Université Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France. montp3.fr 2

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1 Integrative Acarology Integrative Acarology. Proceedings of the 6th European Congress M. Bertrand, S. Kreiter, K.D. McCoy, A. Migeon, M. Navajas, M. S. Tixier, L. Vial (Eds.) European Association of Acarolgists, 2008 ADAPTATION IN PARASITIC MITES: SPREAD BY THE HOST OR STAY WITH THE HOST? M. Bertrand 1, N. Cole 2 and D. Modry 3 1 Université Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France. michel.bertrand@univ montp3.fr 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG UK 3 Institue of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic 3705 České Budĕjovice Czech Republic Abstract Pterygosomatidae often show a morphology strongly adapted to life between scales of reptiles, as ectoparasites on some few hosts, eventually specialized on a single host species. The host distribution can be limited (endemic species, i.e; insular species), or wide (cosmopolitan species). Some host species are invasive species, especially in insular habitats. Two examples are chosen: endemic lizards from New Caledonia, and from Mauritius Island house parasitic mites. The invasive lizard (Hemidactylus frenatus) brought recently in these ecosystems new loads of parasites belonging to wide spread species: however no parasite transfer was observed. From biogeographic point of view, if compared with other associated hosts and parasites in Pacific Islands or Mediterranean Regions, paleoendemics or neoendemics are more protected against invasive parasite species than invasive hosts, which could capture local parasites in recently invaded countries. However native host species could be more sensible to parasites in presence of invading species. Keywords Biogeography, host parasite relastionship, Prostigmata, ectoparasites Introduction Pterygosomatidae are specialized on reptiles. The morphology reveals more or less high degree in adaptation (body shape, relative length and shape of legs ). The genus Geckobia Mégnin, 1878 is parasitic (exclusive) on Geckoes. The hosts and parasites are well distributed in subtropical and intertropical regions, and hosts belong to three families = Gekkonidae, Pygopodidae and Eublapheridae (Gekkonoidea) (Bochkov & Mironov 2000) (Classification of Gekkota according to Han, Zhou & Bauer 2004). In the genus Geckobia several groups of species, notably defined by leg chaetotaxic pattern (Jack, 1964). The genus Geckobia illustrates the problem of strength of the links between host and parasite for at least three reasons: The parasites are specialized: the genus differentiated on geckoes sensu lato, this adaptation being traduced in morphology, by host choice and by location of mites on the host: ventral, dorsal or between scales on the toes corresponding to morphological types (Hirst 1917); The distribution of the hosts: some of them are distributed in Pacific and Indian Ocean( Figure 1). Insular faunas are with high rate of endemism, notably the Gondwanian group (Diplodactylini, and notably Australian species), or Ethiopian subgroups (Afroedura) Montpellier July

2 Figure 1. Distribution of Gekkota (Kluge, 1987) The invading cosmopolitan species of geckoes: tropical islands are invaded by species, helped by anthropic dispersion often more important than natural dispersion. Hemidactylus frenatus (Schlegel, 1836), the Asian house gecko, is very adaptable, displacing other reptiles and disseminated all around the world under hot and Mediterranean climatic conditions (Jesus, Brem & Harris 2005) (Figure 2). This invader is known to be infested by some species of Geckobia (G. bataviensis Vitzthum, 1926 (=manzanelli), G. dubium Bertrand, Paperna & Finkelman, 2000, G. amambavyensis Haitlinger, 1988, G. clelandi Hirst, 1917 ), with "primitive" morphology. Figure 2. Distribution of Hemidactylus frenatus: Native (green) and colonized regions (red).(cole 2005) Invasive hosts can be suspected to capture pterygosomatid mites from local reptiles, and to disseminate blood sucking ectoparasites (and zoonoses ). Is there a real "barrier" around the native host and its specialized parasites? Some elements can be given for three questions by analyzing insular faunas: A) In natura, can the parasite of invasive host switch on endemic hosts? B) Are the parasites of invading species preying on endemic host? (because the common characters of the invasive species is to be cosmopolitan, and euryecic). The subsidiary question is: C) Which consequences on the survival of the endemics (change in fitness) facing the invaders? New short time data are given by studies on changing fauna. In Pacific and Indian Oceans, herpetological fauna is disturbed by on going invasions, with progressive extinction of endemics. So, how ectoparasites as pterygosomid mites react to this phenomenon? Material and methods New Caledonia is peopled by Gondwanian lizards, sharing the same origin than Australian reptiles. Few data are available on the parasite cortege (Womersley, 1941). Mauritius Islands are peopled by endemic reptiles differentiated from continental fauna. Two surveys of parasites were carried on in the general context of the ongoing invasion of the Asian house gecko. 1 The hosts and the parasites New Caledonia: Amongst the endemic lizards, the genus Bavaya Roux, 1913 (Diplodactylini) includes small endemic species being considered as a complex of cryptic or morphologically distinct species from New Caledonia (Bauer et al 2000). Until now, none pterygosomatid mites were reported from this genus. Geckobia naultina Womersley, 1941 was described on Naultinus sp., a species belonging to the same group of Oceanian lizards. G. gymnodactyli Womersley, 1941 G. clelandi Hirst, 1917 (on Saltuarius cornutus) and G. manzanelli Domrow, 1983 and G. haplodactyli Womersley, 1941 (mismatch) from Hoplodactylus duveaucelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) from Auckland (New Zealand) were reported from Diplodactylini. Mauritius Islands: Two genera were studied: 1) the genus Nactus Kluge, 1983 (Pacific and Indian Oceans) is present on Mauritius Islands with several endemic species or subspecies (Nactus serpensinsula durrelli, Arnold & Jones, 1994, Nactus serpensinsula serpensinsula, (Loveridge, 1951), Nactus coindemirensis Bullock, Arnold & Bloxam, 1985). Until now, no pterygosomid mite was described hosted by these species. The genus Phelsuma Gray 1828 is present in Africa, Madagascar, and Mascarene Islands in Indian Ocean. On Mauritius Islands, Day Geckoes are present with Phelsuma ornata Gray, 1825, Phelsuma guentheri Boulanger, 1885, Phelsuma Montpellier July

3 cepediana (Merrem, 1820). In previous studies, some Geckobia were collected from Madagascan lizards (Haitlinger 1988). In the traditional systematic, Phelsuma and Nactus were in the same group of genera than Hemidactylus. Phelsuma is the genus phylogenetically closer to Hemidactylus among all these genera (Han, Zhou & Bauer 2004). The invader in both cases is H. frenatus (Schlegel, 1836), species widely distributed (Figure 2) in tropical and subtropical regions, often found in houses. Parasites were described on H. frenatus, (some Geckobia can be considered as synonymous by Domrow 1983) the main parasite being G. bataviensis Vitzthum, 1926, that cannot be considered as specialized by its morphology. The house gecko is responsible of past and actual disturbance to P. ornata and Nactus spp. by habitats exclusion, competition for shared habitat and introduction of debiliting parasites (Cole 2005). In past time, these competitions led to actual distribution of species and subspecies in these genera. 2 Collecting hosts and parasites New Caledonia: (D. Modry collector) Ectoparasites were collected on the two genera Rhacodactylus Fitzinger, 1843 and Bavaya Roux 1913, that are closely allied with the New Zealand endemic lizards: the chromosomes of R. auriculatus, R. sarasinorum and B. sauvagei share a highly derived biarmed 2n=38 karyomorph, which is common to species from both New Zealand and Australia and is believed to be a relic from a previous Gondwanaland distribution. In contrast, R. leachianus, B. crassicollis and B. montana have karyotypes further modified from this karyomorph by a series of presumed pericentric inversions. (King & Mengden 1990). The Diplodactylini diverged from the remaining taxa prior to the opening of the Tasman Sea and the opening of the Tasman Sea split Pseudothecadactylus (Bronsgerma, 1836) from the New Caledonian + New Zealand lineage. Trombiculid mites were frequent but only few scale mites were collected on Bavaya montana Roux 1913, sauvagii (Boulanger,1883) and cyclura (Bavay, 1879), and solely one species of Geckobia was collected on Bavaya spp. Mauritius Island: (N. Cole collector) Lizards were captured in the general frame of a study on competition between local and endemic fauna and invasive lizards. A large number of lizards were captured (more than 400/species), ectoparasites were trombiculids and Geckobia specimens. 3 Preparation of material: Mites were collected from lizard and stored in 70% ethanol. Mites were cleared in hot lactic acid and observed on temporary slides under microscope. The gnathosoma, mouthparts and legs were dissected with pins in lactic acid. Intact mites or dissected structures were mounted in lactic acid on concavity slides (depth 0.6 mm) or on permanent slides in Hoyer's medium. Coloration with Chlorazol Black B was used as a dye. Mites were preserved for descriptions (holotype and paratypes). Results Three new for science Geckobia were collected : one species on Bavaya spp., one on Nactus spp., and one on Phelsuma spp.; H. frenatus on Mauritius Island was found infested by G. bataviensis Vitzthum None G. bataviensis was found on Bavaya spp., Nactus spp. Phelsuma spp. None New Caledonian or Mauritian parasite was found on Hemidactylus frenatus. 1. The affinities revealed by morphology of the endemic Geckobia (Description of these species will be complete in separate publications) 1.1. The Parasite of Bavaya spp. (New Caledonia) The characters considered as "primitive" are marked in bold letter Adult female: small species; body enlarged in the posterior part with lobate posterior end. Length without chelicerae (from anterior idiosoma margin to extremity of genital area) 275 µm long (range µm); maximal width 230µm ( µm). Triangular scutum, slightly striated with two central pairs of setae, and a posterior pair in median position. Three genital setae. Ventral side with non modified setae. Coxae in two contiguous groups, directed forward with setation [4(=2+2) 5(=2+3)]. Legs chaetotaxy (tibia) (genu) (femur) (trochanter): ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) typical of Geckobia's group 2 (Jack, 1964). Tarsi with usual setae and solenidia corresponding to the Jack's species group A (Jack, 1964). Characters of this species: One of the smallest species in the genus. It could be confused with G. boulengeri Hirst 1917 by body shape, but differs by the smaller size, the density of dorsal setae and no ventral scale like setae. This species presents a common formula of leg chaetotaxy considered as primitive, a body not greatly modified (body as long Montpellier July

4 as large), has kept a minute scutum with ocular lens in lateral position. Strong spurs on coxae II, III, IV. The leg chaetotaxy which is the character with the strongest phylogenetic significance, differs from New Zealand species parasitic on Naultinus spp. by presence of the seta on genu IV corresponding to the general formula of the Jack s group 1 (Jack 1964). It differs by the position of the dorsal seta of tibia which is backed compared to the usual distal position: boulangeri). It differs by coxal setation with three setae on coxae IV (only 2 on G. naultina or G. haplodactyli); three setae on fourth coxa were found on G. manzanelli Domrow 1983 (parasite on Phyllurus platurus in New Guinea), and on G. gehyrae Hirst 1926, (on Gehyra oceanica (Von Tilenau, 1820)), G. gibbonsi Bertand & Ineich 1987 (on Lepidactylus sp.) and on G. gymnodactyli Womersley 1941, all these species being distributed in the Australian region Mauritian species on Phelsuma and Nactus spp. The two species found on Phelsuma and Nactus specimens are easily identified,notably because dorsal setae are different. Nactus parasite. Female: with long dorsal setae, subcircular posterior edge of scutum, 10 stout scutal setae symmetric with two pairs of posterior setae and 3 or 4 anterior setae. Strong PIV, with spur seta on femora. Epimera with setae, simple on coxae 1. Legs : , , , Phelsuma parasite. Female: Phelsuma spp. were found infested by one species with well developed eyes, with dorsal setae differentiated in shape, legs with articles distinct, no spurs on femora IV but with long ciliate setae directed forward. Each epimeral plate with long setae (no stout setae or spurs ). Epimeral formula is ( left, 2 right). Legs: , , , Characters of these species: G. manajaryensis Haitlinger, 1988, G. ifanadianaensis Haitlinger, 1988 and G. andoharonomaitsoensis Haitlinger, 1988 were described from Madagascan Phelsuma sp. The species found in Mauritius on day gecko differs greatly from the Madagascan material by epimeral chaetotaxy, scutum, dorsal hairs, ventral setae. On Nactus spp., the species found has the same leg chaetotaxy than G. gleodoviana Hirst A doubt subsists because of confusion in the name of the host being considered now as H. mabouia brooki (= H. tasmani) on which G. tasmanii Lawrence 1936 was described. H. mabouia is African but widespread by human activities. However this species differs by setae on femora and leg chaetotaxy, scutum. 3 setae on the genu I showed conservation of a primitive character shared by Jack s group. Chaetotaxy of parasite found on Phelsuma is shared by the Jack s group 2 that gathers a lot of parasites of Indian and Pacific Islands on endemic hosts. Discussion Several groups of species in the genus Geckobia were defined by: a) The leg chaetotaxy (Jack 1964), (Annexe Key 2) b) The presence of simple or scale like ventral setae, c) The shape of the scutum (rectangular triangular, entire or divided), d) The position of ocular formations (on the scutum, contiguous to the scutum or in lateral position), e) The shape of the setae on the body or on the legs, ciliate or simple setae on palpal tibia, f) Contiguous, or clearly separated coxae [I+II] and [III+ IV], g) The number and shape of coxal setae. 1 Neo Caledonian species Oceanian fauna is known essentially through Hirst's (1917, 1926), and Womersley's works (1941), and more recently, by publications of Domrow (1983), and Bertrand & Ineich (1986, 1987, 1989). Domrow (1983) described a species found on the Diplodactylinae Phylllurus platurus (Shaw, 1790), the Australian gecko. This parasite shared coxal setation, the discrete scutum, the eye presence with the new species parasitic on Bavaya genus. Domrow (op. cit.) noted that the dorsal seta on tibia I was not so basad as in the description of G. boulangeri as for G. bavayae. Combination of characters made this latter species allied to New Zealand parasites found on Naultinus Gray, 1842 or on Phyllurus Goldfuss, 1820 and overall closely allied to G. gymnodactyli collected from Saltuarius cornutus (?) (= Gymnodactylus). Considering the phylogenetic relationships of New Zealand geckos studied using DNA techniques (Chambers et al. 2001), the two endemic genera of geckos Diplodactylini (Hoplodactylus, the nocturnal brown geckos, and Naultinus, the diurnal green geckos) form a monophyletic group with the New Caledonian species and one Australian genus (other Australian taxa are more distantly related). The New Zealand geckos have evolved separately since the development of the Tasman Sea began New Zealand's isolation from the rest of Gondwana around 100 million years ago. The current diversity of gecko species occurred probably after the Oligocene (perhaps 24 million years ago). Chambers Montpellier July

5 et al. (2001) suggested that the brown geckos, as a group, began to diversify well before the green taxa, which in turn began to speciate less than 5 million years ago. New Zealand was substantially submerged during the Oligocene, which would have produced many isolated populations that could then diverge ecologically and behaviourally from each other, adaptive radiation producing. Distance with New Caledonian species could be explained by this isolation (Han et al, 2004). The parasite species on Naultina and Haplodactylus are very similar. If Gekkota is monophyletic (Kluge 1987) the endemics resulted from the drift of isolated population (neoendemism) or from a preserved population (paleoendemism). That the New Zealand parasites of Diplodactylini were used to define the Geckobia group 2 (Jack, 1964) is consistent with the history of the host. However, setation on genu IV shows the limit of the Jack s classification founded solely on leg chaetotaxy: the closest species are defined as belonging to the first group only because they have kept plesiotypic pattern of genu, and ancestral coxal chaetotaxy. These plesiomorphies (no loss of setae) did not acknowledge us on the origin. Because of the number of setae, chaetotaxy of first Jack s group could be primitive ( )( )( )( ); so other groups of species have lost one or more setae on femora and/or tibia essentially (only the third group is made with no typical Geckobia by the significant loss of one tibial seta on the first three pairs of leg: this character is shared by South African species). The species parasite on Bavaya spp. is primitive for this character (it lost few setae!) if compared to the species found on Naultinus sp. in New Zealand. Considering other characters, the supplementary seta on the fourth coxae, the shape and the median position of the dorsal tibial seta are shared by at least three of the parasitic mites of Diplodactylinae. We can suspect that the parasites of the Diplodactylinae followed two paths: one was followed by Naultina s parasites characterized by reduced number of setae, and the second followed by both New Caledonian and Australian ( lato sensu ) species. These species have conserved ancestral character. Macroevolutionnary events which can explain the distribution of the parasites are four (Charleston 1998): 1] COSPECIATION (Host and parasites speciates concurrently: i.e. on Gehyra oceanica complex: Bertrand & Ineich 1989), 2] DUPLICATION (Only the parasite lineage speciated and new parasites remain on the host: i.e.: Geckobia loricata Berlese, 1892 and G. latastei Mégnin, 1878 parasite of Tarentola mauritanica (Linnaeus, 1758), 3] LINEAGE SORTING (Even if host lineage speciated, and eventually become extinct, the parasites did not?) or 4] HOST SWITCHING (parasites lineage speciated, and at least one of the new taxa switched the new host?). It is obvious that on archipelagos the third and fourth categories are of great interest because the local endemic fauna depends on the colonizing process and on how hosts speciated. In Pacific islands, the endemic lizards were found with their adapted parasites, whereas the invading lizards brought their parasites from island to island (Bertrand & Ineich 1986). We observed yet the greatly modified (so, the best adapted?) species on the endemic lizards (Bertrand & Ineich 1987; 1989) whereas some more primitive species are more widely distributed (G. bataviensis Vitzthum 1926; G. keegani Lawrence, 1953) because of changes in the host s distribution notably due to human activities. New Caledonian fauna showed a double phenomenon: 1) The species belonging to the genus Bavaya share the same species of parasite and no newly switched parasite was found, (because of recent speciation?) 2) The Bavaya parasite is allied to Australian species (New South Wales, Queensland). The hypothesis that Diplodactylinae are parasitized by mites sharing same origin, but that the ectoparasites became highly specialized on Naultina whereas Neo Caledonian and Australian became not, cannot be excluded and must be tested by further studies. 2. Geckobia spp. from Mauritius Islands It is of great interest to consider that both invader and endemic have kept their respective parasites. None host switching and no duplication: the parasites are identical on the different species or subspecies of host. So co speciation is limited, but we cannot assess (by lack of data) that similarities with continental species (parasites on African and Mauritian Phelsuma) are convergences or inherited from a shared origin. This latter hypothesis is consistent with the hypothesis that winds, oceanic currents carried founder animal and plants from Africa, Madagascar and Australasia (Cole, 2005). No cross infection was found (Table1). However, presence of H. frenatus increased susceptibility to infestation by Geckobia n.sp. (Table 2, Table 3 & Figure 3): infestation by Pterygosomid mites is known to reduce lizard fitness lesions, anaemia and transmission of debiliting blood parasites (Cole 2005; Hanley et al 1995). Montpellier July

6 Table 1. Prevalence and mean infestation per island (Mauritius Islands) (H.f & P.o.= H. frenatus & P. ornata) (421 sampled lizards) (Cole, 2005). Flat Island Iles aux Aigrettes Iles aux Fouquets Iles de la Passe Gunners Quoin Round island MALES H. f P.o. H. f. P.o. H. f. H. f. P.o. P.o. G. bataviensis G. n.sp FEMALES H. f P.o. H. f. P.o. H. f. H. f.. P.o. P.o. G. bataviensis G. n.sp Table 2. Number of Geckos screened for parasites (Mauritius Islands) (N. Cole 2005) Island Host species Host sex nb individuals screened for Ectoparasites Helminths Coccidia Flat Island H. frenatus Male Flat Island H. frenatus Female Flat Island P. ornata Male Flat Island P. ornata Female Ile aux Aigrettes H. frenatus Male Ile aux Aigrettes H. frenatus Female Ile aux Aigrettes P. ornata Male Ile aux Aigrettes P. ornata Female Ile aux Fouquets H. frenatus Male Ile aux Fouquets H. frenatus Female Ile de la Passe H. frenatus Male Ile de la Passe H. frenatus Female Gunners Quoin P. ornata Male Gunners Quoin P. ornata Female Round Island P. ornata Male Round Island P. ornata Female Total H. frenatus screened Total P. ornata screened Montpellier July

7 Table 3. Prevalence of G. bataviensis in male H.f. and of G. n.sp. in male and female P. ornata. For comparisons between allopatric (Ile aux Fouquets, Ile de la Passe) ) and sympatric populations (Flat Island, Iles aux Aigrettes): (significance: a,b,c) (Cole, 2005). Islands Male H. frenatus (G. bataviensis) Male P. ornate (G. n.sp.) Female P. ornata (G. sp. N.) Flat Island a a ab Iles aux Aigrettes b b a Iles aux Fouquets ab a b Ile de la Passe c a b 3), and "paleoendemic", (because the common characters are essantially primitive). 2) Parasites collected on Phelsuma spp. have common characters with African or Madagascan parasites, notwithstanding a necessary re examination of these species. 3) On host species widely distributed (as H. frenatus), different parasites were described. The hypothesis was made that the invading species captured the local and until now undescribed parasites: Data from Mauritius or New Caledonia did not agree with this hypothesis. However, host switching is possible: Bertrand & Pedroño (2000) described a new Madagascan species thought to be captured in natura by a re introduced tortoise: this species (G. enigmatica Bertrand & Pedroño 2000) was described as opportunistic, with unknown host. It is obvious that, paleo or neoendemic geckoes, because they are too different, are partly protected from parasites brought by invasive hosts; if endemic is endangered and becomes extinct, the invasive host could be protected because endemic parasites are too adapted because of the parallel evolution with the host and the necessary constraints of coevolution in insular envionment. Figure 3. Prevalence of G. bataviensis in male H.f. and of G. n.sp. in male and female P. ornata. For comparisons between allopatric (Ile aux Fouquets, Ile de la Passe) ) and sympatric populations (Flat Island, Iles aux Aigrettes)(From Cole 2005, modified). 3. Synthesis and perspectives We can consider the isolation is the rule: Significant co speciation was observed and instances of host switching were rare. The prevalence of intra host speciation events was high relative to other such studies and may relate to the large geographical distances over which hosts are spread (i.e. copepods in marine environment: Paterson & Poulin 1999). We can interrogate on the systematic of scale mites: if the genera were defined on several characters notably the leg chaetotaxy, limited variations of characters forbid to define sub levels or to divide the present genera: "natural groups" can be defined by combined analyses of morphology, legs chetotaxy and hosts. More acknowledgements will be given by compared host and parasite phylogenies. A molecular approach will be of great interest. According to our present knowledge, 1) "Australian" are the species of the Jack s Group 2 revisited= parasites of Diplodactylini (Annexe, key References Bauer A.M., JPG Jones & RA. Sadler A new high elevation Bavaya (Reptilia: Squamata: Diplodactylidae) from Northeastern New Caledonia. Pacific Science 54, 1: Bertrand M. & M. Pedroño Euryxénie et sténoxénie du genre Geckobia Mégnin 1878 (Acatinedida : Pterygosomatidae) : récolte de G. enigmatica; sur une tortue terrestre malgache (Geochelone yniphora). Acarologia, 40: Bertrand M. & Y. Ineich Sur deux nouvelles espèces de Pterygosomatidae ectoparasites de Gekkonidae. Relations entre la distribution de l hôte et du parasite. Acarologia, 27 : Bertrand M. & Y. Ineich Contribution à la connaissance des Pterygosomatidae du Pacifique Sud. Acarologia, 28 : Bertrand M. & Y. Ineich Pterygosomatidae du genre Geckobia Mégnin 1878 ectoparasites du gecko Gehyra oceanica (Lesson, 1826) en Polynésie française. Acarologia, 30 : Bertrand M Morphologic adaptations to parasitism on reptiles: Pterygosomatidae (Actinedida: Raphignathina). In Acarid Phylogeny and Evolution. Adaptations in mites and ticks. Eds. F. Bernini, R. Nanelli, G. Nuzzacci & E. de Lillo; Kluwer Academic Publisher, NL. Bertrand M. & D. Modry The role of mite pocketlike structures on Agama caudospinosa (Agamidae) infested by Pterygosoma livingstonei n. sp. (Acari: Prostigmata: Pterygosomatidae). Folia Parasitologica, 51: Montpellier July

8 Bochkov A.V.& S.V. Mironov Two new species of the genus Geckobia (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from geckons (Lacertilia: Gekkonomorpha) with a brief review of host parasite associations of the genus Russian Journal of Herpetology 7,1: Chambers G.K., W.M. Boon, T.R. Buckley & R.A. Hitchmough Using molecular methods to understand the Gondwanan affinities of the New Zealand biota: three case studies. Australian Journal of Botany, 48: Charleston M.A Jungles: a new solution to the host/parasite phylogeny reconciliation problem. Mathematical Biosciences, 149: Cole N. C The ecological impact of the invasive house geck Hemidactylus frenatus upon endemic Mauritian geckos. 208p. Dabert J The feather family Syringobiidae Trouessart, 1896 (Acari, Astigmata, Pterolichidae). II Phylogeny and host parasite evolutionary relationships. Acta Parasitologica, 48 (suppl.): Domrow R Acari from Operation Drake in New Guinea. 1. Pterygosomatidae. Acarologia, 24: Haitlinger R Species of Geckobia Megnin, 1878 (Acari, Prostigmata, Pterygosomidae) from Madagascar and Vietnam Wiadomsci Parazytoloczne 34: Han D., K.Zhou & A.M. Bauer Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from C mos nuclear DNA sequences ansd a new classification of the Gekkota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83: Hanley, K.A., Vollmer, D.M., & Case, T.J The distribution and prevalence of helminths, coccidia and blood parasites in two competing species of gecko: implications for apparent competition. Oecologia, 102, Hirst A.S On some new mites of the suborder Prostigmata living on lizards. Annals Magyar Natural History, 8: Hirst A.S On the parasitic mites of the suborder Prostigmata (Trombidoidea) living on lizards. Journal Linnean Society London, 36: Hoffmann A. & O. Sanchez Genéro y especie de un àcaro paràsito de lagartijas (Acarida: Pterygosomidae). Annales Escola Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas. 23: Jack K.M Leg chetotaxy with special reference to the Pterygosomidae (Acarina). Annals. Natal Museum Jesus J., A.Brehem & J. Harris Phylogenetic relationships of Hemidactylus geckos from the Gulf of Guinea islands: patterns of natural colonizations and anthropogenic introductions estimated from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34: King M. & G Mengden Chromosomal Evolution in the Diplodactylinae (Gekkonidae, Reptilia).2. Chromosomal variability between New Caledonian species. Australian Journal of Zoology, 38(2) Kluge A.G. 1987; Cladistic relationships of the Gekkonoidea (Squamata: Sauria). Miscellaneous publication Museum, Zoology, University of Michigan, 173: Martinez Rivera C.C., A.G. Negron, M. Bertrand & J. Acosta, Hemidactylus mabouia (Sauria: Gekkonidae) Host of Geckobia hemidactyli (Actinedida: Pterygosomatidae) throughout the Caribbean and South America. Caribbean J. Sci; 39, 3: Paterson A.M. & Poulin R Have chondracanthid copepods co speciated with their teleost hosts? Systematic Parasitology 44: Womersley H New species of Geckobia (Acarina: Pterygosomidae) from Australia and New Zealand; Transactions of the Royal Society, Australia., 65: Annexe Keys for Geckobia groups and Diplodactylini parasites Key 1: Pterygosomatidae: Key to genera 1. Leg I with at least 3 femoral setae, body usually longer than wide or rounded Three or less femoral setae, body often densely covered by setae, at least dorsally, rounded in shape or as wide as long or wider than long With soft teguments, Skin leathery, large species, 5 genu setae legs I to 4, 3 femoral setae on the legs I to IV, Austral Africa... Ixodiderma Lawrence. 12. Body wider than long, small sized, only 2 to 4 genu setae leg I, Austral African species Scaphothrix Lawrence. Montpellier July

9 121. With few long dorsal setae, on Iguanidae pairs of very long dorsal setae on dorsal setae base plates, often on Arthropods, movable digit of chelicerae not hook like...pimeliaphilus Tragardh*** 121. With numerous dorsal setae, movable digit hook like, America...Geckobiella Hirst Dorsal setae shorter, distinctly placed in rows with or without median plates, inverse pear shaped scutum with contiguous ocular plates... Cyclurobia* De La Cruz , 14 or 15pairs of dorsal setae, on Reptiles...Hirstiella Berlese** 2. Dorsal scutum absent, eyes lacking, few setae on ventral side, no spurs on coxae, no lateral setae on tibia II, III and IV: Body usually wider than long : typically hosted by Agamidae,... Pterygosoma Peters setae on genu leg I... subgenus Gerrhosaurobia 221. less than 4 setae leg I... sub genus Pterygosoma 22. Round in shape, with numerous dorsal setae, on South African Lizards...Zonurobia Lawrence 2. Dorsal scutum present, entire or divided, eyes usually present, usually 5 setae on tibia (leg I to IV) or only Glabrous genu leg II III; dense ventral setae (sometimes scale like), stout setae at least on coxal plates; Typically ex Gekkonids...Geckobia Mégnin 3. Genu leg III with setae, palpal tibial with tuft filamentous seta; ex Xantusiidae (Mexico y Central America)......Tequisistlana Hoffmann & Sanchez*** * Poorly know genus described ex Cyclura, West Indies, Cuba. ** H. dioilii Baker 1998 collected in Australia and in England and H. stamii Jack 1961 both collected on captived iguana could be considered as Cyclura diolii (Baker, 1998) and C. stamii (Jack 1961) on the basis of generic diagnosis by De la Cruz (1984), *** Mysterious genus, rarely found, both collected on Arthropods and lizards. *** According Hoffmann & Sanchez (1980), Hirstiella otophylla Hunter & Loomis, 1966 hosted by the genus Coleonyx, may be considered as T. otophylla (Hunter & Loomis, 1966). Key 2: Geckobia: Key of the group of species (based on Jack 1964) 1 Five tibial setae on PI, PII, PIII, PIV only four tibial setae at PI, PII & PIII...Jack s group 3: South African species 2 no well visible dorsal genu seta on PI and PV* one seta on genu I and IV, or only on PI no seta on trochanter IV... keegani 3 one seta on trochanters I to IV, no seta on genu I and IV...bataviensis (=gleadovania)? 4 two setae on femur I... oedurae 5 three setae on femur I two setae on femur I one seta on femur III two setae on femur IV no seta genu I...diversipilis 7 no seta genu IV...indica (and Asian species) New group 4 7 one seta genu I and IV, two or three (G. boulangeri) femoral setae PII IV, coxae IV often with two three setae....jack s group1(primitive leg chaetotaxy)** 8 only one seta femur II & III, one seta genu I and IV... australis 8 one or no seta genu I, one or no seta genu IV, two or three setae on coxa IV: newly defined group2: Montpellier July

10 Australian group species*** (including diplodactylinae parasites) 8 two setae femur II IV... simplex *some species exhibit a vestigial seta reduce in size and hardly visible though they were counted as species with atrichose genu by Jack (1964) i.e. keegani or bataviensis (observation made by author (M.B.) on Mauritian material and verified by Ricardo Paredes on Mexican material (oral comm.) ** including G. boulangeri with 3 setae femora I and II. *** including new species on Bavaya, and G. gymnodactyli, G. manzanelli. Key 3: key to Species (Geckobia ssp. found on Diplodactylinae) 1 Coxal setae, Coxal setae , large posterior coxal setae Scutum large, eyes bore by the scutum Scutum not well visible, lateral eyes...the new species on Bavaya 3 Eyes contiguous to the external line, ciliate associated seta...g. gymnodactyli 3 Eyes as above with associated seta elongated...g. manzanelli 4 Scutum with few club shape setae (ca 10)... clelandi 4 Scutum with more simple setae Scutum not divided posteriorly...g. haplodactyli 5 Scutum short and wide, with convex posterior end...g. naultina On Diplodactylinae, G. clelandi, gymnodactyli, haplodactyli, manzanelli, naultina and the new species have been collected. G. clelandii and manzanelli (the 1rst Jack s group), on Phyllurus ssp., G. gymnodactyli on Saltuarius, G. haplodactyli on H. duvaucelli, G. naultina on Naultinus sp. and the New Caledonian species on Bavaya spp. Montpellier July