A remarkable specimen of the genus Anilius (Serpentes: Aniliidae): rare colour aberration or a new species?

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1 Herpetology Notes, volume 11: (2018) (published online on 10 February 2018) A remarkable specimen of the genus Anilius (Serpentes: Aniliidae): rare colour aberration or a new species? Raiany Cristine Cruz-da-Silva 1, Marco Antonio de Freitas 2 and Arthur Diesel Abegg 3, * Traditionally, the clade Anilioidea Fitzinger, 1826 covers fossorial snakes that share singular cranial characteristics, with the palatine meeting palatal plate of the vomer to form a complete bony floor to the choanal passage, encompassing the monotypic genus Anilius Oken, 1816 (Aniliidae) besides Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828 and Anomochilus Berg, 1901, in addition to Uropeltidae (McDowell, 1975; Hsiang et al., 2015). However, recent phylogenetic analyses have found similarities between Anilius and Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951, who share a morphological apomorphism in the reproductive system, thus rejecting the monophyletic Anilioidea (Siegel and Aldridge, 2011; Pyron et al., 2013; Hsiang et al., 2015). Anilius scytale (Linnaeus, 1758) is widely distributed along the Amazonian forest, also occurring in the Brazilian Cerrado and in the humid enclaves of the Caatinga (Beebe, 1946; Duellman, 1978; Cunha and Nascimento, 1993; Pérez-Santos and Moreno, 1988; Starace, 1998, Silva-Jr. and Puorto, 2001; Catenazzi et al., 2013). It is a morphologically conspicuous species (a mimic of venomous coral snakes, sensu Savage and Slowinski, 1992), presenting a reddish orange colour dorsally, with several irregular black bands that, most of the time, extend to the belly, whose colour is yellowish cream, except in the gular region and tail, which are also reddish orange (Figure 1). Roze (1958) recognizes two 1 Instituto Natureza do Tocantins NATURATINS 302 Norte, Alameda 01, Lote 03 Plano Diretor Norte, CEP , Palmas, TO, Brazil. 2 Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), ESEC Murici, Rua Marino Vieira de Araújo 32, Cidade Alta, CEP , Murici, AL, Brazil. 3 Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Avenida Doutor Vital Brazil, 1.500, Butantã, CEP São Paulo, SP, Brazil. * Corresponding author. arthur_abegg@hotmail.com subspecies: Anilius scytale scytale (Linnaeus, 1758) and Anilius scytale phelpsorum Roze, 1958, distinguishing them based on the width and number of black body bands (wider and larger in average in the nominal subspecies). In this study, we recorded a morphologically distinct specimen from the two taxa currently recognizable under the name A. scytale, without black dorsal bands, and discuss some possibilities about whether it is a new species or specimen presenting an anomalous colour and morphology. The specimen (Figure. 1A-B), was collected on 07/26/2017, at 10:00 pm, in the municipality of Palmas ( , , DATUM WGS84, 230 m ASL), in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, by Raiany Cristine Cruz da Silva and Marco Antonio de Freitas (Collecting permit SISBIO ). The meristic and morphometric data were taken with a dial calliper to the nearest 1 mm. Our terminology for Anilius cephalic shields follows Roze (1958) and ventral and subcaudal counts follow Dowling (1951). The collection acronym according to Sabaj-Perez (2016). During the capture, the specimen (IBSP 89520) presented the defensive behavior of hiding the head under its own body, as previously reported for A. scytale (Sawaya, 2010). In life, the dorsal background colour is reddish orange, with black spots near the paraventral region, arranged longitudinally up to the cloaca; the belly is yellowish cream, with nearby transverse black bands, often connected to each other. The gular and caudal region is reddish orange. The meristic and morphometric data (taken with a dial caliper to the nearest 1 mm) are the following: total length (TTL) 570 mm; tail length 23 mm (4% TL); head length 16 mm (2.8% HL); 235 ventral scales; 12 subcaudal; a single anal plate; dorsal plates as 21/21/21 rows; a small rostral plate, visible from above; large prefrontals, being the largest cephalic scales; absent internals; small frontal, almost half the size of the prefrontals; preocular, post-ocular and loreal absent; supraocular in contact with the prefrontals,

2 162 Raiany Cristine Cruz-da-Silva et al. Figure 1. Anomalous A. scytale specimen (IBSP 89520), in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; A. scytale specimens showing normal coloration in dorsal (C) (unvouchered) and ventral (D) (IBSP 89518) views. Arrows (in A and C) indicate the parietal region. separating the frontal from the oculars; a parietal region with a single large scale, whose shape resembles a heart (Figure 1A); supralabials ; infralabials ; symphysal separated from the anterior chin shields by the second pair of supralabials. In general, the meristic characters of the IBSP specimen are inserted within the known variation for A. scytale (Table 1), except for the presence of a single large scale in the parietal region (vs. usually three small scales in typical A. scytale specimens). No records are available demonstrating variations in the number of scales from the parietal region in A. scytale (Cunha and Nascimento, 1978). However, the examination of the few remaining A. scytale specimens (n = 8) from the Butantan Institute Herpetological Collection, revealed a specimen (IBSP 82228, from Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil) with only two scales in the parietal region, with the central and left fused, indicating that the fusion of these scales seems to occur eventually. In contrast, from a taxonomically more splitter point of view, the presence of a single character (one big scale in the parietal region), coupled with the very different marking pattern than that often observed for A. scytale, could be interpreted as sufficient characteristics for the recognition of another taxon. Although this is plausible, we opted for a more conservative posture, considering specimen IBSP as anomalous, according to the following arguments: (1) absence of other individuals with similar characteristics: according to Oliveira et al. (2016) knowledge about the richness, composition and endemism of species of the Brazilian fauna is strongly influenced by sampling bias, in a context in which the similarity of species composition decreases with increasing distance to access routes. Although exceptions to this panorama may exist, the municipality of Palmas, the capital of the state of Tocantins, with several terrestrial and fluvial access routes, is certainly not among the poorly sampled Brazilian areas regarding

3 163 A remarkable specimen of the genus Anilius Table 1. Comparison of meristic data between the anomalous A. scytale specimen and normal individuals (based on Roze, 1958 and Cunha and Nascimento, 1978). Meristic data IBSP Dorsal scale rows 21/21/21 A. scytale Usually 21/21/21 Ventrals to 254 Subcaudals to 14 Anal plate Single Single Supralabials Infralabials Parietal region With one big scale Usually with three small scales Sinfisal Separated from the anterior chin shields by the second pair of supralabials Usually separated from the anterior chin shields by the second pair of supralabials Preoculars Prefrontals Present, separating the frontal from the ocular Present, separating the frontal from the ocular Loreal Internasals herpetofauna. In addition, in the early 2000s, the Tocantins River was dammed for the construction of the Luís Eduardo Magalhães Hydroelectric Power Plant. at the time, the Butantan Institute carried out regular field Figure 2. A) Apostolepis assimilis specimen (IBSP 83840) with normal cephalic staining and scutellation; B) Anomalous A. assimilis specimen (IBSP 62362). Both come from the municipality of Osasco, state of São Paulo, Brazil. work in the area, collecting several A. scytale specimens, and none were similar in colour to specimen IBSP (Valdir Germano pers. comm.); (2) the problem of species description based on only one specimen: some snake species have been described in Brazil from only one specimen, through morphological comparisons (e. g. Lema, 2004a, b, c; Lema and Renner, 2006), which, by itself, is not a problem. However, this practice allows for the description of possibly anomalous specimens as new species, which tend to later be synonymized in taxonomic revisions (analyzing more specimens belonging to related taxa), and which generally clarify intraspecific morphological variations with greater robustness (e.g. Silveira, 2006, Costa and Bérnils, 2015; Mata-Silva and Wilson, 2016); (3) Chromatic and morphological anomalies may occur together in some cases: a high volume of scientific literature is available reporting cases of vertebrate specimens with aberrant colorations (e. g. Amaral, 1932, 1934; Sazima and Di-Bernardo, 1991; Van Grouw, 2006; Krecsák, 2008; Kolenda et al., 2017); at the same time, anomalies in the pattern of cephalic snake scutellation have also been observed, especially in fossorial species (Lema and Renner, 2005). In some cases, these anomalies (of both colour and morphology) occur together. While examining a large series of Apostolepis assimilis (Reinhardt, 1861) specimens, one of the authors (ADA) found a specimen (IBSP 62362, from Osasco, state of São Paulo, Brazil.) with aberrant marking pattern (Figure 2B), whose cephalic scales (prefrontals, frontal and supraoculars) were all fused, forming a single large

4 164 scale on the back of the head, a characteristic that is not observable in any neotropical snake (Peters and Orejas- Miranda, 1970). In our opinion, both cases reported herein (A. scytale and A. assimilis) resemble each other and the specimens should be considered anomalous. We chose to adopt a conservative stance and report it as an anomalous specimen, rather than describing it as a new taxon. Although A. scytale is under taxonomic revision (Francisco Luís Franco pers. comm.) and the possibility of new taxa being revealed is pertinent, we believe that it is appropriate to await the appearance of other specimens with similar characteristics to the specimen described herein, that could better support a potential description in order to avoid future taxonomic problems. Acknowledgements: To the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for issuing the research license SISBio ; to Renato Gaiga, for the photograph of the live specimen with normal coloration; (IBSP), Francisco Luís Franco (IBSP), Giuseppe Puorto (IBSP), Renato Silveira Bérnils (UFES) and Valdir Germano (IBSP) for their tips and suggestions on the preparation of the manuscript. References Amaral, A. (1932): Notas sobre chromatismo de ophidios. II. Casos de variação de colorido de certas serpentes. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 7: Amaral, A. (1934): Notas sobre chromatismo de ophidios. III. Um caso de xanthismo e um novo caso de albinismo, observados no Brasil. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 8: Beebe, W. (1946): Field notes on the snakes of Kartabo, British Guiana, and Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica, 31: Catenazzi, A., Lehr, E. and Von May, R. 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5 A remarkable specimen of the genus Anilius 165 (families Aniliidae and Colubridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 45(3): Sawaya, R.J. (2010): The defensive tail display of Anilius scytale (Serpentes: Aniliidae). Herpetology Notes, 3: Sazima, I. and Di-Bernardo, M. (1991): Albinismo em serpentes neotropicais. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 53(2): Siegel D.S, Miralles A. and Aldridge R.D. (2011): Controversial snake relationships supported by reproductive anatomy. Journal of Anatomy, 218(3): Silva-Jr, N.J and Puorto, G. (2001): Anilius scytale, Geographic Distribution. Herpetological Review, 32(4): 277. Silveira, A.L. (2006): Revisão taxonômica das espécies de Apostolepis Cope, 1862 do Grupo Assimilis (Serpentes, Colubridae). MSc Dissertation. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Starace, F. (1998): Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. IBIS Rouge Editions, Guadeloupe, Guyane. Van Grouw, H. (2006): Not every white bird is an albino: sense and nonsense about colour aberrations in birds. Dutch Birding, 28 (2): Appendix. Specimens examined. Anilius scytale: IBSP ISBP 82228, 82229, 86142, ISBP 86143, 86144, 89518, 89519, Apostolepis assimilis: IBSP 62362, Accepted by Robson Ávila