Phylogenetics. Phylogenetic Trees. 1. Represent presumed patterns. 2. Analogous to family trees.
|
|
- Shannon Nichols
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Phylogenetics. Phylogenetic Trees. 1. Represent presumed patterns of descent. 2. Analogous to family trees. 3. Resolve taxa, e.g., species, into clades each of which includes an ancestral taxon and all its descendants. 4. In the figure at the right, we can define three non-trivial clades. 1 a. A (A+C+K), P (P+Y+S) and G (G+A+P). b. A and P are nested within G. 1 I define trivial clades are those consisting of a single taxon, in the present case, C and K (nested within A) and Y and S (nested within P). 1 Family trees and phylogenies. In a. your aunt, parent and grandparent may still be alive. In b. and c., species A, P and G are extinct.
2 Terminology. 1. Nodes are branching or terminating points. a. Internal nodes are points of lineage splitting. b. Terminal nodes are coeval taxa. 2. Taxa can be species or higher taxonomic groups. In the figure, they are labeled A, B, etc. 3. A pair of taxa that have a common ancestor not shared by any other taxon are called sister taxa, e.g., A and B. 4. F is called the outgroup. a. Outgroup inclusion completes the tree by identifying character states presumed ancestral and hence the characteristics of a presumptive common ancestor. 2
3 b. This is called rooting the tree. c. Typically, one chooses a taxon that, on other grounds, is believed to be Closely related to taxa of interest, but Less closely related to any of them than they are to each other. d. Example. If one were constructing a cladogram for birds, the outgroup could be Dromaeosauridae (includes Velocraptor and Deinonychus) if fossils included. Crocodilians if only living species considered. 3
4 Questions. 1. The node marked with a single asterisk in the figure on page 2 represents the most recent common ancestor of ; the node marked with two asterisks represents the most recent common ancestor of. 2. Identify the non-trivial clades by circling the appropriate nodes. 3. Among the tip taxa, identify sister taxa in addition to A and B. 4
5 4. Consider the mammalian cladogram below. Indicated are the following divisions: Class Mammalia, which is divided into Prototheria (monotremes) and Theria (mammals that bear their young alive), and Theria, which is divided into Metatheria (marsupials) and Eutheria (placental mammals). Indicate on the diagram, appropriate outgroup(s) for Eutheria and Theria. 5
6 Determining Relatedness. 1. Two approaches. a. Phenetic infers relatedness from overall similarity. b. Cladistic Distinguishes ancestral from derived characters. Infers relatedness from the presence of shared derived characters called synapomorphies. 2. In the table below, a. Two groups of species can be defined by presence or absence of character 2. b. The presence of characters 1, 3, 4 in all four species is uninformative. Trait Species A B C D
7 Questions. (# 5-7 relate to the preceding example.) 5. Assuming that characters 1, 3 and 4 are ancestral, and bearing in mind that characters can be lost as well as gained, draw two phylogenetic trees. Indicate on each where traits are acquired and lost. 6. Draw an additional tree assuming that characters 1, 3 and 4 are not ancestral. 7. Suppose now that you have an outgroup, O, for which characters 1-4 are present and distinguished by a fifth character not found in species A-D. Assume that trait 5 is derived. Draw two phylogenies corresponding to your answers to Question 5 above. Which is more likely? Why? 7
8 8. Assume that none of the trait absent characters in the table below reflect evolutionary reversals. Draw a phylogenetic tree. Which characters is (are) ancestral? Trait Species Four Live Limbs Birth Milk Pouch Platypus Echidna Kangaroo Dog Lemur
9 Principle of Parsimony. 1. In Question 7, you encountered the Principle of Parsimony: The most the plausible phylogeny is that which necessitates a. The fewest evolutionary reversals. b. Fewest independent character acquisitions. 2. An evolutionary reversal is the re-acquisition of an ancestral trait or the loss of a derived trait. 3. Fundamental point: a. Evolutionary history, H, uniquely determines character distribution, D. But b. D does not uniquely determine H. An infinite number of evolutionary histories are compatible with a given distribution of characters. c. Statistics used to determine the relative likelihood of alternative phylogenies especially when characters are easily reversed, e.g., nucleotide sequences. 9
10 Homology. 1. Similarity by virtue of common descent. a. The synapomorphies that define clades are homologies. b. Often used in the context of organs that have been modified to different ends in different species. 2. Serial homology (duplication and modification of parts in different ways) was first discussed by the poet, J. W. von Goethe, with reference to flower parts which he The modified forelimbs of humans, cats, whales and correctly believed were bats are homologous. modified leaves foliar theory of the flower. 10
11 Spirally-arranged floral organs illustrating serial homology in basal angiosperms. A: Magnolia watsoniana. B: Nymphaea caerulea; C: Nymphaea gigatea var. Perry s Baby; D: Nymphaea odorata. Note the gradual transition between petals and stamens. Bars indicate scale: A-C: 1.5cm; D: 600μm. From Dornelas and Dorneias (2005). 11
12 The nondescript flowers of wild poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima) are surrounded by leaves that are partially red resembling petals and partially green resembling sepals. 12
13 Homology of head appendages in Onychophora and Arthropoda.. Abbreviations as follows: at, antenna; at1, first antenna; at2, second antenna; ch, chelicera; jw, jaw; le, leg; md, mandible; mx, maxilla; pp, pedipalp; sp, slime papilla. From Mayer et al (2013). 13
14 Homoplasy Similarity by independent acquisition. 1. Convergent evolution: acquisition of similar traits by distant lineages. 2. Parallel evolution: acquisition of similar traits by closely related lineages. 3. Distinguishing between homology and convergence requires appeal to other traits. Famous example of convergent evolution. Despite their superficial similarity (and the fact that ichthyosaurs gave birth to live young!), the two taxa are separable on the basis of other characters such as skull morphology. Which of the two sets of pointing hands is spouting nonsense? 14
15 4. Convergent or parallel? Distinction hinges on a. What one means by closely vs. distantly related. If ancestral species A 1 and A 2 closely related, the presence of an independently acquired character in descendant species D 1 and D 2 is said to be an example of parallel evolution; if A 1 and A 2 distant, convergent. b. Level one is looking at: i. At the morphological level, vertebrate and cephalopod eyes are convergent. ii. At genetic level, parallel the same regulatory genes determine their development. 15
16 5. Homologous or homoplastic? Depends on one s point of view. Pterodactyl, bat, bird wings are a. Homologous viewed as forelimbs the usual view; b. Homoplastic viewed as wings no winged common ancestor an alternative, but equally valid (IMO) view. c. See also Hall J. Hu. Evol. 52: ; Pearce Brit. J. Phil. Sci. 63: Right. The wings of flying vertebrates are traditionally cited as an example of convergent evolution. 16
17 Homology vs. Homoplasy in Mammal Dentition. 1. Four mammalian tooth types: a. incisors, b. canines, c. premolars, d. molars. 2. In living carnivores, P 4, and M1, specialized for slicing. a. Called carnassials b. A synapomorphy defining order Carnivora. c. Creodonts (now extinct) a. Independently evolved carnassials, but, b. Carnassial pair was M 1 /M2 or M 2 /M3. c. Convergent evolution if ref. is to which cheek teeth modified; parallel, if to cheek teeth. Carnassial pair, P 4 (blue) / M 1 (red) in a saber tooth tiger. Note the extreme reduction (observed in all felids) of the remaining postcanine dentition that consists primitively of four pre-molars and three molars. 17
18 When Data Conflict a Whale of a Tale. 1. Old theory: Whales descended from extinct carnivores. 2. New theory: Whales descended from artiodactyls even-toed ungulates Molecular evidence suggests that whales descended from artiodactyls. 4. Conflicts with morphological evidence: whales lack double pulley astragalus (DPA). a. DPA (ankle bone) is the synapomorphy that distinguishes artiodactyls from other ungulates. Foot bones of an Eocene artiodactyl. Its two articular surfaces (shaded red and blue) allow the astragalus to articulate with the tibia (above) and the os navicular (below). In most mammals, there is only one such surface. b. The term double pulley refers to the presence of two articular surfaces one with the tibia (leg bone), the other with the os navicular (another foot bone). 2 Hoofed mammals. 18
19 5. Deriving whales from artiodactyls necessitates an evolutionary reversal: DPA gained, then lost. 6. Whales from carnivores more parsimonious. 19
20 So which is it? 1. Fossil evidence: primitive whales had a double pulley astragalus. 2. In this case, paleontology confirms molecular biology; in other cases, e.g., putative derivation of amphibians from lungfish, not. 3. Fossils always trump anatomy, genetics, etc., of living organisms. Ankle bones of fossil whales (left, right) and a living pronghorn (center). Note the double pulley astragalus in all three. Restoration of a paddling proto-whale, Rodhocetus kasrani. Forelimbs were probably folded against the body during rapid swimming by pelvic paddling and caudal undulation when submerged. On land, Rodhocetus supported itself on hoofed digits II, III, and IV of the hands and the undersides of the feet. From Gingerich et al. (2001). 20
21 Astragalus anatomy in a typical mammal (left) and cetaceans / artiodactyls (right) 21
22 6. Types of Taxa. 1. Monophyletic. a. Includes the most recent common (MRCA) ancestor and all its descendants. b. Monophyletic taxa called clades. c. E.g., Mammals, birds. 2. Paraphyletic. a. Includes the MRCA, but not all descendants. b. E.g., Reptiles. 3. Polyphyletic. a. Does not include MRCA. b. E.g., Flying vertebrates the MRCA walked. 22
23 Question. 9. Historically, terrestrial vertebrates were divided into four classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia and Aves (birds). Below is a cladistic analysis that reflects the fact that birds evolved from small, carnivorous dinosaurs. The four terrestrial vertebrate clades are shown in blue and their division into more familiar groups in black at the right. a. What are Tuataras and squamates? b. Which of the familiar groups are reptiles? c. If we lump these groups together, resulting class, Reptilia, is paraphyletic. Explain why. Be specific. 23
24 Reading Evolutionary Trees. 1. Unless otherwise indicated, branch length is arbitrary. 2. Order of tip taxa also arbitrary. a. The only information contained in a cladogram is the order of branching that defines the clades b. In particular, internal nodes can be rotated with no consequence to the clades defined. c. It follows that evolutionary relations These two cladograms look different, but contain exactly the same information. You can verify this by circling the clades in each. cannot be inferred by reading across the tips. See Figure caption, p
25 Question. 10. Three of the evolutionary trees below are equivalent. Which is different? 25
Modern Evolutionary Classification. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview Modern Evolutionary Classification
Lesson Overview 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification THINK ABOUT IT Darwin s ideas about a tree of life suggested a new way to classify organisms not just based on similarities and differences, but
More informationUNIT III A. Descent with Modification(Ch19) B. Phylogeny (Ch20) C. Evolution of Populations (Ch21) D. Origin of Species or Speciation (Ch22)
UNIT III A. Descent with Modification(Ch9) B. Phylogeny (Ch2) C. Evolution of Populations (Ch2) D. Origin of Species or Speciation (Ch22) Classification in broad term simply means putting things in classes
More informationCLADISTICS Student Packet SUMMARY Phylogeny Phylogenetic trees/cladograms
CLADISTICS Student Packet SUMMARY PHYLOGENETIC TREES AND CLADOGRAMS ARE MODELS OF EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY THAT CAN BE TESTED Phylogeny is the history of descent of organisms from their common ancestor. Phylogenetic
More informationGeo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs LAB 4: Systematics Part 1
Geo 302D: Age of Dinosaurs LAB 4: Systematics Part 1 Systematics is the comparative study of biological diversity with the intent of determining the relationships between organisms. Humankind has always
More informationIntroduction to phylogenetic trees and tree-thinking Copyright 2005, D. A. Baum (Free use for non-commercial educational pruposes)
Introduction to phylogenetic trees and tree-thinking Copyright 2005, D. A. Baum (Free use for non-commercial educational pruposes) Phylogenetics is the study of the relationships of organisms to each other.
More informationCladistics (reading and making of cladograms)
Cladistics (reading and making of cladograms) Definitions Systematics The branch of biological sciences concerned with classifying organisms Taxon (pl: taxa) Any unit of biological diversity (eg. Animalia,
More informationTitle: Phylogenetic Methods and Vertebrate Phylogeny
Title: Phylogenetic Methods and Vertebrate Phylogeny Central Question: How can evolutionary relationships be determined objectively? Sub-questions: 1. What affect does the selection of the outgroup have
More informationBio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2006
Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2006 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Evolution lecture #4 -- Phylogenetic Analysis (Cladistics) -- Oct.
More informationWhat are taxonomy, classification, and systematics?
Topic 2: Comparative Method o Taxonomy, classification, systematics o Importance of phylogenies o A closer look at systematics o Some key concepts o Parts of a cladogram o Groups and characters o Homology
More informationSpecies: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata
CHAPTER 6: PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE AP Biology 3 PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS Phylogeny - evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Systematics - analytical approach to understanding
More information17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Organization of all that speciation!
Organization of all that speciation! Patterns of evolution.. Taxonomy gets an over haul! Using more than morphology! 3 domains, 6 kingdoms KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
More informationLecture 11 Wednesday, September 19, 2012
Lecture 11 Wednesday, September 19, 2012 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean
More informationInterpreting Evolutionary Trees Honors Integrated Science 4 Name Per.
Interpreting Evolutionary Trees Honors Integrated Science 4 Name Per. Introduction Imagine a single diagram representing the evolutionary relationships between everything that has ever lived. If life evolved
More informationIntroduction to Cladistic Analysis
3.0 Copyright 2008 by Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley Introduction to Cladistic Analysis tunicate lamprey Cladoselache trout lungfish frog four jaws swimbladder or
More informationCh 1.2 Determining How Species Are Related.notebook February 06, 2018
Name 3 "Big Ideas" from our last notebook lecture: * * * 1 WDYR? Of the following organisms, which is the closest relative of the "Snowy Owl" (Bubo scandiacus)? a) barn owl (Tyto alba) b) saw whet owl
More informationmuscles (enhancing biting strength). Possible states: none, one, or two.
Reconstructing Evolutionary Relationships S-1 Practice Exercise: Phylogeny of Terrestrial Vertebrates In this example we will construct a phylogenetic hypothesis of the relationships between seven taxa
More informationClassification systems help us to understand where humans fit into the history of life on earth Organizing the great diversity of life into
You are here Classification systems help us to understand where humans fit into the history of life on earth Organizing the great diversity of life into categories (groups based on shared characteristics)
More informationINQUIRY & INVESTIGATION
INQUIRY & INVESTIGTION Phylogenies & Tree-Thinking D VID. UM SUSN OFFNER character a trait or feature that varies among a set of taxa (e.g., hair color) character-state a variant of a character that occurs
More information1 EEB 2245/2245W Spring 2014: exercises working with phylogenetic trees and characters
1 EEB 2245/2245W Spring 2014: exercises working with phylogenetic trees and characters 1. Answer questions a through i below using the tree provided below. a. The sister group of J. K b. The sister group
More informationWhat is the evidence for evolution?
What is the evidence for evolution? 1. Geographic Distribution 2. Fossil Evidence & Transitional Species 3. Comparative Anatomy 1. Homologous Structures 2. Analogous Structures 3. Vestigial Structures
More informationModern taxonomy. Building family trees 10/10/2011. Knowing a lot about lots of creatures. Tom Hartman. Systematics includes: 1.
Modern taxonomy Building family trees Tom Hartman www.tuatara9.co.uk Classification has moved away from the simple grouping of organisms according to their similarities (phenetics) and has become the study
More informationSystematics, Taxonomy and Conservation. Part I: Build a phylogenetic tree Part II: Apply a phylogenetic tree to a conservation problem
Systematics, Taxonomy and Conservation Part I: Build a phylogenetic tree Part II: Apply a phylogenetic tree to a conservation problem What is expected of you? Part I: develop and print the cladogram there
More informationPhylogeny Reconstruction
Phylogeny Reconstruction Trees, Methods and Characters Reading: Gregory, 2008. Understanding Evolutionary Trees (Polly, 2006) Lab tomorrow Meet in Geology GY522 Bring computers if you have them (they will
More informationLABORATORY EXERCISE 6: CLADISTICS I
Biology 4415/5415 Evolution LABORATORY EXERCISE 6: CLADISTICS I Take a group of organisms. Let s use five: a lungfish, a frog, a crocodile, a flamingo, and a human. How to reconstruct their relationships?
More information1 EEB 2245/2245W Spring 2017: exercises working with phylogenetic trees and characters
1 EEB 2245/2245W Spring 2017: exercises working with phylogenetic trees and characters 1. Answer questions a through i below using the tree provided below. a. Identify the taxon (or taxa if there is more
More information8/19/2013. Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes. What are some stem Amniotes? What are some stem Amniotes? The Amniotic Egg. What is an Amniote?
Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes Where do amniotes fall out on the vertebrate phylogeny? What are some stem Amniotes? What is an Amniote? What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats?
More informationHistory of Lineages. Chapter 11. Jamie Oaks 1. April 11, Kincaid Hall 524. c 2007 Boris Kulikov boris-kulikov.blogspot.
History of Lineages Chapter 11 Jamie Oaks 1 1 Kincaid Hall 524 joaks1@gmail.com April 11, 2014 c 2007 Boris Kulikov boris-kulikov.blogspot.com History of Lineages J. Oaks, University of Washington 1/46
More informationEvolution as Fact. The figure below shows transitional fossils in the whale lineage.
Evolution as Fact Evolution is a fact. Organisms descend from others with modification. Phylogeny, the lineage of ancestors and descendants, is the scientific term to Darwin's phrase "descent with modification."
More informationTOPIC CLADISTICS
TOPIC 5.4 - CLADISTICS 5.4 A Clades & Cladograms https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/clade-grade_ii.svg IB BIO 5.4 3 U1: A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common
More informationSample Questions: EXAMINATION I Form A Mammalogy -EEOB 625. Name Composite of previous Examinations
Sample Questions: EXAMINATION I Form A Mammalogy -EEOB 625 Name Composite of previous Examinations Part I. Define or describe only 5 of the following 6 words - 15 points (3 each). If you define all 6,
More informationLABORATORY EXERCISE 7: CLADISTICS I
Biology 4415/5415 Evolution LABORATORY EXERCISE 7: CLADISTICS I Take a group of organisms. Let s use five: a lungfish, a frog, a crocodile, a flamingo, and a human. How to reconstruct their relationships?
More informationComparative Zoology Portfolio Project Assignment
Comparative Zoology Portfolio Project Assignment Using your knowledge from the in class activities, your notes, you Integrated Science text, or the internet, you will look at the major trends in the evolution
More informationThe Fossil Record of Vertebrate Transitions
The Fossil Record of Vertebrate Transitions The Fossil Evidence of Evolution 1. Fossils show a pattern of change through geologic time of new species appearing in the fossil record that are similar to
More informationMammalogy: Biology 5370 Syllabus for Fall 2005
Mammalogy: Biology 5370 Syllabus for Fall 2005 Objective: This lecture course provides an overview of the evolution, diversity, structure and function and ecology of mammals. It will introduce you to the
More informationFig Phylogeny & Systematics
Fig. 26- Phylogeny & Systematics Tree of Life phylogenetic relationship for 3 clades (http://evolution.berkeley.edu Fig. 26-2 Phylogenetic tree Figure 26.3 Taxonomy Taxon Carolus Linnaeus Species: Panthera
More informationTaxonomy and Pylogenetics
Taxonomy and Pylogenetics Taxonomy - Biological Classification First invented in 1700 s by Carolus Linneaus for organizing plant and animal species. Based on overall anatomical similarity. Similarity due
More informationAnimal Diversity wrap-up Lecture 9 Winter 2014
Animal Diversity wrap-up Lecture 9 Winter 2014 1 Animal phylogeny based on morphology & development Fig. 32.10 2 Animal phylogeny based on molecular data Fig. 32.11 New Clades 3 Lophotrochozoa Lophophore:
More informationChapter 2 Mammalian Origins. Fig. 2-2 Temporal Openings in the Amniotes
Chapter 2 Mammalian Origins Fig. 2-2 Temporal Openings in the Amniotes 1 Synapsida 1. monophyletic group 2. Single temporal opening below postorbital and squamosal 3. Dominant terrestrial vertebrate group
More informationTesting Phylogenetic Hypotheses with Molecular Data 1
Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses with Molecular Data 1 How does an evolutionary biologist quantify the timing and pathways for diversification (speciation)? If we observe diversification today, the processes
More informationEvidence for Evolution by Natural Selection. Hunting for evolution clues Elementary, my dear, Darwin!
Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection Hunting for evolution clues Elementary, my dear, Darwin! 2006-2007 Evidence supporting evolution Fossil record shows change over time Anatomical record comparing
More informationLet s Build a Cladogram!
Name Let s Build a Cladogram! Date Introduction: Cladistics is one of the newest trends in the modern classification of organisms. This method shows the relationship between different organisms based on
More informationUnderstanding Evolutionary History: An Introduction to Tree Thinking
1 Understanding Evolutionary History: An Introduction to Tree Thinking Laura R. Novick Kefyn M. Catley Emily G. Schreiber Vanderbilt University Western Carolina University Vanderbilt University Version
More informationDifferences between Reptiles and Mammals. Reptiles. Mammals. No milk. Milk. Small brain case Jaw contains more than one bone Simple teeth
Differences between Reptiles and Mammals Reptiles No milk Mammals Milk The Advantage of Being a Furball: Diversification of Mammals Small brain case Jaw contains more than one bone Simple teeth One ear
More informationEvolution on Exhibit Hints for Teachers
1 Evolution on Exhibit Hints for Teachers This gallery activity explores a variety of evolution themes that are well illustrated by gallery specimens and exhibits. Each activity is aligned with the NGSS
More information1 Describe the anatomy and function of the turtle shell. 2 Describe respiration in turtles. How does the shell affect respiration?
GVZ 2017 Practice Questions Set 1 Test 3 1 Describe the anatomy and function of the turtle shell. 2 Describe respiration in turtles. How does the shell affect respiration? 3 According to the most recent
More informationThe impact of the recognizing evolution on systematics
The impact of the recognizing evolution on systematics 1. Genealogical relationships between species could serve as the basis for taxonomy 2. Two sources of similarity: (a) similarity from descent (b)
More informationPage # Diversity of Arthropoda Crustacea Morphology. Diversity of Arthropoda. Diversity of Arthropoda. Diversity of Arthropoda. Arthropods, from last
Arthropods, from last time Crustacea are the dominant marine arthropods Crustacea are the dominant marine arthropods any terrestrial crustaceans? Should we call them shellfish? sowbugs 2 3 Crustacea Morphology
More informationEvolution of Birds. Summary:
Oregon State Standards OR Science 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.3S.1, 7.3S.2 8.1, 8.2, 8.2L.1, 8.3, 8.3S.1, 8.3S.2 H.1, H.2, H.2L.4, H.2L.5, H.3, H.3S.1, H.3S.2, H.3S.3 Summary: Students create phylogenetic trees to
More informationAnimal Diversity III: Mollusca and Deuterostomes
Animal Diversity III: Mollusca and Deuterostomes Objectives: Be able to identify specimens from the main groups of Mollusca and Echinodermata. Be able to distinguish between the bilateral symmetry on a
More informationSlide 1. Birds & Mammals. Chapter 15
Slide 1 Birds & Mammals Chapter 15 Slide 2 What is a Bird? Vertebrate Endothermic Feathered 4 chambered heart Egg laying Fore-limbs adapted for flight Bones nearly hollow (allow for lighter weight) Slide
More informationCladistics. I. Terms & Concepts. I. Terms & Concepts. A. Phylogeny vs. Cladogram. B. Phylogeny vs. Tokogeny
Cladistics Reading for this topic: Worobey et al. 2004. Contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted. Nature 428: 820. [note: when requesting this, request a color copy] I. Terms & Concepts A. Phylogeny vs.
More informationSupporting Online Material
Supporting Online Material Supporting Text: Rapprochement in dating the early branching of modern mammals It is important to distinguish the meaning of nodes in the tree (Fig. S1): successive branching
More informationEvolution and Biodiversity Laboratory Systematics and Taxonomy I. Taxonomy taxonomy taxa taxon taxonomist natural artificial systematics
Evolution and Biodiversity Laboratory Systematics and Taxonomy by Dana Krempels and Julian Lee Recent estimates of our planet's biological diversity suggest that the species number between 5 and 50 million,
More informationThe Triassic Transition
The Triassic Transition The Age of Reptiles Begins As the Paleozoic drew to a close through the Carboniferous and Permian several important processes were at work. Assembly of Pangea Evolutionary radiation
More informationHAWAIIAN BIOGEOGRAPHY EVOLUTION ON A HOT SPOT ARCHIPELAGO EDITED BY WARREN L. WAGNER AND V. A. FUNK SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
HAWAIIAN BIOGEOGRAPHY EVOLUTION ON A HOT SPOT ARCHIPELAGO EDITED BY WARREN L. WAGNER AND V. A. FUNK SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS WASHINGTON AND LONDON 995 by the Smithsonian Institution All rights reserved
More information6. The lifetime Darwinian fitness of one organism is greater than that of another organism if: A. it lives longer than the other B. it is able to outc
1. The money in the kingdom of Florin consists of bills with the value written on the front, and pictures of members of the royal family on the back. To test the hypothesis that all of the Florinese $5
More informationAnimal Evolution The Chordates. Chapter 26 Part 2
Animal Evolution The Chordates Chapter 26 Part 2 26.10 Birds The Feathered Ones Birds are the only animals with feathers Descendants of flying dinosaurs in which scales became modified as feathers Long
More informationMain Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos
Main Points 1) Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics -- Infraclass Metatheria continued -- Orders Diprotodontia and Peramelina -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Orders Lagomorpha through Cetacea 2) The Great American
More informationMain Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos
Main Points 1) Mammalian Characteristics: Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics: -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Orders Scandentia through Cetacea 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance
More informationField Trip: Harvard Museum of Natural History (HMNH)
Field Trip: Harvard Museum of Natural History (HMNH) Objectives To observe the diversity of animals. To compare and contrast the various adaptations, body plans, etc. of the animals found at the HMNH.
More informationA. Body Temperature Control Form and Function in Mammals
Taxonomy Chapter 22 Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Mammals Characteristics Evolution of Mammals Have hair and First appear in the mammary glands Breathe air, 4chambered heart, endotherms
More informationVERTEBRATE READING. Fishes
VERTEBRATE READING Fishes The first vertebrates to become a widespread, predominant life form on earth were fishes. Prior to this, only invertebrates, such as mollusks, worms and squid-like animals, would
More informationMay 10, SWBAT analyze and evaluate the scientific evidence provided by the fossil record.
May 10, 2017 Aims: SWBAT analyze and evaluate the scientific evidence provided by the fossil record. Agenda 1. Do Now 2. Class Notes 3. Guided Practice 4. Independent Practice 5. Practicing our AIMS: E.3-Examining
More informationNo limbs Eastern glass lizard. Monitor lizard. Iguanas. ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs) Snakes. No limbs. Geckos Pearson Education, Inc.
No limbs Eastern glass lizard Monitor lizard guanas ANCESTRAL LZARD (with limbs) No limbs Snakes Geckos Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum:
More informationVertebrates. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone and an endoskeleton.
Vertebrates Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone and an endoskeleton. The backbone replaces the notochord and contains bones called vertebrae. An endoskeleton is an internal skeleton that protects
More informationDo the traits of organisms provide evidence for evolution?
PhyloStrat Tutorial Do the traits of organisms provide evidence for evolution? Consider two hypotheses about where Earth s organisms came from. The first hypothesis is from John Ray, an influential British
More informationMain Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos
Main Points 1) Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Orders Scandentia through Cetacea 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range
More informationThese small issues are easily addressed by small changes in wording, and should in no way delay publication of this first- rate paper.
Reviewers' comments: Reviewer #1 (Remarks to the Author): This paper reports on a highly significant discovery and associated analysis that are likely to be of broad interest to the scientific community.
More informationBiology 340 Comparative Embryology Lecture 2 Dr. Stuart Sumida. Phylogenetic Perspective and the Evolution of Development.
Biology 340 Comparative Embryology Lecture 2 Dr. Stuart Sumida Phylogenetic Perspective and the Evolution of Development Evo-Devo So, what is all the fuss about phylogeny? PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS allows
More informationComparing DNA Sequence to Understand
Comparing DNA Sequence to Understand Evolutionary Relationships with BLAST Name: Big Idea 1: Evolution Pre-Reading In order to understand the purposes and learning objectives of this investigation, you
More informationMANSFIELD SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL / SCIENCE / A. There is no God. B. All living things on Earth are related.
The Evidence of Evolution Name: Date: 1. Biological Evolutions makes 2 very bold claims about living creatures.what are they circle 2. A. There is no God. B. All living things on Earth are related. C.
More informationSection 4 Professor Donald McFarlane
A A R 3/31/2011 Craniates Vertebrates Gnathostomes Lobe fins Tetrapods Amniotes Reptilia Section 4 Professor Donald McFarlane Myxini (hagfish) Petro omyzontida (lampreys) (cartilaginous fishes) Chondrichthyes
More informationReproduction in Seed Plants (pp )
Structure and Function of Plants Reading/Notetaking Guide Reproduction in Seed Plants (pp. 388 397) This section gives examples of the group of seed plants known as gymnosperms and angiosperms and describes
More informationCHAPTER 26. Animal Evolution The Vertebrates
CHAPTER 26 Animal Evolution The Vertebrates Impacts, Issues: Interpreting and Misinterpreting the Past No one was around to witness the transitions in the history of life Fossils allow us glimpses into
More informationWarm-Up: Fill in the Blank
Warm-Up: Fill in the Blank 1. For natural selection to happen, there must be variation in the population. 2. The preserved remains of organisms, called provides evidence for evolution. 3. By using and
More informationThe Origin of Birds. Technical name for birds is Aves, and avian means of or concerning birds.
The Origin of Birds Technical name for birds is Aves, and avian means of or concerning birds. Birds have many unusual synapomorphies among modern animals: [ Synapomorphies (shared derived characters),
More informationVideo Assignments. Microraptor PBS The Four-winged Dinosaur Mark Davis SUNY Cortland Library Online
Video Assignments Microraptor PBS The Four-winged Dinosaur Mark Davis SUNY Cortland Library Online Radiolab Apocalyptical http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k52vd4wbdlw&feature=youtu.be Minute 13 through minute
More informationSkulls & Evolution. 14,000 ya cro-magnon. 300,000 ya Homo sapiens. 2 Ma Homo habilis A. boisei A. robustus A. africanus
Skulls & Evolution Purpose To illustrate trends in the evolution of humans. To demonstrate what you can learn from bones & fossils. To show the adaptations of various mammals to different habitats and
More informationSubphylum Vertebrata
Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) Class Myxini Class Cephalaspidomorphi Superclass Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class
More informationAnatomy. Name Section. The Vertebrate Skeleton
Name Section Anatomy The Vertebrate Skeleton Vertebrate paleontologists get most of their knowledge about past organisms from skeletal remains. Skeletons are useful for gleaning information about an organism
More informationBioinformatics: Investigating Molecular/Biochemical Evidence for Evolution
Bioinformatics: Investigating Molecular/Biochemical Evidence for Evolution Background How does an evolutionary biologist decide how closely related two different species are? The simplest way is to compare
More informationBirds & Mammals. Chapter 15
Birds & Mammals Chapter 15 What is a Bird? Vertebrate Endothermic Feathered 4 chambered heart Egg laying Fore-limbs adapted for flight Bones nearly hollow (allow for lighter weight) Bird Internal Anatomy
More informationMammals. Introduction (page 821) Evolution of Mammals (page 821) Form and Function in Mammals (pages ) Chapter 32.
Chapter 32 Mammals Section 32 1 Introduction to the Mammals (pages 821 827) This section describes the characteristics common to all mammals, as well as how mammals carry out life functions. It also briefly
More informationMammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals/Monotremes
Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals/Monotremes I. Early mammals - These groups are known as Mesozoic mammals, and there are several groups. Again, there have been lots of new groups discovered, and we
More informationThe Evolutionary Tree
jonathanpark book2 9/22/04 6:01 PM Page 29 The Mysterious Stranger The Evolutionary Tree Have you ever seen the evolutionary tree? This diagram is used by evolutionists to try and figure out what animals
More informationComparing DNA Sequences Cladogram Practice
Name Period Assignment # See lecture questions 75, 122-123, 127, 137 Comparing DNA Sequences Cladogram Practice BACKGROUND Between 1990 2003, scientists working on an international research project known
More informationf35 Cladistics < derived characters >
THE SYNTHETIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION 381 f35 Cladistics < derived characters > Taxa once touted as ancestral are really not ancestral, for a variety of empirical reasons. To learn [this] proves sometimes
More informationLABORATORY #10 -- BIOL 111 Taxonomy, Phylogeny & Diversity
LABORATORY #10 -- BIOL 111 Taxonomy, Phylogeny & Diversity Scientific Names ( Taxonomy ) Most organisms have familiar names, such as the red maple or the brown-headed cowbird. However, these familiar names
More informationHONR219D Due 3/29/16 Homework VI
Part 1: Yet More Vertebrate Anatomy!!! HONR219D Due 3/29/16 Homework VI Part 1 builds on homework V by examining the skull in even greater detail. We start with the some of the important bones (thankfully
More informationd a Name Vertebrate Evolution - Exam 2 1. (12) Fill in the blanks
Vertebrate Evolution - Exam 2 1. (12) Fill in the blanks 100 points Name f e c d a Identify the structures (for c and e, identify the entire structure, not the individual elements. b a. b. c. d. e. f.
More informationName Date Class. From the list below, choose the term that best completes each sentence.
Name Date Class Structure and Function of Vertebrates Review and Reinforce Birds Understanding Main Ideas Answer the following questions. 1. What are four characteristics that all birds share? 2. What
More informationIf fungi, plants, and animals all have nuclei, this makes them which type of cell? What trait do the mushroom and gecko share that the tree lacks?
Objectives Before doing this lab you should understand what cladograms show and how they are constructed. After doing this lab you should be able to use cladograms to answer questions on how different
More informationYr 11 Evolution of Australian Biota Workshop Students Notes. Welcome to the Australian Biota Workshop!! Some of the main points to have in mind are:
Yr 11 Evolution of Australian Biota Workshop Students Notes Welcome to the Australian Biota Workshop!! Some of the main points to have in mind are: A) Humans only live a short amount of time - lots of
More informationBiology 1B Evolution Lecture 11 (March 19, 2010), Insights from the Fossil Record and Evo-Devo
Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 11 (March 19, 2010), Insights from the Fossil Record and Evo-Devo Extinction Important points on extinction rates: Background rate of extinctions per million species per year:
More informationOverall structure is similar to humans, but again there are differences. Some features that are unique to mammals: Found in eutherian mammals.
Mammalian anatomy and physiology (part II): Nervous system: Brain: Sensory input: Overall structure is similar to humans, but again there are differences. Some features that are unique to mammals: Smell:
More informationYour web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore
Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore Activitydevelop EXPLO RING VERTEBRATE CL ASSIFICATIO N What criteria
More informationAnimal Form and Function. Amphibians. United by several distinguishing apomorphies within the Vertebrata
Animal Form and Function Kight Amphibians Class Amphibia (amphibia = living a double life) United by several distinguishing apomorphies within the Vertebrata 1. Skin Thought Question: For whom are integumentary
More information8/19/2013. What is convergence? Topic 11: Convergence. What is convergence? What is convergence? What is convergence? What is convergence?
Topic 11: Convergence What are the classic herp examples? Have they been formally studied? Emerald Tree Boas and Green Tree Pythons show a remarkable level of convergence Photos KP Bergmann, Philadelphia
More informationMammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals & Monotremes
Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals & Monotremes I. Early mammals There are several early groups known as Mesozoic mammals. There have been lots of groups discovered rather recently, and we ll only address
More information8/19/2013. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. The geological time scale. The geological time scale.
Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods Next two lectures will deal with: Origin of Tetrapods, transition from water to land. Origin of Amniotes, transition to dry habitats. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods What
More information