Cover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation

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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Yirga Abay, Gidey Title: Ecology and conservation of spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777) in human- dominated landscapes in northern Ethiopia Issue Date:

2 Ecology and conservation of spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777) in human- dominated landscapes in northern Ethiopia

3 2013, Gidey Yirga, Leiden University Cover photos: Gidey Yirga, Hans de Iongh Photos: Gidey Yirga, Hans de Iongh Lay out: Sjoukje Rienks, Amsterdam Language corrections: Selses Roche ISBN

4 Faculteit Wetenschappen Departement Biologie Ecology and Conservation of Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777) in Human-dominated Landscapes in Northern Ethiopia Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen: biologie aan de Universiteit Antwerpen en de Universiteit Leiden te verdedigen door Gidey Yirga Abay

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6 Ecology and Conservation of Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777) in Human-dominated Landscapes in Northern Ethiopia proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties ter verdedigen op donderdag 5 december 2013 klokke uur door Gidey Yirga Abay Geboren te Asgede-Tsimbla, Ethiopia in 1983

7 promotie commissie Promotores: Co-promotor: Prof. dr. H. Leirs (Universiteit Antwerpen) Prof. dr. G.R. de Snoo (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. ir. H.H. de Iongh (Universiteit Leiden) Overige leden: Prof. dr. E. Matthysen (Universiteit Antwerpen) Prof. dr. C. Sillero ( Universiteit Oxford) Prof. dr. H.A. Udo de Haes (Universiteit Leiden)

8 Table of Contents Part I Background 1 General Introduction Carnivore conservation Ecology of hyena Distribution and status Feeding habits Sex and social organization Hyena-human interrelation Research aims Study area Ethiopia Tigray regional state Enderta district Wukro district Outline of the thesis 24 References 25 Part II Ecology of Hyena 2 Peri-Urban Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in Northern Ethiopia: Diet, Economic Impact, and Abundance 35 Abstract introduction Study area Methods Scat analysis Assessment of abundance Semi-structured interviews 39

9 2.4 Results Scat analysis Semi-structured interviews Abundance assessment Discussion 43 Acknowledgements 44 References 45 3 Diet Change of Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) during Christian Fasting Period in northern Ethiopia Introduction Study area Methods Results Discussion 52 Acknowledgements 55 References 55 4 Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) Coexisting at High Density with People in Wukro District Northern Ethiopia 59 Abstract Introduction Study area Methods Abundance assessment Semi-structured interview Scat analysis Results Hyena density and abundance Livestock losses Diet of hyena Discussion Hyena abundance Livestock losses Conclusion 69 Acknowledgements 69 References 69

10 5 Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) Concentrate around Urban Garbage Dumps in Northern Ethiopia 75 Abstract Introduction Study area Methods Results Discussion 78 Acknowledgements 79 References 79 6 Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) Depend on Anthropogenic Food across Ethiopia 83 Abstract Introduction Study area Methods Semi-structured interviews Scat analysis Results Prey preference Depredation of domestic animals Discussion 90 Acknowledgments 93 References 93 7 The Ecology of Large Carnivores in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia 99 Abstract Introduction Study area Methodology Results Depredation of livestock Prey preference among livestock Time and location of depredation incidents Economic valuation of loss 107

11 7.5 Discussion Depredation of livestock Prey preference among livestock species Time and location of depredation incidents Economic valuation of loss Conclusion and recommendations 111 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 Part III Syntheses and General Discussion 8 Synthesis and General Discussion Hyena diet Hyena-human coexistence Livestock depredation in time and space Conclusions Recommendation for management of waste dumps 128 References 128 Summary 137 Samenvatting 141 Curriculum vitae 145 Research needs 147