Estimation of maintenance energy requirements in German shepherd and Labrador retriever dogs in Bangalore, India
|
|
- Augustine Small
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Received: 21 July 2016 Accepted: 10 February 2017 DOI: /jpn ORIGINAL ARTICLE Estimation of maintenance energy requirements in German shepherd and Labrador retriever dogs in Bangalore, India H. S. Madhusudhan 1 K. Chandrapal Singh 1 U. Krishnamoorthy 1 K. G. Umesh 2 R. Butterwick 3 D. Wrigglesworth 3 1 Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Bangalore, India 2 Mars India International, Hyderabad, India 3 WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, UK Correspondence Dr. H. S. Madhusudhan, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hassan, Karnataka, India. hsmsgowda@gmail.com Funding information WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, England Summary Maintenance energy requirements (MERs) were calculated for 17 German shepherd and 20 Labrador retriever adult dogs using an in- home prospective dietary trial. The dogs were fed the same dry pet food and body weight, food intake, body condition score and physical activity were monitored for 10 weeks. Labrador retrievers were significantly heavier and had higher body condition scores than German shepherd dogs, but there was no difference between males and females within each group. Body weights remained stable over the study period, with an average daily gain of 9.1 g. Mean (SD) MER was (16.3) kcal/kg BW 0.75, which was some 20% lower than that currently suggested for moderately active young adult dogs. Individual MER ranged from 66.8 to 141 kcal/kg BW There were no significant differences in MER between the two breeds, or between males and females within and between the two breeds. There was a significant inverse relationship between MER and body condition score, reflecting the lower energy expenditure of adipose tissue. The lower MER of dogs in this study, relative to previous observations, may reflect climatic and environmental differences and highlight the necessity for accurate estimates of MER in relation to the production and feeding of pet foods. KEYWORDS maintenance energy requirement, Labrador retriever, German shepherd 1 INTRODUCTION The issue of canine energy requirements has occupied physiologists and nutritionists for well over 100 years, ever since Rubner published the first predictive equations for the metabolisable energy (ME) content of foods for dogs in 1901 (Rubner, 1901). Understanding energy intakes is important since it provides the foundation for the formulation of nutritionally complete and balanced pet foods, as well as the calculation of feeding guides. Metabolisable energy defines the amount of food energy that is available for utilisation by the body following digestion and absorption, plus losses in urine and faeces, and equates to energy expenditure. It is the value used to calculate and express energy requirements for growth, maintenance of adult body weight, physical activity, gestation and lactation in dogs as well as cats. Estimation of canine ME requirements is complicated by the great diversity in size, shape and body weight, which may range from 1 to 90 kgs or more, between dog breeds. Studies in animals varying in size from mice to elephants have shown that energy requirements are not related directly to body weight, but are more closely related to body weight raised to some power (i.e., BW x, also referred to as metabolic body weight; Brody, Proctor, & Ashworth, 1934). There has been considerable debate as to which power value best describes the relationship between body mass and energy requirement in dogs. Figures of between 0.64 and 0.88 have been proposed (Burger & Johnson, 1991), with current consensus being that 0.75 is the most appropriate estimate (National Research Council (NRC), 2006). Mean estimates of maintenance energy requirements (MERs) for adult dogs, which reflect an individual s utilisation of energy for thermoregulation, metabolic processes and spontaneous activity, have e Blackwell Verlag GmbH wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jpn J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2018;102:e106 e110.
2 MADHUSUDHAN et al. e107 ranged from 94 to 183 kcal/kg BW 0.75 (Patil & Bisby, 2001). Factors that influence MER, and thereby account for this variation, include breed, gender, age, lean body mass, activity and environmental temperature. As a guide, the NRC s Ad Hoc Committee on Dog and Cat Nutrition currently suggests a MER of 130 kcal/kg BW 0.75 for moderately active pet dogs (NRC, 2006). Several methods have been employed to calculate MERs in dogs, including direct and indirect calorimetry, double- labelled water and other stable isotope washout techniques, as well as digestibility studies and feeding trials where ME intake is calculated from a diet history or weighed record (Hill, 2006). None of these methods are universally ideal. Calorimetry and isotope washout studies are accurate but are expensive in terms of equipment and analytical costs, thus restricting their use to laboratory or experimental situations. Feeding trials arguably provide the best means of assessing energy requirements of free- living pets, but rely upon accuracy in recording food intakes and determining the ME content of the foods consumed, which has limited their contribution to assessing canine MER. The present study was designed to determine the MER of freeliving adult pet German shepherd and Labrador retriever dogs using a prospective in- home feeding trial and was conducted in the Indian city of Bangalore. The study design also allowed for the assessment of how MER was influenced by breed, gender, body condition score and activity level. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were recruited from clients of a private veterinary practice in Bangalore. A total of 46 healthy adult dogs, aged months, were entered into the study; these comprised 22 German Shepherds and 24 Labrador retrievers. The majority of animals were sexually intact, the exceptions being one neutered German shepherd bitch, one castrated Labrador retriever dog and two neutered Labrador retriever bitches. All of the animals lived in single dog households. Dogs were excluded from the study if they became pregnant or the owners failed to comply with the trial protocol. TABLE 1 Nutrient composition a of the diet Nutrient Organic matter 94.3 Crude protein 23.5 Ether extract 8.2 Crude fibre 4.4 Total Ash 5.7 Gross energy (kcal/100 g) 451 Metabolisable energy (kcal/100 g) b 371 Percentage a On percent dry matter basis. The dry matter content of the diet as fed was 97.2%. b Calculated in separate digestibility feeding trials, following the equation of the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO, 2010). The feeding trial was conducted in Bangalore city (India), which is situated at 13 north latitude and east longitude, at 899 m above m.s.l. The trial was conducted in two phases during the period between July and October. During this period, daily atmospheric temperature ranged from 20.7 C to 26.1 C, mean (SD) daily relative humidity was 73.6% (4.0), and mean (SD) monthly rainfall was 1.6 mm (0.6). The first phase was a baseline period of days in which the dogs were introduced to the trial diet (Table 1, a commercial dry pet food Pedigree (Mars International India Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India) Adult Maintenance), and the feeding of snacks, treats and other foods discontinued. This was followed by the second experimental period of 10 weeks when the trial diet was fed solus and data collected. Initial daily food allowances were calculated to provide adequate or slightly in excess of ME requirements according to NRC (2006) guidelines. Owners were provided with a measuring cup and the daily ration offered in two to six meals. Any food left over the next day was sealed in polythene bags, and collected and weighed by the study investigators. But, there was no difference observed between breeds regarding food left over. Compliance with feeding procedures was assessed during visits by the investigators to each home every 3 4 days. Every day, the dog s daily activity was assessed based on a composite measure from owner s estimates of the time that the dog spent walking, playing, resting and sleeping each day. Body weight and body condition score were recorded at the practice by the same veterinarian every 2 weeks, following the 7- point WALTHAM S.H.A.P.E Guide for Dogs (German et al., 2006). Assessments of general health, coat condition and any ailments were also made at these times. Daily ME intakes were calculated from the owners feeding records. Where dogs had gained or lost the body weight during the trial phase, the ME contribution to the body weight change was calculated assuming a value of 7.92 kcal per gram of change in body weight (Laflamme & Kuhlman, 1995). This was then subtracted from the average daily ME intake to determine the ME intake for maintenance, which was expressed per kg BW 0.75 (Table 3). MER (KCal/Kg BW 0.75 ) e German shepherd Labrador retriever Neutered FIGURE 1 Correlation between maintenance energy requirements (MERs) and body condition score in 37 dogs. (R square =.249, p < 0.05)
3 e108 MADHUSUDHAN et al. TABLE 2 Age (months, mean) Initial, final & mean body weight (kg, Mean ± SE), average daily gain in bodyweight (ADG, g), mean body condition score of dogs and activity (minutes per day, walking + playing) Breed Sex Mean age Initial BW Final BW Mean ADG BCS Activity German Shepherd Male ± ± ± ± ± ± 17 Female* ± ± ± ± ± ± 45 Mean ± 1.1 a 28.4 ± 1.1 a 27.9 ± 1.1 a 11.8 ± ± 0.1 a 118 ± 27 Labrador retriever Male* ± ± ± ± ± ± 11 Female ± ± ± ± ± ± 15 Mean ± 1.0 b 33.8 ± 1.0 b 33.6 ± 1 b 6.8 ± ± 0.1 b 99 ± 9 Overall mean ± ± ± ± ± ± 12 Values in a column bearing a different superscript letter differ (p <.05). *Includes one neutered animal. Includes two neutered animals. Relationships between variables were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients, and multivariate models tested using general linear model methodology. Differences between breeds and gender within and between breeds were analysed by analysis of variance. The level of statistical significant was taken as p < 0.05, unless stated otherwise. 3 RESULTS Data from nine dogs were excluded from analysis because four dogs became pregnant during the study and the owners of five dogs failed to comply with the study protocol. Relatively stable body weight was achieved in the remaining 37 dogs (17 German shepherd and 20 Labrador retriever), with a mean gain over the 10- week period of just kg (range 2 kg loss to 3.5 kg gain). Mean daily times engaged walking or playing ranged from 45 to 371 min/day, and any weight change was unrelated to activity level. The Labrador retrievers were significantly heavier and had higher body condition scores, than their German shepherd counterparts (Table 2). There was no difference in body weight or body condition score between males and females within the breed, but there was a statistical difference in initial, final and average body weight between the breeds. Body weight gain was similar in both breeds, and there was no difference between males and females. Although there were no significant differences in activity levels between the two breeds, or between the two sexes within each breed, male German shepherds were significantly more active than the male Labrador retrievers. Mean (SD) MER was calculated to be (±16.3) kcal/kg BW 0.75, with a range of kcal/kg BW There were no significant differences in MER between the two breeds, between male and females within each breed, or between male and females of the two breeds (Table 3). MERs were negatively correlated with average Body Condition Score (BCS) (p < 0.05) (Figure 1). Multivariate analysis, including breed, gender, initial body weight, body condition score and activity level, indicated that none of these factors was an independent predictor of MER. 4 DISCUSSION This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of MER in freeliving domestic dogs on the Indian subcontinent. The results bear testament to the contribution that prospective feeding trials can make to understand canine energy requirements and highlights important variations in MER among young adult (1 5 years of age) moderately active pet dogs. The average MER calculated in the present study (103.4 kcal/kg BW 0.75 ) is somewhat lower than that suggested by the NRC for moderately active young adult dogs (130 kcal/kg BW 0.75 ; NRC, 2006), which is supported by data from young (<6 years old) laboratory dogs of various breeds (Taylor, Adams, & Neville, 1995), young- to middleaged (1 7 years old) laboratory Huskies (Finke, 1991), and mediumsized pet dogs living in multiple dog households (Patil & Bisby, 2001). The observed value of kcal/kg BW 0.75 is in fact comparable with mean values reported for older Labradors of 7 years of age upwards (Finke, 1991; Rainbird & Kienzle, 1990). Comparison with these studies suggests that the lower calculated MER in the present study is not readily explained by disparity in breed or age of dogs. This leaves the possibilities that differences in methodology, gender, lean body mass or activity of the dogs, or environmental temperature may be responsible. Using long- term feeding studies in which ME intakes were estimated from measurement of digestible energy intake, Finke (1991) found the average MER of six Labrador retrievers aged over 8.6 years to be 101 kcal/kg BW 0.75 and a value of 104 kcal/kg BW 0.75 was reported in 14 Labradors of greater than 7 years of age using similar methodology by Rainbird and Kienzle (1990). Data indicating that MERs are greater for younger dogs, similar to the age of the dogs in the present study, have been acquired from both digestibility (mean 132 kcal/kg BW 0.75 ; Finke, 1991) and calorimetry (mean 129 kcal/kg BW 0.75 ; Taylor et al., 1995) studies. Unfortunately, since no other MER data have been published from in- home feeding studies, the extent to which this technique might underestimate MER cannot be fully gauged. The reliability of prospective in- home feeding studies is entirely dependent upon rigorous compliance on the part of the dog owner
4 MADHUSUDHAN et al. e109 TABLE 3 Daily food intake (g, dry matter basis), metabolisable energy (ME) intake, ME for daily gain in body weight, ME for maintenance and ME per kg BW 0.75 of dogs Total ME intake ME for a daily gain ME for maintenance ME per kg BW 0.75b Breed Sex Total food intake kcal German shepherd Male ± ± ± ± ± 5.3 Female ± ± ± ± ± 8.2 Mean ± ± ± ± ± 4.9* Labrador retriever Male ± ± ± ± ± 3.6 Female ± ± ± ± ± 4.3 Mean ± ± ± ± ± 2.7* Overall mean ± ± ± ± ± 2.7* Differences in the mean values between male and female within a breed and between the breeds for all parameters are non- significant (p >.05). a Assuming 7.92 kcal of energy is required per g gain in body weight. b All the values are significantly different from the NRC (2006) recommendation of 130 kcal/kg BW *Values significantly different from (p <.05). and his or her family, as well as frequent monitoring by the trial originators. Great care was taken in this study to ensure that dogs did not receive treats or obtain access to other foods, since this could have resulted in underestimation of MER from measurement of the trial food consumed. One other potential source of error is in determining the ME density of the food (Hill, 2006). This was not a concern in the present study because the ME content of the trial food was directly measured in digestibility trials and not predicted from its nutrient profile. With regard to the physiological determinants of MER, it is widely assumed that variations associated with breed, gender, age and activity are largely due to interaction between these factors and their influence of these factors on lean body mass (NRC, 2006). For instance, declining MER with age may well reflect reduced activity and subsequent loss of lean body mass. Differences in body composition may also explain why breeds of similar size, such as Great Danes and Newfoundlands, can differ greatly in their MER (Kienzle and Rainbird, 1991). Adipose tissue is metabolically much less active than lean body mass, and weight gain in dogs is associated with declining MER on a per kg BW 0.75 basis; increasing the body fat content of beagles from 25% to 38% was associated with a decline in energy expenditure from 130 to 107 kcal/kg BW 0.75 (Pouteau et al., 2000). There was a significant correlation between MER and body condition score in the present study, such that MER declined with increasing adiposity. The average body condition score for the German shepherds and Labrador retrievers were 3.9 and 4.3, respectively, on a scale where 4 represents an ideal body condition with a normal amount of body fat and 5 represents mildly overweight with a small excess of body fat. Given that none of the dogs had mean body condition scores of greater than 5, it is observed that the lower MERs in the present study were related to moderate or severe obesity. The higher BCS in Labrador retriever might have resulted in a feed allowance being higher than actual MER. The dogs in the present study were reasonably active, with mean daily physical activity totalling between 45 min and over 6 hr, and so the relatively low MER cannot be simply explained by very sedentary lifestyles. The two groups of dogs were also well balanced with respect to males and females, making it unlikely that a predominance of one or another gender may have unduly influenced the MER calculations. There remains the possibility that it is environmental and climatic factors that largely explain why the MER of these dogs are lower than those in other studies. Differences in housing between pet and laboratory animals may be important in determining energy expenditure and hence MER. The climate in the region where this study was performed could also be significant since annual mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 39 C and 8 C, respectively, with humidity ranging between 57% and 91%. These conditions contrast with those of northern Europe and north- west United States where much of the previous work on canine MER has been undertaken. While this study indicated that, for young adult pet dogs on the Indian subcontinent, mean MER are some 20% lower than standard recommendations (NRC, 2006), it should also be borne in mind that there was substantial variation around this mean with individual values ranging from 66.8 to 141 kcal/kg BW Such interindividual variation is not unique to this study, with others reporting SD typically equivalent to 10% of the mean value with ranges of between 4% and 42% cited (NRC, 2006). Substantial over- or underestimations of energy requirements can result in under- or overfeeding with consequent loss of body weight or risk of obesity. This study has highlighted the fact there can be substantial variation between individuals, as well as between geographic regions, that should to be considered in the formulation of pet foods and their feeding guides. REFERENCES AAFCO (2010). Official Publication. The Association of American Feed Control Officials. Illinois. Retrieved from PublicationListing
5 e110 MADHUSUDHAN et al. Brody, S., Proctor, R. C., & Ashworth, U. S. (1934). Growth and Development with Special Reference to Domestic Animals. XXXIV. Basal Metabolism, Endogenous Nitrogen, Creatinine and Neutral Sulphur Excretions as Functions of Bodyweight. Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No Columbia: University of Missouri. Burger, I. H., & Johnson, J. V. (1991). Dogs large and small: The allometry of energy requirements within a single species. Journal of Nutrition., 121, S18 S21. Finke, M. D. (1991). Evaluation of energy requirements of adult kennel dogs. Journal of Nutrition., 121, S22 S28. German, A. J., Holden, S. L., Moxham, G. L., Holmes, K. L., Hackett, R. M., & Rawlings, J. M. (2006). A simple, reliable tool for owners to assess the body condition of their dog or cat. Journal of Nutrition., 136, Hill, R. C. (2006). Challenges in measuring energy expenditure in companion animals: A clinician s perspective. Journal of Nutrition., 136, 1967S 1972S. Kienzle, E., & Rainbird, A. (1991). Maintenance energy requirement of dogs: what is the correct value for the calculation of metabolic body weight in dogs?. Journal of Nutrition, 121(11S), S39 S40. Laflamme, D. P., & Kuhlman, G. (1995). Effect of weight loss regimen on subsequent weight maintenance in dogs. Nutrition Research, 15(7), National Research Council (NRC) (2006). Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press. Patil, A. R., & Bisby, T. M. (2001). Comparison of maintenance energy requirement of client-owned dogs and kennelled dogs. St Louis, MO: Purina Nutrition Forum. Pouteau, E., Mariot, S., Martin, L., Dumon, H., Robins, R., Darmaun, D., Ngyuen, P. (2000). Effect of weight variation (fattening and slimming) on energy expenditure in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 14, 390. Rainbird, A., & Kienzle, E. (1990). Untersuchungen zum Energiebedarf des Hundes in Abhaengigkeit von Rassezugehoerigkeit und Alter [Investigations on energy requirement of dogs in relation to breed and age]. Kleintierpraxis, 35, Rubner, M. (1901). Der Energiewert der Kost der Menschen [The energy value of human food]. Zeitschrift fur Biologie, 42, Taylor, E. J., Adams, C., & Neville, R. (1995). Some nutritional aspects of ageing in dogs and cats. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 54, How to cite this article: Madhusudhan HS, Chandrapal Singh K, Krishnamoorthy U, Umesh KG, Butterwick R, Wrigglesworth D. Estimation of maintenance energy requirements in German shepherd and Labrador retriever dogs in Bangalore, India. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2018;102:e106 e110.
MANAGING NUTRITION AND ACTIVITY IN NEUTERED COMPANION ANIMALS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk MANAGING NUTRITION AND ACTIVITY IN NEUTERED COMPANION ANIMALS Author : TIM WATSON Categories : Vets Date : August 19, 2013
More informationJNS JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ARTICLE
JNS JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ARTICLE A new model for evaluating maintenance energy requirements in dogs: allometric equation from 319 pet dogs Guilhem Divol 1 and Nathalie Priymenko 2 *
More informationDr. Jerry Shurson 1 and Dr. Brian Kerr 2 University of Minnesota, St. Paul 1 and USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 2
Dr. Jerry Shurson 1 and Dr. Brian Kerr 2 University of Minnesota, St. Paul 1 and USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 2 Oil extraction in the ethanol industry: ~50% of plants are currently extracting oil ~75% will be extracting
More informationJOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE
JNS JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE WALTHAM SUPPLEMENT A moderate fat, low-energy dry expanded diet reduces gain in body condition score when fed as part of a post neutering weight-control regimen in growing
More informationFeeding Practices of Pet Dogs and Determination of an Allometric Feeding Equation
Veterinary Therapeutics Vol. 5, No. 1, Spring 2004 Feeding Practices of Pet Dogs and Determination of an Allometric Feeding Equation Gregory D. Sunvold, PhD a Sharon A. Norton, PhD a Daniel P. Carey, DVM
More informationDr. Jerry Shurson Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota
Dr. Jerry Shurson Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota Industry adoption ~ 60% of ethanol plants are currently extracting oil > 70% will be extracting oil by the end or 2012 Oil uses >
More informationExtra. Feed planning for ewes in late pregnancy and early lactation, during the housed period. Take a stepped approach to feed planning.
Bulletin Autumn 2013 Extra Feed planning for ewes in late pregnancy and early lactation, during the housed period Compiled by Kate Philips, ADAS Providing ewes with adequate energy and protein in the last
More informationUnderstanding your cat s WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
Understanding your cat s WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Why is weight management so important? What are the signs of weight gain? You might have been surprised when your veterinary surgeon told you that your cat is
More informationTOTAL MIXED RATIONS FOR FEEDING DAIRY HEIFERS FROM 3 TO 6 MONTHS OF AGE. H. Terui, J. L. Morrill, and J. J. Higgins 1
TOTAL MIXED RATIONS FOR FEEDING DAIRY HEIFERS FROM 3 TO 6 MONTHS OF AGE H. Terui, J. L. Morrill, and J. J. Higgins 1 Summary Total mixed rations (TMR) with different forage (F):concentrate (C) ratios were
More informationIMPLEMENTING A NUTRITIONAL CONSULTATION PROGRAM IN YOUR HOSPITAL
IMPLEMENTING A NUTRITIONAL CONSULTATION PROGRAM IN YOUR HOSPITAL Vicky L. Ograin, MBA, RVT, VTS (Nutrition) Academy of Veterinary Nutrition Technicians Introduction Proper nutritional management is one
More informationHOW MUCH SHOULD MY DOG EAT?
HOW MUCH SHOULD MY DOG EAT? WHAT S YOUR REAL CUP SIZE? By: Travis County Kennel Club Canine obesity is the most common nutritional problem seen in vet clinics in North America. It is estimated 30 percent
More informationFEEDING EWES BETTER FOR INCREASED PRODUCTION AND PROFIT. Dr. Dan Morrical Department of Animal Science Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
FEEDING EWES BETTER FOR INCREASED PRODUCTION AND PROFIT Dr. Dan Morrical Department of Animal Science Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Introduction Sheep nutrition and feeding is extremely critical to
More informationE. Alava, M. Hersom, J. Yelich 1
Effect of Adding Rumen Degradable Protein to a Dried Distillers Grain Supplement on Growth, Body Composition, Blood Metabolites, and Reproductive Performance in Yearling and Heifers E. Alava, M. Hersom,
More informationGrowth Performance and Mortality in Hybrid Converter Turkeys Reared at High Altitude Region
241 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 17 (No 2) 2011, 241-245 Agricultural Academy Growth performance and mortality in Hybrid Converter turkeys reared at high altitude region O. YILMAZ 1, H. DENK
More informationPAUL GRIGNON DUMOULIN
PAUL GRIGNON DUMOULIN Bodyweight management and its impact in layers TOKYO July 12-13th, 2016 Introduction Bodyweight is one of the most important parameters to track in farms : In rearing : check the
More informationEDUCATION AND PRODUCTION. Layer Performance of Four Strains of Leghorn Pullets Subjected to Various Rearing Programs
EDUCATION AND PRODUCTION Layer Performance of Four Strains of Leghorn Pullets Subjected to Various Rearing Programs S. LEESON, L. CASTON, and J. D. SUMMERS Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University
More informationResearch Article Body Condition Scores and Evaluation of Feeding Habits of Dogs and Cats at a Low Cost Veterinary Clinic and a General Practice
e Scientific World Journal Volume 2016, Article ID 1901679, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1901679 Research Article Body Condition Scores and Evaluation of Feeding Habits of Dogs and Cats at a
More informationBenefits of a veterinary small animal nutritionist in practice
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Benefits of a veterinary small animal nutritionist in practice Author : Marge Chandler, Cecilia Villaverde Haro, Lisa Weeth
More information2013 AVMA Veterinary Workforce Summit. Workforce Research Plan Details
2013 AVMA Veterinary Workforce Summit Workforce Research Plan Details If the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) says the profession is experiencing a 12.5 percent excess capacity in veterinary
More informationEffects of Dietary Modification on Laying Hens in High-Rise Houses: Part II Hen Production Performance
AS 5 ASL R2451 2009 Effects of Dietary Modification on Laying Hens in High-Rise Houses: Part II Hen Production Performance Stacey Roberts Iowa State University Hongwei Li Iowa State University Hongwei
More informationDOG & CAT CARE & NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND RESPECT DOG AND CAT FIRST
DOG & CAT CARE & NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND RESPECT DOG AND CAT FIRST Factors which determine palatability: SMELL 10 million Olfactory receptors (millions) Smell is dominant Factors which determine palatability:
More informationEvaluation of Reproduction and Blood Metabolites in Beef Heifers Fed Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles and Soybean Hulls During Late Gestation 1
Evaluation of Reproduction and Blood Metabolites in Beef Heifers Fed Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles and Soybean Hulls During Late Gestation 1 Chanda L. Engel 2, H. H. Trey Patterson 3, Ron Haigh
More informationFeeding dairy ewes. Sam Peterson Institute of veterinary, animal and biomedical sciences Massey University
Feeding dairy ewes Sam Peterson Institute of veterinary, animal and biomedical sciences Massey University 1 The literature on sheep nutrition is complicated by different National nutrition systems Foodstuffs
More informationSpot the Difference: Using the domestic cat as a model for the nutritional management of captive cheetahs. Katherine M. Bell
Spot the Difference: Using the domestic cat as a model for the nutritional management of captive cheetahs Katherine M. Bell Edited by Lucy A. Tucker and David G. Thomas Illustrated by Justine Woosnam and
More informationBody Condition Scoring Ewes
ASC-228 University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Cooperative Extension Service Body Condition Scoring Ewes Donald G. Ely and Debra K. Aaron, Animal and Food Sciences Introduction
More informationMANAGEMENT GUIDELINES PARENT STOCK
CLASSIC MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES PARENT STOCK FEMALE REARING PERIOD (0 24 WEEKS) KEY POINTS IN REARING: First week weight 150 g 100% individual grading between 3 4 weeks Bodyweight 600 g at 4 weeks Maintain
More informationSUPPORTED BY ROY AL CANIN TOP TIPS FOR MANAGING YOUR DOG S WEIGHT
SUPPORTED BY ROY AL CANIN FOR MANAGING YOUR DOG S WEIGHT 63% 1 of pet owners believe their pet is a healthy weight. But the reality couldn t be further from the truth, with over 65% of dogs 2 considered
More informationDiets for African Wild Dogs ( Lycaon pictus Priby l, L. and S. Crissey
Diets for African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus) Nutritional Management Guidelines, 1999 Linda Pribyl, MS, RD and Sue Crissey, Ph.D. Zoo Nutrition Services, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois Reviewed by
More informationFactors Affecting Breast Meat Yield in Turkeys
Management Article The premier supplier of turkey breeding stock worldwide CP01 Version 2 Factors Affecting Breast Meat Yield in Turkeys Aviagen Turkeys Ltd Introduction Breast meat, in the majority of
More informationGeneral Practice Service Willows Information Sheets. Cat nutrition
General Practice Service Willows Information Sheets Cat nutrition Cat nutrition What is special about cat nutrition? As a balanced diet plays a vital role in maintaining your cat s health and vitality,
More informationNutritional Evaluation of Yam Peel Meal for Pullet Chickens: 2. Effect of Feeding Varying Levels on Sexual Maturity and Laying Performance
IJAAAR 7 (1&2): 46-53, 2011 International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lautech, Ogbomoso, Ibadan Nigeria, 2011 46 Nutritional Evaluation of
More informationThe effects of ad libitum feeding of low- or highpalatable feed on the physical activity, bodyweight and feeding patterns of domestic cats.
The effects of ad libitum feeding of low- or highpalatable feed on the physical activity, bodyweight and feeding patterns of domestic cats. Author: Niels Durenkamp, BSc June 2015, Wageningen University
More informationThe complete guide to. Puppy Growth Charts. Puppy Growth Chart. Puppy Growth Chart. Dog s Name: Dog s Name: D.O.B. Dog s Name: Neuter Date:
The complete guide to s 9 8.-9kg 99. th Centile. th Centile. th Centile. th Centile. nd Centile. th Centile WPGC - What are the WALTHAM s? WALTHAM s are a user-friendly clinical tool designed for veterinary
More informationEliminate Pre-sterilization Litters by Spaying Before the First Estrus: Making the Case to your Veterinarian. Richard Speck, DVM
Eliminate Pre-sterilization Litters by Spaying Before the First Estrus: Making the Case to your Veterinarian. Richard Speck, DVM AVMA: The AVMA supports the concept of pediatric spay/neuter in dogs and
More informationLocal Grains and Free-Choice Feeding of Organic Layer Hens on Pasture at UBC Farm Introduction
Local Grains and Free-Choice Feeding of Organic Layer Hens on Pasture at UBC Farm Darin C. Bennett, Avian Research Centre, Jacob Slosberg, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Faculty of Land Food Systems,
More informationRECENT ADVANCES IN OSTRICH NUTRITION IN SOUTH AFRICA: EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVEL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING OSTRICHES
SA-ANIM SCI 22, vol 3: http://www.sasas.co.za/popular/popular.html 1 RECENT ADVANCES IN OSTRICH NUTRITION IN SOUTH AFRICA: EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVEL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING OSTRICHES
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationPerformance of Broiler Breeders as Affected by Body Weight During the Breeding Season 1
Performance of Broiler Breeders as Affected by Body Weight During the Breeding Season 1 H. R. WILSON and R. H. HARMS Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received
More informationEffect of level of intake on methane production per kg of dry matter intake. MAF Technical Paper No: 2011/95
Effect of level of intake on methane production per kg of dry matter intake MAF Technical Paper No: 2011/95 Report prepared for Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry By AgResearch (INVENT 18A and AG-INVENT-27)
More informationLate pregnancy nutrition the key to flock profitability
Late pregnancy nutrition the key to flock profitability Dr. Tim Keady Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Athenry, Co Galway. Introduction The plane of nutrition during late pregnancy
More informationEffects of Cage Stocking Density on Feeding Behaviors of Group-Housed Laying Hens
AS 651 ASL R2018 2005 Effects of Cage Stocking Density on Feeding Behaviors of Group-Housed Laying Hens R. N. Cook Iowa State University Hongwei Xin Iowa State University, hxin@iastate.edu Recommended
More informationIthmar - Since Phone: ,
Ithmar - Since 1982 2 Since the company was established in Amman Jordan, back in year 1983, Ithmar Supply Co. has managed to position itself as a major player in the niche consumer food and consumer products
More informationIf no, what medical conditions has the pet been diagnosed with?
Nutrition Service History Form: Please return to completed form to: vetclinicalnutrition@colostate.edu Primary care veterinarian name: Address: Phone number: Email: Have you notified your veterinarian
More informationBODY CONDITION SCORING IN CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS): ADVANCEMENTS IN METHODOLOGY AND VISUAL TOOLS FOR ASSESSMENT
BODY CONDITION SCORING IN CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS): ADVANCEMENTS IN METHODOLOGY AND VISUAL TOOLS FOR ASSESSMENT Adam Reppert, MS, RD,* Kibby Treiber, PhD and Ann Ward, MS Department of Nutritional Services,
More informationHettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, ND
Effects of maternal metabolizable protein supplementation during the last 50 days of gestation on ewe and offspring performance and carcass characteristics 1 M.L. Van Emon *, S.E. Eckerman *, L.A. Lekatz
More informationLatest developments in breed diets for companion animals
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Latest developments in breed diets for companion animals Author : Lisa Weeth Categories : Companion animal, Vets Date : November
More informationNUTRITION OF COMPANION ANIMALS : RECENT ADVANCES C. DIVOLA SUMMARY
163 NUTRITION OF COMPANION ANIMALS : RECENT ADVANCES C. DIVOLA SUMMARY. The nutritional needs of our companion dogs and cats have, and continue to be, studied and defined. Research over the past twenty
More informationEliminate Pre-sterilization Litters by Spaying Before the First Estrus: Making the Case to your Veterinarian. Richard Speck, DVM
Eliminate Pre-sterilization Litters by Spaying Before the First Estrus: Making the Case to your Veterinarian. Richard Speck, DVM Position Statements AVMA: The AVMA supports the concept of pediatric spay/neuter
More informationWhat can cause too many mid-size eggs?
www.poultryresearchcentre.ca What can cause too many mid-size eggs? Eduardo Beltranena, Doug Korver, Rob Renema, Valerie Carney Table Egg Sizes Size Weight Range Price/Doz peewee under 42 g $0.27* small
More informationUNCLASSIFIED AD DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION CAMERON STATION, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA UNCLASSI[FIED
UNCLASSIFIED AD 408791 DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION CAMERON STATION, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA UNCLASSI[FIED NOTICE: When government or other draings, specifioations
More informationand. growth of Food intake German INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT MATERIALS METHODS AND 1 shepherd puppies
Food intake and. growth of German 1 shepherd puppies G. E. Schroeder* and G. A. Smith Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria. 0001, Republic of South Africa Iournal
More informationEvaluation of a Weight Management Food Designed to Increase Basal Metabolism in a Home Setting
Evaluation of a Weight Management Food Designed to Increase Basal Metabolism in a Home Setting Todd L Towell DVM, MS, DACVIM 1 S Dru Forrester DVM, MS, DACVIM 1 Susan Cross MBA 1 Geoff Tolsdorf MBA 1 Sharon
More informationYour dog a guide to feeding dogs aged 1-6
To help your dog keep in the best of health, ask at your veterinary practice for advice on the following important subjects: Vaccination Your dog should be vaccinated regularly to protect him against a
More informationUnderstanding your cat s URINARY CONDITION
Understanding your cat s URINARY CONDITION Understanding your cat's urinary condition. Common urinary crystals in cats. Finding out that your cat is suffering from a urinary condition can be very distressing,
More informationPROJECT SUMMARY. Optimising genetics, reproduction and nutrition of dairy sheep and goats
PROJECT SUMMARY Optimising genetics, reproduction and nutrition of dairy sheep and goats Introduction The Australian dairy sheep industry currently has six well established businesses, all of which are
More informationAllocating Feed to Female Broiler Breeders: Technical Bulletin #2
Allocating Feed to Female Broiler Breeders: Technical Bulletin #2 Brenda Schneider 1, Martin Zuidhof 1, Frank Robinson 2 & Rob Renema 2 1 Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 2 University of
More informationEffect of EM on Growth, Egg Production and Waste Characteristics of Japanese Quail Abstract Introduction Experimental Procedures
Effect of EM on Growth, Egg Production and Waste Characteristics of Japanese Quail S. Chantsavang, P. Piafupoa and O. Triwutanon Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract
More informationFat dogs are a big problem
Fat dogs are a big problem A twofold problem we see repeatedly with IN THIS ISSUE dog owners, including some of our Fat dogs are all the rage in customers, relates not to obedience or field America, but
More informationCorrelation of. Animal Science Biology & Technology, 3/E, by Dr. Robert Mikesell/ MeeCee Baker, 2011, ISBN 10: ; ISBN 13:
Correlation of Animal Science Biology & Technology, 3/E, by Dr. Robert Mikesell/ MeeCee Baker, 2011, ISBN 10: 1435486374; ISBN 13: 9781435486379 to Indiana s Agricultural Education Curriculum Standards
More informationMy cat has kidney problems and food hypersensitivity what do I do now?
TROVET Renal (Venison), complete, easily digestible, hypoallergenic dietary food for adult cats with an impaired kidney function My cat has kidney problems and food hypersensitivity what do I do now? reliable
More informationSilage Analysis and Ration Planning: Benefits of knowing what you re feeding your stock. Mary McDowell Trainee Livestock Nutritionist
Silage Analysis and Ration Planning: Benefits of knowing what you re feeding your stock Mary McDowell Trainee Livestock Nutritionist Issues during winter feeding Forage quality variation - How much do
More informationGas emissions according to different pig housing systems
7--8 Gas emissions according to different pig Summary of experimental designs Dr Jean-François CABARAUX Dr François-Xavier PHILIPPE Pr Baudouin NICKS Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health
More informationFeeding the Commercial Egg-Type Replacement Pullet 1
PS48 Feeding the Commercial Egg-Type Replacement Pullet 1 Richard D. Miles and Jacqueline P. Jacob 2 TODAY'S PULLET Advances in genetic selection make today's pullets quite different from those of only
More informationThe Analysis of Computer Data regarding Obesity and Associated Diseases in Cats Examined at Private Veterinary Practices
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2017. 45: 1506. RESEARCH ARTICLE Pub. 1506 ISSN 1679-9216 The Analysis of Computer Data regarding Obesity and Associated s in Cats Examined at Private Veterinary Practices
More informationModule.02. Practical Feeding. of Dogs and Cats. Module.02. In this section we will consider topics such as:
Practical Feeding of Dogs and Cats Now that we understand the theory behind dog and cat nutrition, let s take a practical look at feeding them! In this module we will review instinctive feeding behaviour,
More informationHow Does Photostimulation Age Alter the Interaction Between Body Size and a Bonus Feeding Program During Sexual Maturation?
16 How Does Photostimulation Age Alter the Interaction Between Body Size and a Bonus Feeding Program During Sexual Maturation? R A Renema*, F E Robinson*, and J A Proudman** *Alberta Poultry Research Centre,
More informationImproving sheep welfare for increased production
Improving sheep welfare for increased production Emma Winslow 3 April 2017 SARDI - Struan sheep Research Livestock innovation and welfare group: Sheep welfare and wellbeing Production and management Genetic
More informationSOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ISBN 978-0-626-35881-5 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Pet food Nutritional and manufacturing requirements WARNING This document references other documents normatively. Published by the South African Bureau
More informationAcutely Restricting Nutrition Causes Anovulation and Alters Endocrine Function in Beef Heifers
Acutely Restricting Nutrition Causes Anovulation and Alters Endocrine Function in Beef Heifers F.J. White, L.N. Floyd, C.A. Lents, N.H. Ciccioli, L.J. Spicer, and R.P. Wettemann Story in Brief The effects
More informationResearch Article Energy Requirement and Food Intake Behaviour in Young Adult Intact Male Cats with and without Predisposition to Overweight
The Scientific World Journal Volume 2012, Article ID 509854, 6 pages doi:10.1100/2012/509854 The cientificworldjournal Research Article Energy Requirement and Food Intake Behaviour in Young Adult Intact
More informationFemale Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production
May 2013 Female Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production Michael Longley, Global Technical Transfer Manager Summary Introduction Chick numbers are most often reduced during the period
More informationFemale Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production
Female Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production Michael Longley, Global Technical Transfer Manager May 2013 SUMMARY Introduction Chick numbers are most often reduced during the period
More informationTime of lambing analysis - Crossbred Wagga NSW
Page 1 of 36 04 Aug 2010 14:47 Time of lambing analysis - Crossbred ewes @ Wagga NSW 1/01/1980-31/12/2008 Analysis Summary Time of lambing report Gross margin table Long term averages for financial year
More informationHerd health challenges in high yielding dairy cow systems
Herd health challenges in high yielding dairy cow systems Robert Smith robsmith@liv.ac.uk The big three diseases Fertility Lameness Mastitis Energy balance and body condition Ruminal acidosis and abomasal
More informationVIKING NEWSLETTER NEW YEAR EDITION 2016 IN THIS EDITION:
VIKING NEWSLETTER NEW YEAR EDITION 2016 IN THIS EDITION: LATEST GOSSIP THE YEAR AHEAD AT VIKING THE HILL S METABOLIC DIET VIKING VETS HEALTH PLAN WINTER CRYPTOGRAM Latest gossip Congratulations to Eveleen
More informationOverweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners
Public Health Nutrition: 13(1), 102 106 doi:10.1017/s136898000999022x Overweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners Marieke L Nijland 1, Frank Stam 2 and Jacob C Seidell
More informationEffect of supplementary feeding to ewes and suckling lambs on ewe and lamb live weights while grazing wheat stubble
South African Journal of Animal Science 2015, 45 (No. 1) Effect of supplementary feeding to ewes and suckling lambs on ewe and lamb live weights while grazing wheat stubble T.S. Brand 1,2# & L. Brundyn
More informationSUCCESS IS IN THE BAG
SUCCESS IS IN THE BAG NEW EPOL & MOLATEK PROUDLY TOGETHER LAYER FEEDING RATION BROCHURE EPOL = THE PERFECT BALANCE Epol has specialised ranges of feed for the different needs of layer farmers. The requirements
More informationBody weight, feed coefficient and carcass characteristics of two strain quails and their reciprocal crosses
1 Body weight, feed coefficient and carcass characteristics of two strain quails and their reciprocal crosses N.VALI 1, EDRISS, M.A. 2 and RAHMANI, H.R. 2 1 Department of Animal Sciences, faculty of Agriculture
More informationRearing heifers to calve at 24 months
Rearing heifers to calve at 24 months Jessica Cooke BSc PhD (nee Brickell) 26 th January 2012 Successful heifer rearing to increase herd profits Rearing heifers represents about 20% of dairy farm expenses
More informationA-l. Students shall examine the circulatory and respiratory systems of animals.
Animal Science A-l. Students shall examine the circulatory and respiratory systems of animals. 1. Discuss the pathway of blood through the heart and circulatory system. 2. Describe and compare the functions
More informationJOINT ARTICULATION DOG. Younger acting if not younger looking A PET OWNER S GUIDE. Helping dogs with joint disorders and osteoarthritis
JOINT ARTICULATION DOG V E T C O M P L E X Canine Younger acting if not younger looking A PET OWNER S GUIDE Helping dogs with joint disorders and osteoarthritis W H O L E A N I M Why has my vet or nurse
More informationIDR : VOL. 10, NO. 1, ( JANUARY-JUNE, 2012) : ISSN :
IDR : VOL. 10, NO. 1, ( JANUARY-JUNE, 2012) : 45-53 ISSN : 0972-9437 A STUDY ON PROBLEMS OF PRACTICING POULTRY FARMING IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT E. P. Vijayakumar * & V. Ramamoorthy ** ABSTRACT Poultry farming
More informationDominance/Suppression Competitive Relationships in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Plantations
Dominance/Suppression Competitive Relationships in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Plantations by Michael E. Dyer Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Stand University
More informationA Study of the Nutritional Effect of Grains in the Diet of a Dog
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College Spring 2014 A Study of the Nutritional Effect of Grains in the Diet of a Dog Kristyn M. Souliere University of Maine - Main Follow this and
More informationRELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEIGHTS AND CALVING PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS IN A HERD OF UNSELECTED CATTLE
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEIGHTS AND CALVING PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS IN A HERD OF UNSELECTED CATTLE T. C. NELSEN, R. E. SHORT, J. J. URICK and W. L. REYNOLDS1, USA SUMMARY Two important traits of a productive
More informationNutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats (Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals) By Subcommittee o
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats (Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals) Download Read Full Book Total Downloads: 20641 Formats: djvu pdf epub kindle Rated: 8/10 (664 votes) Nutrient Requirements
More informationP O U LTOS CIE N G E
P O U LTOS CIE N G E January, 1943? Vol. XXII, No. 1 The Relative Efficiency of Gains in Weight Made by Male and Female Bronze Turkeys* CONSIDERABLE data have been collected on feed used by turkeys at
More informationWheat and Wheat By-Products for Laying Hens
South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Bulletins South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station 5-1-1934
More informationKøbenhavns Universitet. Companion animal ethics Sandøe, Peter; Corr, Sandra; Palmer, Clare. Published in: Luentokokoelma Publication date: 2013
university of copenhagen Københavns Universitet Companion animal ethics Sandøe, Peter; Corr, Sandra; Palmer, Clare Published in: Luentokokoelma 2013 Publication date: 2013 Citation for published version
More informationGROWTH PERFORMANCE OF EMU CHICKS REARED UNDER INTENSIVE FARMING CONDITIONS *G. Suganya 1, V. Leela 2, A. Paramasivam 3 and P. Richard Jagatheesan 4
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 6, 2017, 3367 3371 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF EMU CHICKS REARED UNDER INTENSIVE FARMING CONDITIONS *G.
More informationRURAL INDUSTRIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION FINAL REPORT. Improvement in egg shell quality at high temperatures
RURAL INDUSTRIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION FINAL REPORT Project Title: Improvement in egg shell quality at high temperatures RIRDC Project No.: US-43A Research Organisation: University of Sydney
More informationFattening performance, carcass and meat quality of slow and fast growing broiler strains under intensive and extensive feeding conditions
Fattening performance, carcass and meat quality of slow and fast growing broiler strains under intensive and extensive feeding conditions M.A. GRASHORN* Dept. of Poultry Science (470c), Inst. of Animal
More informationAbout 1/3 of UK dogs are overweight that s over 2.5 million dogs! Being overweight is associated with: Orthopaedic disease. e.g.
Principal Investigator: Eleanor Raffan MRCVS, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ. Tel: 01223 336792. Email: er311@cam.ac.uk This is an introductory guide to the GOdogs project.
More informationCHARACTERISTICS AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX JAPONICA) CARCASS IN A SEMI ARID AREA OF NIGERIA
Trakia Journal of Sciences, No 2, pp 159-165, 2015 Copyright 2015 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN 1313-7050 (print) doi:10.15547/tjs.2015.02.008 ISSN 1313-3551 (online)
More information#3 - Flushing By tatiana Stanton, Nancy & Samuel Weber
Fact Sheet Series on Meat Goat Herd Management Practices #3 - Flushing By tatiana Stanton, Nancy & Samuel Weber This fact sheet is about flushing as an on-farm management tool for New York meat goat farms.
More informationFeeding Ewes Better for Increased Production and Profit
Animal Science White Papers Animal Science 7-1-2003 Feeding Ewes Better for Increased Production and Profit Daniel G. Morrical Iowa State University, morrical@iastate.edu Follow this and additional works
More informationDiet History Form Delancey St. Philadelphia, PA Phone: (215) Fax: (215)
Clinical Nutrition Service 3900 Delancey St. Philadelphia, PA 19104 Phone: (215) 746-8387 Fax: (215) 573-4617 Email: nutritionconsult@vet.upenn.edu Clinical Nutrition Service Diet History Form For pet
More informationGAPFA Update. Diane Loiselle, GAPFA President PFAC Fall Conference 2017
GAPFA Update Diane Loiselle, GAPFA President PFAC Fall Conference 2017 1 GAPFA s mission GAPFA s mission is to support the health and wellbeing of pets and to promote the benefits of living with them,
More information2009 MN Cattle Feeder Days Jolene Kelzer University of Minnesota Beef Team
2009 MN Cattle Feeder Days Jolene Kelzer University of Minnesota Beef Team 101.8 M total US cattle and calves (July 1) Down 1% from 2008 (103.3 M) 11.6 M total US cattle on feed (July 1) Down 5% from 2008
More information