17 SOUTH AFRICA HAKE TRAWL

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1 17 SOUTH AFRICA HAKE TRAWL 17.1 Introduction For South African hake trawl fishery the Principle 1 and 2 PIs were mapped against the following indicators within the stated reports: FAM PI: Assessment Report 2004 Performance Indicator: Reassessment Report 2009 Performance Indicator: Stock status Reference points Stock rebuilding Retained Bycatch ETP Is stock(s) at or above reference levels? Y/N Are there appropriate limit and precautionary reference points? If the stock is below the precautionary reference points, are measures to rebuild the stock specified? Is information available on the nature and extent of bycatch (capture of non-target )? Is information available on the extent of discard (the proportion of the catch not landed)? The fishery is conducted in a manner, which does not threatened biological diversity (at genetic, or population levels and avoids or minimises mortality of, or injuries to ETP. Do interactions pose an unacceptable risk to such? Is stock status consistent with that providing long-term productivity? Are there appropriate limit and target reference points based on stock biomass and/or fishing mortality? If the stock is below the precautionary reference points, are measures to rebuild the stock specified and under implementation? Is information available on the nature and extent of bycatch (capture of non-target )? Is information available on the extent of discard (the proportion of the catch not landed)? Do interactions pose an unacceptable risk to such? Habitats Does the fishery have unacceptable impacts on habitat structure? Ecosystems Is any gear lost during fishing operations and can ghost fishing occur? Does the mortality of target stocks have unacceptable impacts on ecosystem structure and function? Are associated biological diversity and productivity affected to unacceptable levels? Does the fishery have unacceptable impacts on habitat structure? Is any gear lost during fishing operations and can ghost fishing occur? Does the mortality of target stocks have unacceptable impacts on ecosystem structure and function? Are associated biological diversity, community structure and productivity affected to unacceptable levels? Moody Marine Ltd undertook the initial assessment in 2004, the Surveillance Reports up to 2009 and the subsequent Reassessment Report (2010). Two are targeted in this fishery and included in the certification: deep-water hake Merluccius paradoxus (MP) and the shallower (warmer) water M. capensis (MC). These are addressed as two separate assessments or Units of certification. 107

2 17.2 Principle 1 Principle 1 - FAM reference (PI) April: Assessment report May: SR1 May: SR2 October: SR3 July: SR4 March: Reassessment report Year Stock status score Reference point score Stock rebuilding South not overfished West overfished Combined stock considered <80 - see MC 80 MP >60 Combined 75 - see COC8 raised MC 85 MP65 COC1 raised COC7 raised Figure 1. Stock and catch Source: RAR, 2010 a) b) Figure 2. Landings and spawning biomass data Source: Hutchings et al.,

3 Figure 3 Biomass trend for SA hake. Source: RAR, Indicator trend From 2002 to 2007 the spawning biomass of MP declined, and from 2003 TACs and CPUE were also being reduced (Figure 1). RAR (2010) reports that the MC stock is at approximately 47% of the unexploited biomass and has a high probability that it is above its predicted precautionary/target reference levels. Although the MP spawning biomass is 1.68 times the size of the MC stock, its spawning biomass is only 9% of the unexploited spawning biomass and the biomass is below the long term target at 40% of the biomass at MSY. Figure 2a and b demonstrate the decrease in stocks from the early 1900s in relation to the increase in landings. These stabilized in the mid-1970s with the declaration of the South African EEZ. Therefore the decrease in stocks could be attributed to fishing. The TACs were reduced by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism PI correlation In the AR (2004) stock status (1.1.1) of the South coast sector (composed of both MP and MC, but MC mostly targeted in this sector) scored 60 and was required to develop and implement a stock rebuilding strategy (1.1.3), which scored 95. The West coast stock (composed of both MP and MC, although MP is dominant) scored 80 and passed with no conditions. The combined score for the two was 75. In SR3 (2007), stock status and stock rebuilding was rescored to 75 and COC8 was raised against them. It made relevant amendments and was the passed and rescored at 80 in the next SR4 (2008). In the RAR (2010) this was rescored at 95. The reference point score (1.1.2) scored 95 in the original AR (2004) which was rescored in the RAR (2010) at 75 with COC7 raised against it Conditions The mapping of the Principle 1 PIs between the AR and RAR remained the same: Stock status was mapped to ; Reference point score to ; and stock rebuilding to In AR (2004) there were no conditions raised, although PI was engaged due to low stock status in the South coast stock. In SR3 (2007) COC8 Rebuilding measures was raised against stock rebuilding (1.1.3), which was closed off in the following SR4 (2008) because it was assessed that rebuilding of the stock is progressing through implementation of the Operational Management Procedure in line with the projections of the stock assessment, which has been tested by simulation this allowed the PI score is to be revised and rescored at 80. In the RAR (2010) this score remained at 80. The RAR (2010) raised two COCs against outcome PIs from Principle one: COC1 Rebuilding of M. paradoxus stock was 109

4 raised against stock status, and COC7 Appropriate limit and target reference points for M. paradoxus based on stock biomass and/or fishing mortality Principle 2 Principle 1 - FAM reference (PI) April: Assessment report May: SR1 May: SR2 October: SR3 July: SR4 March: Reassessment report Year Retained Bycatch ETP Habitats Ecosystems Seabird mortalities C4 raised C3, C4 & C7 raised COC4 open COC4 open COC3 open COC4 open COC7 open COC3 open COC4 open COC7 open COC3 85 COC4 open COC7 open 80 COC4 & 7 closed COC2 raised COC2 raised Data not available at time of publication reduction of bycatch of the albatross within the fishery by <80% (pers. comms. Birdlife). Figure 4. Protected areas SA Source: RAR,

5 Figure 5.Trawl effort consolidated from between Source: RAR, 2010 Figure 6. Seal pup numbers Source: Hutchings, Indicator trend Retained/bycatch /2.2.1 Many of the bycatch from this fishery are processed and retained (Walmsley et al., 2007) often being that are targeted in other fisheries. Bycatch is higher, around 40%, on the south coast in the smaller inshore fishery, which uses smaller mesh nets then the west coast where bycatch is around 20% (RAR, 2010). The main bycatch are: kingklip Genypterus capensis, monkfish Lophius vomerinus and kob Argyrosomus japonicus. Kingklip was heavily overfished in the 1980 s and the fishery is now closed, but it has not recovered to its former abundance. SR1 (2005) states that precautionary catch limits of 3500 t for kingklip; 7000 t for monkfish, and restrictions on kob bycatch are in place. Since this time, there have been signs of recovery in the west coast stock but not in the south coast stock (WWF, 2009). 111

6 ETP Seabirds The three of seabird that are most affected are: shy albatrosses Thalassarche cauta (39% 6 ), black-browed albatrosses Thalassarche melanophrys (29%) and Cape gannets Morus capensis (14%) (SSS, 2006). Eighty-five percent of mortalities are from warp strike and 15% are from net entanglement. Prior to certification, the number of birds killed by the trawl fishery was unknown. Since certification there has been increased use of mitigation measures including tori lines, splices trimmed and whipped and streamers. Catch rates of albatrosses in the trawl fishery have declined by over 80% in both summer and winter discard periods (majority black-browed). However, total bird catch rates have decreased by 67% in the summer discard period but increased by 10% in the winter discard period. Tori lines appear to have been effective in keeping albatrosses away from the danger area but this has allowed the smaller birds access, and therefore there has not been such a large decrease of overall bird mortality rates. The mortality rates are highest in the period when the gear is set, so further reduction measures have been implemented which involve the deployment of tori lines immediately after the doors are set, which drastically reduces the danger time period (Purves, Pers. comm.). Table 1. Bird mortality rates (number of birds killed per hour) from (Source: Purves, pers comm.) Season Activity All Albatrosses All Albatrosses Summer Discard No discard Winter Discard No discard Fishing activity N Rate CI Set , Trawl , Haul , Seals AR (2004) state that seal mortality due to the fishery is low and insignificant at the population level and that there are no obvious affects on whale populations. Figure 5 shows an increase in seal pup numbers in Namibia and South Africa from Habitats Since 2004 there have been increased areas that are protected; the RAR (2010) states that ringfencing of established trawl grounds (Figure 3) prevent the fishing grounds from spreading and that there are now areas totally closed during certain periods of the year. In addition the trawls must have small plastic bobbins instead of the old steel bobbins. Figure 4 demonstrates that the areas that have been ring-fenced correlated to the trawl effort from The closed kingklip grounds shown in red to the south-east of Port Elizabeth were previously a focus for the trawl industry. While areas such as the bays and inshore areas have been closed to trawling, the only areas of these habitat types to have been exploited by the trawlers are a few around the south. 6 % birds killed in the fishery 112

7 PI correlation Retained and bycatch scored passes at 90 and 80 (respectively) in the AR (2004), and both scores remained the same following the RAR (2010). Habitats (2.3.1) scored 60 in AR (2004) and was rescored in SR4 at 80, which was then lowered and rescored again in the RAR (2010) at 75. There were three PIs which were mapped to be outcome indicators for ecosystems (2.5.1). The first two, and , were scored at pass levels of 80 and 85 respectively. The third,, scored 70 and had three conditions raised against it: 3, 4 and 7. It was rescored at a pass 85 in SR3 (2007) and then rescored (and renamed ) again in the RAR (2010) to 75. ETP (2.3.1) scored 90 in AR (2004) and then 80 in the RAR (2010) Conditions Retained and bycatch (2.1.1/2.2.1) and ETP (2.3.1) did not have any conditions raised against them in either assessments. Three conditions were raised in relation to habitats and ecosystems, these were: COC3 Ecosystem relations (plan 12 months, outputs within 2 years); COC4 Effects of trawling on benthic habitat (three points all to be completed within 18 months); and COC7 Impact of trawling on seabird populations (6 months to develop, 12 to implement). COC3 remained open until SR3 (2007) and was then closed as the requirements had been met according to the timescale. The remaining two COCs were closed out in SR4 (2008), with rescored at 80 including the statement significant work has been undertaken in determining the ecosystem impacts of the trawl fishery in terms of bycatch, general trophic effects, benthic habitat effects and interactions with seabirds. RAR (2010) raised two COCs relating to P2 outcome PIs: COC3 Bycatch (retained and non-retained ) (3 years to complete all) raised against habitats and ecosystems PIs; and; COC2 Benthic habitat (all to be completed within 5 years), raised against habitats (2.4.1) and ecosystems (2.5.1). All of these PIs with a COC raised against it scored 75 in the RAR (2010) References Hutchings, L. et al. (2009) Marine fisheries monitoring programmes in South Africa. Available from: (Accessed 19/10/2010). Southern seabird solutions (SSS) (2006) Trust trawl workshop summary: Seabird interactions and mitigation in the deep-water hake trawl fishery: SA. Available from: (Accessed 19/10/2010). Walmsley, S.A., Leslie, R.W. & Sauer, W.H.H. (2007) Managing SA s trawl bycatch. ICES Journal of Marine Science, available from: (Accessed 19/10/2010). Watkins, B.P., Peterson, S.L. & Ryan, P.G. (2008) Interactions between seabirds and deep-water hake trawl gear: an assessment of impacts in South African waters. Available from: (Accessed 19/10/2010). The following documents from the MSC website were used as reference material in this case study: Assessment Report (AR) (2004) SR1 (2001)

8 SR2 (2005) SR3 (2007) SR4 (2008) Re-Assessment Report (2010) documents/sa_hake_fishery_surveillance_report1v2_may2005.pdf

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