Sistematika i filogenija, osnovni pojmovi
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1 Sistematika i filogenija, osnovni pojmovi Taksonomija Imenovanje i klasifikovanje vrsta. Sistematika (od reči systema = sistem) obuhvata prethodno definisanu taksonomiju sa dodatkom svih teoretskih i praktičnih aspekata evolucije, genetike, anatomije, morfologije, ekologije, ponašanja i specijacije u cilju razumevanja srodničkih odnosa između organizama.
2 Sistematika 300 godina od rođenje Linea? Odnos sistematike i ostalih bioloških nauka? Značaj sistematike za primenjene nauke, zaštitu biodiverziteta i filogenetske rekonstrukcije. Savremena sistematika kompleksna mešavina biologije, filozofije i matematike.
3 Sistematika i filogenija, osnovni pojmovi Identifikacija opis vrsta Nomenklatura proces davanja imena novim taksonima. ICZN (International Comission on Zoological Nomenclature). Lineov sistem binomijalne nomenklature. Klasifikacija smeštanje taksona u postojeće klasifikacione šeme na osnovu njihovih srodničkih odnosa. Taksonomija = nomenklatura + klasifikacija
4 Sistematika i filogenija, osnovni pojmovi Filogenija naučna disciplina koja se bavi izučavanjem i otkrivanjem evolucionog srodstva. Sistematika = identifikacija + taksonomija + filogenija Sličnost i srodstvo? Dva glavna pravca moderne sistematike: 1.Numerička sistematika. 2.Filogenetska sistematika.
5 Numerička sistematika Analiza glavnih komponenti ( Principal Components Analysis -PCA) Kanonijska diskriminantna analiza ( Canonical Discriminant Analysis )
6 Numerička sistematika Fenogrami: UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) WPGMA (Weighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages)
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9 Numerička sistematika Softverski paketi: STATISTICA, SAS, SPSS, NCSS, PAST... Problemi sa uzorkom i njegovom obradom. Interpretacija rezultata. Analiza veličine. Analiza oblika?
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11 Filogenetska sistematika Numerička sistematikaanaliza sličnosti ne implicira srodničke odnose između taksona. Filogenetska ili kladistička sistematika analiza srodstva Klasifikacione sheme moraju odražavati srodničke odnose između taksona. Stanje karaktera evoluciona komponenta.
12 Filogenetska sistematika Apomorfni karakteri Pleziomorfni karakteri Kako odrediti predačko ili izvedeno stanje karaktera? Srodniji su taksoni koji imaju veći broj zajedničkih izvedenih (apomorfnih) karaktera. Veći broj pleziomorfnih karaktera ukazuje na filogenetsku bliskost sa pretkom vrste su manje evoluirale od zajedničkog pretka.
13 Filogenetska sistematika Apomorfni (izvedeni) karakteri Pleziomorfni (predački) karakteri
14 Filogenetska sistematika Karakteri Out A B C D E F G A B C D E F G Mora biti procenjena pozicija karaktera (morfološki, životni ciklusi, molekularni...) sa aspekta predačkog ili izvedenog stanja.
15 Fenetika vs. Kladistika
16 Sistematika i filogenija, osnovni pojmovi Ciljevi sistematike i filogenije su klasifikovanje organizama u grupe na osnovu njihovih srodničkih odnosa (monofiletske grupe).
17 DNA barkoding Molekularni markeri (jedarni mitohondrijalni geni). COI gen BARKODING! Barkoding gen (COI Hebert 1994).
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20 Parafiletske i polifiletske grupe
21 Sistematika i filogenija, osnovni pojmovi Homoplazije sve vrste evolucionih promena koje dovode do pogrešnih interpretacija filogenetskih odnosa. Konvergencije, paralelizmi i reverzije. Konvergencije: sličnosti koje nisu posledica zajedničkog porekla 1. Analogije konvergentne modifikacije struktura ili ponašanja uslovljene sredinskim faktorima analogi organi Homologi organi-posledica srodstva (helicere paukova antene insekata; ose i pčele žaoka-legalica drugih insekata).
22 Konvergencije Homologije
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24 Sistematika i filogenija, osnovni pojmovi 2. Paralelizam nezavisno sticanje sličnih karakteristika kod blisko srodnih grupa, a koje nisu posledica zajedničkog porekla (šare leptira). Reverzije promene stanja karaktera od izvedenog u predačko pod uticajem sredine.
25 Fosili Morfološka evidencija organizama koji su nekada živeli. Fosilni tragovi posledica aktivnosti izumrlih organizama (koproliti, udubljenja..) Hemofosili ili biomarkeri. Šta nam fosili govore o evoluciji? Način života, period življenja, biomehanika, ekološke interakcije, priroda prastarih ekosistema.
26 Life Forms Millions of Years Ago Period Era Humans 0 Quaternary Cenozoic Mammals arrive 50 Tertiary Dinosaurs flourish, Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, etc 100 Cretaceous Mesozoic Reptiles, pre-bird, archaeopteryx Jurassic Proliferation of land plant life 200 Triassic Reptile branches, pre mammalian forms. Dinosaurs arrive. Amphibians and first reptiles on land plants from the sea began to colonize the land. 250 Permian 300 Carboniferous 350 Devonian Paleozoic Vertebrate fish, jawless, 425 Silurian Marine Invertebrates, trilobites, cephalopods Ordovician Trilobites, snails, brachipods Cambrian multicellular life forms. Soft bodied animals, worms, jellyfish, etc Algonkian PreCambrian Life begins 3.5 billion years ago
27 Taksonomske kategorije Linnean rank kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia phylum Mollusca Chordata Chordata class Gastropoda Reptilia Mammalia order Mesogastropoda Ornithischia (Predentata) Primates family Cypraeidae Ceratopsidae Hominidae genus Cypraea Triceratops Homo species tigris horridus sapiens
28 Linnean rank kingdom Animalia (Metazoa) Animalia (Metazoa) Animalia (Metazoa) phylum Mollusca Chordata Chordata subphylum -- Vertebrata Vertebrata superclass -- Tetrapoda Tetrapoda class Gastropoda Reptilia Mammalia subclass Prosobranchia Diapsida Theria infraclass -- Archosauria Eutheria superorder order suborder Caenogastropoda (sometimes considered an order) Mesogastropoda (Neotaenioglossa) (sometimes considered a suborder) Discopoda (sometimes considered an infraorder) Dinosauria Ornithischia (Predentata) Marginocephalia Archonta Primates Anthropoidea infraorder -- Ceratopsia Haplorhini superfamily Cypraeoidea (or Cypraeacea) -- Hominoidea family Cypraeidae Ceratopsidae Hominidae subfamily Cypraeinae Chasmatosaurinae -- genus Cypraea Triceratops Homo subgenus (Cypraea) species tigris horridus sapiens
29 Koncept vrste Biološki koncept vrste: grupa populacija koje se međusobno slobodno ukrštaju, a reproduktivno su izolovane od drugih takvih grupa u prirodi. Vrsta Reproduktivna zajednica, Ekološka i Genetička jedinica. Nedostatci: nemogućnost primene kod uniparentalnih organizama. Problemi alohronih i alopatričkih vrsta. Biološki koncept primenljiv u 93% slučajeva.
30 Podela živog sveta na carstva Biljke pasivni način života, autotrofne, celulozni ćelijski zid, spoljašnji organi, rast tokom čitavog života. Životinje aktivni način života, heterotrofne, odsustvo celuloze i ćelijskog zida, unutrašnji organi, genetički determinisan rast. Protista jednoćelijske eukariote: Protozoa i jednoćelijske alge. Fungi zajedničko poreklo sa životinjama (RNA struktura, biosintetski procesi aminokiselina i proteina). Eubacteria i Archaebacteria
31 Carstva organizama
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