard this year
More informationWriting: Lesson 31. Today the students will be learning how to write more advanced middle paragraphs using a variety of elaborative techniques.
Top Score Writing Grade 4 Lesson 31 Writing: Lesson 31 Today the students will be learning how to write more advanced middle paragraphs using a variety of elaborative techniques. The following passages
More informationHERPETOLOGY. Name: School:
HERPETOLOGY November 4 th Scrimmage Name: School: Directions: DO NOT open the packet until prompted to. You will have 50 minutes for the test. Please answer each question to the best of your ability. Spelling
More informationCaptains Tryouts Herpetology Key. John P. Stevens High School. Rishabh Rout & Cindy Xu. Points: 114
Captains Tryouts 2019 Herpetology Key John P. Stevens High School Rishabh Rout & Cindy Xu Points: 114 Rules 1. 2.5 minutes per station, 20 stations. 2. Use only your reference binder. 3. Point values are
More informationVertebrate Structure and Function
Vertebrate Structure and Function Part 1 - Comparing Structure and Function Classification of Vertebrates a. Phylum: Chordata Common Characteristics: Notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, hollow dorsal nerve
More information08 AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES (B) AND HERPETOLOGY (C) TRAINING HANDOUT By Karen L. Lancour
08 AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES (B) AND HERPETOLOGY (C) TRAINING HANDOUT By Karen L. Lancour This event will test knowledge of amphibians, turtles, crocodiles & reptiles. The Official National List will be used
More informationTopic 13: Energetics & Performance. How are gas exchange, circulation & metabolism inter-related?
Topic 3: Energetics & Performance How are gas exchange, circulation & metabolism interrelated? How is it done in air and water? What organs are involved in each case? How does ventilation differ among
More informationPhylum Chordata. Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles
Phylum Chordata Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles Chordates Three different groups Vertebrates Lancelets Tunicates At some point in their lives, they all have four special body parts Notocord Hollow nerve cord
More informationJoJoKeKe s Herpetology Exam
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ JoJoKeKe s Herpetology Exam (SSSS) 2:30 to be given at each station- B/C Station 1: 1.) What is the family & genus of the shown
More information! Taxonomic Scheme of the 2018 Official Science Olympiad NATIONAL HERPETOLOGY List
DISCLAIMER This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official
More information4 Many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish 940L. Source 1 Habitats
Source 1 Habitats 1 American Alligators can be found in fresh water environments like rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps and marshes. They also like to live in areas that are brackish, which means the water
More informationFishes, Amphibians, Reptiles
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles Section 1: What is a Vertebrate? Characteristics of CHORDATES Most are Vertebrates (have a spinal cord) Some point in life cycle all chordates have: Notochord Nerve cord that
More informationVertebrates. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone and an endoskeleton.
Vertebrates Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone and an endoskeleton. The backbone replaces the notochord and contains bones called vertebrae. An endoskeleton is an internal skeleton that protects
More informationSec KEY CONCEPT Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish.
Wed 4/26 Activities Learning Target Class Activities *attached below (scroll down)* Website: my.hrw.com Username: bio678 Password:a4s5s Students will describe the adaptations of amphibians that help them
More informationClass Reptilia Testudines Squamata Crocodilia Sphenodontia
Class Reptilia Testudines (around 300 species Tortoises and Turtles) Squamata (around 7,900 species Snakes, Lizards and amphisbaenids) Crocodilia (around 23 species Alligators, Crocodiles, Caimans and
More informationHerpetology Biol 119. Herpetology Introduction. Philip Bergmann. Philip Bergmann - Research. TA: Allegra Mitchell. Philip Bergmann - Personal
Herpetology Biol 119 Clark University Fall 2011 Lecture: Tuesday, Thursday 9:00-10:15 in Lasry 124 Lab: Tuesday 13:25-16:10 in Lasry 150 Office hours: T 10:15-11:15 in Lasry 331 Contact: pbergmann@clarku.edu
More informationVertebrates. skull ribs vertebral column
Vertebrates skull ribs vertebral column endoskeleton in cells working together tissues tissues working together organs working together organs systems Blood carries oxygen to the cells carries nutrients
More information8/19/2013. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. The geological time scale. The geological time scale.
Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods Next two lectures will deal with: Origin of Tetrapods, transition from water to land. Origin of Amniotes, transition to dry habitats. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods What
More information2018 HERPETOLOGY (B/C) TRAINING HANDOUT By Karen L. Lancour National Committee Chairman Life Science
2018 HERPETOLOGY (B/C) TRAINING HANDOUT By Karen L. Lancour National Committee Chairman Life Science Overview: This event will test knowledge of amphibians & reptiles. The Official National Herpetology
More informationObjectives: Outline: Idaho Amphibians and Reptiles. Characteristics of Amphibians. Types and Numbers of Amphibians
Natural History of Idaho Amphibians and Reptiles Wildlife Ecology, University of Idaho Fall 2005 Charles R. Peterson Herpetology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho Museum of Natural History
More informationGrowth and Development. Sex determination Development: embryogenesis and morphogenesis Metamorphosis
Herp Development Growth and Development Sex determination Development: embryogenesis and morphogenesis Metamorphosis Growth and Development Sex determination Development: embryogenesis and morphogenesis
More informationAll about snakes. What are snakes? Are snakes just lizards without legs? If you want to know more
Novak.lisa@gmail.com Day 83 12/29/2017 All about snakes What are snakes? Are snakes just lizards without legs? If you want to know more keep reading to find out the answers to the question. The purpose
More informationVertebrates. Vertebrate Characteristics. 444 Chapter 14
4 Vertebrates Key Concept All vertebrates have a backbone, which supports other specialized body structures and functions. What You Will Learn Vertebrates have an endoskeleton that provides support and
More informationBiology Slide 1 of 50
Biology 1 of 50 2 of 50 What Is a Reptile? What are the characteristics of reptiles? 3 of 50 What Is a Reptile? What Is a Reptile? A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial
More informationVERTEBRATE READING. Fishes
VERTEBRATE READING Fishes The first vertebrates to become a widespread, predominant life form on earth were fishes. Prior to this, only invertebrates, such as mollusks, worms and squid-like animals, would
More information1. Examine the specimens of sponges on the lab table. Which of these are true sponges? Explain your answers.
Station #1 - Porifera 1. Examine the specimens of sponges on the lab table. Which of these are true sponges? Explain your answers. 2. Sponges are said to have an internal special skeleton. Examine the
More informationTest one stats. Mean Max 101
Test one stats Mean 71.5 Median 72 Max 101 Min 38 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 4 13 23 23 19 9 1 Sarcopterygii Step Out Text, Ch. 6 pp. 119-125; Text Ch. 9; pp. 196-210 Tetrapod Evolution The tetrapods arose
More informationB-Division Herpetology Test. By: Brooke Diamond
B-Division Herpetology Test By: Brooke Diamond Rules: - Play each slide for 2 minutes and answer the questions on the test sheet. - Use only pages attached to your binder, you may not use stray pages.
More informationKINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Reptilia
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Reptilia Vertebrate Classes Reptiles are the evolutionary base for the rest of the tetrapods. Early divergence of mammals from reptilian ancestor.
More informationPlestiodon (=Eumeces) fasciatus Family Scincidae
Plestiodon (=Eumeces) fasciatus Family Scincidae Living specimens: - Five distinct longitudinal light lines on dorsum - Juveniles have bright blue tail - Head of male reddish during breeding season - Old
More informationName Class Date. After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions:
CHAPTER 14 4 Vertebrates SECTION Introduction to Animals BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How are vertebrates different from invertebrates? How
More informationBiology Review: Amphibians
Name: Biology Review: Amphibians NOTE: USE THE SCANNED CHAPTER ON MY WEBSITE, NOT YOUR TEXTBOOK FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT 1-6. Amphibians were the first group of vertebrates to adapt to a land existence. What
More informationGeo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs LAB 4: Systematics Part 1
Geo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs LAB 4: Systematics Part 1 Systematics is the comparative study of biological diversity with the intent of determining the relationships between organisms. Humankind has always
More informationHerpetology, Third Edition: An Introductory Biology Of Amphibians And Reptiles By Laurie J. Vitt, Janalee P. Caldwell
Herpetology, Third Edition: An Introductory Biology Of Amphibians And Reptiles By Laurie J. Vitt, Janalee P. Caldwell 2008. Herpetology, Third Edition: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles.
More informationAmbystoma jeffersonianum at Tuscarora Pond, Douthat State Park: Data from a population at the Southern extent of the species range
Ambystoma jeffersonianum at Tuscarora Pond, Douthat State Park: Data from a population at the Southern extent of the species range Paul Sattler Jason Gibson Biology Department Danville City Schools Liberty
More information8/19/2013. What is convergence? Topic 11: Convergence. What is convergence? What is convergence? What is convergence? What is convergence?
Topic 11: Convergence What are the classic herp examples? Have they been formally studied? Emerald Tree Boas and Green Tree Pythons show a remarkable level of convergence Photos KP Bergmann, Philadelphia
More informationHabitats and Field Methods. Friday May 12th 2017
Habitats and Field Methods Friday May 12th 2017 Announcements Project consultations available today after class Project Proposal due today at 5pm Follow guidelines posted for lecture 4 Field notebooks
More informationAnnouncements. Results: due today at 5pm for weekend feedback, otherwise due at Monday at 9am
Feeding Announcements Field notebooks due today, right after class Results: due today at 5pm for weekend feedback, otherwise due at Monday at 9am Email (as usual): Subject: Field Herpetology Results File
More informationA Guide to the Amphibians of Erie County, Pennsylvania BRIAN S. GRAY
2 A Guide to the Amphibians of Erie County, Pennsylvania BRIAN S. GRAY Volunteer Natural History Museum at the Tom Ridge Environmental Center Erie, Pennsylvania, USA. Published by Brian S. Gray Copyright
More information3rd GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS UDI 2.- FAUNIA. ANIMALS-VERTEBRATES (7)
VERTEBRATES 3rd GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS UDI 2.- FAUNIA. ANIMALS-VERTEBRATES (7) Vertebrates are animals which have a backbone and an internal skeleton. The skeleton protects vital organs and supports the
More informationNATIONAL HERTETOLOGY List posted o n under Event Based upon information at
NATIONAL HERTETOLOGY List posted on www.soinc.org under Event Organized by groups of organisms o CLASS REPTILIA AND AMPHIBIA o ORDER AND SUBORDERS o FAMILY o GENUS AND COMMON NAME Based upon information
More informationAXOLOTLS C A R E. P & K Pets Info Sheet #12 19 Magill Rd Stepney SA 5069 P: F:
P & K Pets AXOLOTLS C A R E INTRODUCTION Axolotls (ambystoma mexicanum) originate in Mexico from lake Xochimilco and Lake Chalco. Both of these lakes have almost disappeared now due to development of the
More informationT. 6. THE VERTEBRATES
T. 6. THE VERTEBRATES 1.- Relate the following concepts to their definition. Later, relate each concept to one of the pictures you are going to see. 1.- FIN a.- mammals with their babies 2.- GILLS b.-
More informationCHARACTERISTICS OF AMPHIBIANS
AMPHIBIAN NOTES "Amphibian" comes from the Greek meaning "both life". Amphibians can live on water and on land. Scientist infer that amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fishes called crossopterygians.
More informationIntroduction and methods will follow the same guidelines as for the draft
Locomotion Paper Guidelines Entire paper will be 5-7 double spaced pages (12 pt font, Times New Roman, 1 inch margins) without figures (but I still want you to include them, they just don t count towards
More informationEcol 483/583 Herpetology Lab 3: Amphibian Diversity 2: Anura Spring 2010
Ecol 483/583 Herpetology Lab 3: Amphibian Diversity 2: Anura Spring 2010 P.J. Bergmann & S. Foldi (Modified from Bonine & Foldi 2008) Lab objectives The objectives of today s lab are to: 1. Familiarize
More information2019 HERPETOLOGY (B/C) TRAINING HANDOUT By Karen L. Lancour National Committee Chairman Life Science
2019 HERPETOLOGY (B/C) TRAINING HANDOUT By Karen L. Lancour National Committee Chairman Life Science Overview: This event will test knowledge of amphibians & reptiles. The Official National Herpetology
More informationBiology. Slide 1of 50. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1of 50 2of 50 Phylogeny of Chordates Nonvertebrate chordates Jawless fishes Sharks & their relatives Bony fishes Reptiles Amphibians Birds Mammals Invertebrate ancestor 3of 50 A vertebrate dry,
More informationObjectives. Tetrapod Characteristics 1/22/2018. Becky Hardman. Define Tetrapod/Amphibian. Origin of Tetrapods. Split of Amphibians.
Becky Hardman University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine rhardman@utk.edu Define Tetrapod/Amphibian Objectives Origin of Tetrapods Split of Amphibians Modern Amphibians Extant Families Simplification
More information2019 Herpetology (B/C)
2019 Herpetology (B/C) Information shared by: Emily Burrell - Piedmont Herpetology Coach Maya Marin - NC State Herpetology Club Corina Mota - Piedmont Head Coach Adapted from KAREN LANCOUR - National Bio
More information! Three things needed to survive on land were: ! 1. Have lungs and breathe air. ! 2. Have a body resistant to drying out.
Marine Reptiles, Birds and Mammals Vertebrates! Invaded the land and are descendants from the bony fish and were able to withstand the conditions on the land.! They evolved two sets of limbs (even snakes)
More informationIntroduction to Herpetology
Introduction to Herpetology Lesson Aims Discuss the nature and scope of reptiles. Identify credible resources, and begin to develop networking with organisations and individuals involved with the study
More informationAnimal Diversity wrap-up Lecture 9 Winter 2014
Animal Diversity wrap-up Lecture 9 Winter 2014 1 Animal phylogeny based on morphology & development Fig. 32.10 2 Animal phylogeny based on molecular data Fig. 32.11 New Clades 3 Lophotrochozoa Lophophore:
More informationSpecies List by Property
Species List by Property Kline Wetland American Toad-Anaxyrus americanus-common Bullfrog-Lithobates catesbeiana-common Northern Green Frog-Lithobates clamitans melanota-very common Northern Leopard Frogs-Lithobates
More informationSquamates of Connecticut
Squamates of Connecticut Reptilia Turtles are sisters to crocodiles and birds Yeah, birds are reptiles, haven t you watched Jurassic Park yet? Lizards and snakes are part of one clade called the squamates
More information*Using the 2018 List. Use the image below to answer question 6.
Herpetology Test 1. Hearts in all herps other than consists of atria and one ventricle somewhat divided by a septum. (2 pts) a. snakes; two b. crocodiles; two c. turtles; three d. frogs; four 2. The food
More informationFrisch s Outreach: Reptiles and Amphibians (Gr.1-3) Extensions
Frisch s Outreach: Reptiles and Amphibians (Gr.1-3) Extensions At a glance This program will allow students to explore Reptiles and Amphibians and their unique adaptations. Goal This class is designed
More informationLancaster County Middle School Envirothon Aquatics Study Materials
Lancaster County Middle School Envirothon Aquatics Study Materials AQUATIC STUDY LIST Eastern Garter Snake Eastern Spadefoot Toad Eastern Gray Tree Frog Spotted Turtle Fairy Shrimp Eastern Hellbender Eastern
More informationEffects of Natural Selection
Effects of Natural Selection Lesson Plan for Secondary Science Teachers Created by Christine Taylor And Mark Urban University of Connecticut Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Funded by the
More informationAnimal Diversity III: Mollusca and Deuterostomes
Animal Diversity III: Mollusca and Deuterostomes Objectives: Be able to identify specimens from the main groups of Mollusca and Echinodermata. Be able to distinguish between the bilateral symmetry on a
More informationRules of the Game. Lab Report - on a separate sheet
It s Not Fair! A Simulation of the Roles of Mutation & Chance in Natural Selection Rules of the Game. All players begin as a salamander. 2. Before each round, each player picks 2 mutations. 3. Each mutation
More informationWriting: Lesson 23. Today the students will practice planning for informative/explanatory prompts in response to text they read.
Top Score Writing Grade 4 Lesson 23 Writing: Lesson 23 Today the students will practice planning for informative/explanatory prompts in response to text they read. The following passages will be used in
More informationWHAT ARE HERPTILES? WHICH IS WHICH? 1. Vertebrates are animals that have 2. Complete the following chart of vertebrate groups: EGGS LAID WHERE?
WHAT ARE HERPTILES? 1. Vertebrates are animals that have 2. Complete the following chart of vertebrate groups: SKIN COVERING? GILLS OR LUNGS? EGGS LAID WHERE? ENDOTHERMIC OR ECTOTHERMIC Fish AMPHIBIANS
More informationModern Amphibian Diversity
Modern Amphibian Diversity 6,604 species (about the same number of mammals) 5,839 of these are frogs; 584 salamanders; 181 caecilians all continents except Antarctica mostly tropical caecilians Anura 88%
More informationBiota of the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge Reptiles and Amphibians
Chapter 4 Biota of the Lehigh Gap Wildlife Refuge Reptiles and Amphibians LGWR Biota Reptiles and Amphibians Reptiles and amphibians are particularly sensitive to their environment and thus, are important
More informationSilence of the Frogs Lexile 1040L
daptation Silence of the Frogs Lexile 1040L 1 mphibians require specific habitats. They need a moist environment to be active and standing water to breed in. They need food for both tadpoles and adults.
More informationAMPHIBIANS Powerpoint Script 2015
AMPHIBIANS Powerpoint Script 2015 This presentation was designed to be presented to teachers, but can be modified for students. This presentation can be used as an introduction or supplement to a unit
More informationTEACHER GUIDE: Letter 1: Western Pond Turtle
TEACHER GUIDE: Letter 1: Western Pond Turtle CONCEPTS COVERED Plant Community-- Riparian or stream wetland Characteristics Tenajas Representative animal--western pond turtle Characteristics Food Reproduction
More informationToday there are approximately 250 species of turtles and tortoises.
I WHAT IS A TURTLE OR TORTOISE? Over 200 million years ago chelonians with fully formed shells appeared in the fossil record. Unlike modern species, they had teeth and could not withdraw into their shells.
More informationREPTILES. Scientific Classification of Reptiles To creep. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia
Scientific Classification of Reptiles To creep Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia REPTILES tetrapods - 4 legs adapted for land, hip/girdle Amniotes - animals whose
More informationBIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS Vol. IV - Amphibia - Alan Channing
AMPHIBIA Alan Channing University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa Keywords: Gymnophiona, Caudata, Anura, frog, salamander, caecilian, morphology, life-history, distribution, tadpole, vocalization,
More information8/19/2013. Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes. What are some stem Amniotes? What are some stem Amniotes? The Amniotic Egg. What is an Amniote?
Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes Where do amniotes fall out on the vertebrate phylogeny? What are some stem Amniotes? What is an Amniote? What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats?
More informationNew Jersey School of Conservation One Wapalanne Road Branchville, NJ Herpetology
New Jersey School of Conservation One Wapalanne Road Branchville, NJ 07826-5116 973-948-4646 http://www.csam.montclair.edu/njsoc/ Herpetology DESCRIPTION: After a brief discussion of the similarities and
More informationReptiles & Amphibians Natural History & Identification. Gray Treefrog
Reptiles & Amphibians Natural History & Identification Gray Treefrog Fall 2016 Overview - Background & natural history of herps - Identification of the 25 species reptiles and amphibians Spring Peeper
More information