The end of the Age of Dinosaurs in Antarctica. Matthew C. Lamanna, Carnegie Museum of Natural History

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1 The end of the Age of Dinosaurs in Antarctica Matthew C. Lamanna, Carnegie Museum of Natural History

2 Pangaea: ancient supercontinent 220 Ma (Late Triassic) Blakey 2003

3 Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea 150 Ma (Late Jurassic) Blakey 2003

4 Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea Laurasia: northern supercontinent Blakey 2003

5 Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea Gondwana: southern supercontinent Blakey 2003

6 Geography influences evolution

7 Laurasian Cretaceous dinosaurs Josh Franzos

8 Gondwanan Cretaceous dinosaurs

9 Ron Blakey Gondwanan dinos much less known

10 Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Ron Blakey

11 Ron Blakey Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous South America

12 Ron Blakey Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Africa & Arabia

13 Ron Blakey Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Australia

14 Ron Blakey Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Madagascar

15 Jeff Wilson Jeff Wilson Ron Blakey Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous India & Pakistan

16 Ron Blakey Gondwanan Cretaceous dinosaurs

17 Ron Blakey Jose Bonaparte Abelisauroid theropods Bonaparte 1985; Bonaparte et al Carnotaurus sastrei

18 Ron Blakey Jose Bonaparte Dave Krause Abelisauroid theropods Lavocat 1955; Sampson et al. 1998; Sampson & Krause 2007 Carnotaurus sastrei Majungasaurus crenatissimus

19 Ron Blakey Jose Bonaparte Dave Krause Project Exploration Abelisauroid theropods Wilson et al Rajasaurus narmadensis Carnotaurus sastrei Majungasaurus crenatissimus

20 Spinosaurid theropods Davide Bonadonna/National Geographic

21 Carcharodontosaurid theropods University of Chicago

22 Todd Marshall Rebbachisaurid sauropods

23 Mark Hallett Titanosaurian sauropods

24 Titanosaurian sauropods

25 Todd Marshall Paralititan stromeri

26 Antarctica

27 Antarctica?

28 zimbio.com

29 Antarctica: the missing piece

30 Antarctica: the missing piece ~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous)

31 Antarctica: the missing piece South America Antarctica Australia ~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous)

32 Antarctica: the missing piece South America Antarctica Australia ~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous)

33 Antarctic Peninsula

34 Antarctic Peninsula

35 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Peninsula

36 Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is.

37 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is.

38 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Cretaceous Maastrichtian Campanian Santonian Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Albian Ma Jurassic Triassic Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Berriasian Ma

39 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Cretaceous Maastrichtian ~90-70 Campanian Ma Santonian Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Albian Ma Jurassic Triassic Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Berriasian Ma

40 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula

41 Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Robert Nicholls

42 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Sharks

43 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Bony fishes

44 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Plesiosaurs

45 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Mosasaurs

46 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Non-avian dinosaurs

47 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.

48 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Olivero et al. 1991; Salgado & Gasparini 2006

49 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Bones preserved Pelvis Left lateral (side) view Coria et al. 2013

50 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014

51 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014

52 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Right dentary (lower jaw) Lateral (side) view Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014

53 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Labial (side) view Tooth Mesial (front) view Case et al. 2000

54 Michael Skrepnick Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.

55 Michael Skrepnick Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.

56 Ron Blakey Hadrosaur paleobiogeography Originate North America/Eurasia ~100 Ma

57 Ron Blakey Hadrosaur paleobiogeography Disperse to South America ~80 Ma

58 Ron Blakey Hadrosaur paleobiogeography Disperse to Antarctica ~80-70 Ma

59 Ron Blakey Hadrosaur paleobiogeography South America-Antarctica land connection operative in latest Cretaceous

60 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Anterior (front) view Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Caudal (tail) vertebra Right lateral (side) view Posterior (rear) view Cerda et al. 2012

61 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Tibia (ankle end only) Posterior (rear) view Molnar et al. 1996

62 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.?dromaeosauridae?unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Anterior (front) view Tarsus & pes (ankle & foot) Case et al. 2007

63 Nature of Antarctic dinosaur fauna

64 Nature of Antarctic dinosaur fauna The majority of the dinosaur assemblage from the Antarctic Peninsula are remnants of a cosmopolitan dinosaur fauna more typical of other areas at earlier times (e.g. mid-cretaceous of North America and Australia ). Case et al. 2007

65 Antarctica ~70 Ma

66 Antarctic dinosaurs ~70 Ma Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids

67 Gondwanan dinosaurs ~70 Ma Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids

68 South American dinosaurs ~70 Ma Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids

69 Antarctic dinosaurs ~70 Ma?Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids = No evidence for relictualism in Antarctic latest Cretaceous dinosaur fauna

70 Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Robert Nicholls

71 Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Birds

72 Modern birds (Neornithes) >10,000 species

73 When did modern birds evolve? Modified from Dyke & van Tuinen 2004

74 Jurassic ( Mya) T I M E Cretaceous ( Mya) Cenozoic (66-0 Mya) Avian fossil record modern birds (Neornithes) Paleogene neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus Hongshanornis Confuciusornis Yixianornis Yanornis Archaeopteryx

75 Jurassic ( Mya) T I M E Cretaceous ( Mya) Cenozoic (66-0 Mya) Cretaceous origin of modern birds? modern birds (Neornithes) Paleogene neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus Hongshanornis Confuciusornis Yixianornis Yanornis Archaeopteryx

76 Jurassic ( Mya) T I M E Cretaceous ( Mya) Cenozoic (66-0 Mya) Cretaceous origin of modern birds? modern birds (Neornithes) Ichthyornis Hesperornis Paleogene neornithines Cretaceous neornithines? Gansus Hongshanornis Confuciusornis Yixianornis Yanornis Archaeopteryx

77 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is.

78 Vegavis iaai Clarke et al. 2005

79 Michael Skrepnick Vegavis iaai Clarke et al. 2005

80 Michael Skrepnick Vegavis iaai Clarke et al. 2005

81 Relationships of Vegavis Clarke et al. 2005

82 Vegavis: a Cretaceous duck Clarke et al. 2005

83 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Vega Is. James Ross Is.

84 Polarornis gregorii Chatterjee 2002

85 Aravind Krishnaswamy Polarornis: a Cretaceous loon? Chatterjee 2002

86 Jurassic ( Mya) T I M E Cretaceous ( Mya) Cenozoic (66-0 Mya) Cretaceous origin of modern birds? modern birds (Neornithes) Paleogene neornithines Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus Hongshanornis Confuciusornis Yixianornis Yanornis Archaeopteryx

87 Jurassic ( Mya) T I M E Cretaceous ( Mya) Cenozoic (66-0 Mya) Cretaceous origin of modern birds! modern birds (Neornithes) Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus Antarctic Cretaceous neornithines Hongshanornis Confuciusornis Yixianornis Yanornis Archaeopteryx

88 Jurassic ( Mya) T I M E Cretaceous ( Mya) Cenozoic (66-0 Mya) Antarctica: cradle of modern birds? modern birds (Neornithes) Ichthyornis Hesperornis Gansus Antarctic Cretaceous neornithines Hongshanornis Confuciusornis Yixianornis Yanornis Archaeopteryx

89 Unanswered questions

90 Unanswered questions How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents?

91 Unanswered questions How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents? Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America but when, more specifically, was this land route available?

92 Unanswered questions How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents? Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America but when, more specifically, was this land route available? Only definitive neornithine (i.e., modern) birds from Age of Dinosaurs come from Antarctica did the group originate and/or diversify there?

93 Unanswered questions How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents? Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America but when, more specifically, was this land route available? Only definitive neornithine (i.e., modern) birds from Age of Dinosaurs come from Antarctica did the group originate and/or diversify there? Where are the mammals? (And crocodilians, and lizards, and snakes, and amphibians )

94 Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project (AP3)

95 Project objectives Recover additional Late Cretaceous vertebrate fossils from Antarctica

96 Project objectives Recover additional Late Cretaceous vertebrate fossils from Antarctica Situate these fossils within accurate evolutionary, temporal, paleoenvironmental & paleoecological contexts

97 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition

98 Target: Vega Island

99 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition

100 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition

101 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition

102 Cape Lachman, James Ross Island Vega Is. James Ross Is.

103 Cape Lachman, James Ross Island

104 Hidden Lake Formation

105

106 Wow! A new fossil crab! Hadrocarcinus tectilacus Schweitzer, Feldmann, & Lamanna 2012

107 2011 Antarctic Peninsula expedition

108 The Naze, James Ross Island Vega Is. James Ross Is.

109 The Naze, James Ross Island

110 Snow Hill Island Formation

111 Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island Vega Is. James Ross Is.

112 Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island

113 López de Bertodano Formation

114 Conditions less than ideal

115 Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries

116 Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries Plants 1 cm cf. Sapindaceae Winged seed

117 Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries Sharks 1 cm

118 Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries Bony fishes 2 cm Articulated vertebral column

119 Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries 5 cm Plesiosaurs Articulated partial skeleton

120 Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries Non-avian dinosaurs 1 cm Pedal phalanx (toe bone) Lateral (side) view 1 cm Tooth

121 Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries Thoracic (back) vertebra Tarsometatarsus (foot bone) Coracoid (shoulder bone) Birds 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm

122 2011 expedition discoveries Roberts et al. 2014

123 2011 expedition discoveries Roberts et al. 2014

124 A K Pg boundary section on Vega? Roberts et al. 2014

125 2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions

126 Satellite images of James Ross Basin January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014

127 Sea ice extremely extensive January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014

128 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition

129 Sea ice extremely extensive January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014 = terrible for us

130 2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions

131 2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions

132 So now what?

133 2016 Antarctic expedition Ron Kaufmann

134 A bigger boat! And better yet Ron Kaufmann

135 Helicopters!

136 Helicopters!

137 Plus small boat support

138 Small boat support

139 James Ross Island

140 Vega Island

141 Robertson Island

142 Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island

143 The Naze, James Ross Island

144 Theropod dinosaur fossils!

145 ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Ankle & foot (front view) Case et al. 2007

146 More to come

147 Acknowledgments Research collaboration & scientific discussion Julia Clarke, Ross MacPhee, Pat O Connor, Steve Salisbury, Joe Sertich, Eric Roberts, Kerin Claeson, Zubair Jinnah, Meng Jin, Eric Gorscak, Chris Torres, Abby West, Matt Koshmrl, Jane Francis, Judd Case, Ricardo Ely, Dale Malinzak, Sam Gutherz, Carrie Schweitzer, Rodney Feldmann, Nick Swanson-Hysell, Chris Strganac, Joe Kirschvink, Peter Ward, Tom Tobin, Dave Barbeau, Sarah Slotznick, Ross Mitchell Logistical support United States Antarctic Program, Lockheed Martin Antarctic Support Contract, Raytheon Polar Services Corporation, Edison Chouest Offshore, Cara Ferrier, Brett Pickering, Phil Austin, Ken Vicknair, Kelley Watson, Chris Denker, John Evans, Matthew Erickson, Adam Jenkins, Tim McGovern, Alexandra Isern, Mark Kurz, Thom Wilch, Peter West, all personnel on USAP cruises LMG09-11, LMG11-02, & NBP16-02 Funding National Science Foundation (grants ANT [PI MacPhee] & ANT [PI Lamanna])

148 Questions?

149

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