Prevalence of Heamo and Gastro Intestinal Parasites in Dogs in Vom, Jos South Local Government, Plateau State

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1 Journal of Veterinary Advances Prevalence of Heamo and Gastro Intestinal Parasites in Dogs in Vom, Jos South Local Government, Plateau State Pam V. A., Igeh, C. P., Hassan A. A., Udokaninyene A. D., Kemza S. Y., Bata S. I., Ogbu K. I. and Daniel L. N. J Vet Adv 2013, 3(2): DOI: /jva Online version is available on:

2 ISSN: PAM Original Article Prevalence of Heamo and Gastro Intestinal Parasites in Dogs in Vom, Jos South Local Government, Plateau State 1 Pam V. A., 2 Igeh, C. P., 4 Hassan A. A., 1 Udokaninyene A. D., 3 Kemza S. Y., 1 Bata S. I., 1 Ogbu K. I. and 1 Daniel L. N. 1 Federal College of Animal Health & Production Technology, NVRI, Vom, Nigeria. 2 Plateau State University, Bokkos, Nigeria. 3 Department of Parasitology, NVRI, Vom, Nigeria. 4 College of Arts, Science and Technology Kurgwi, Nigeria. Abstract The study investigated the prevalence of Haemo and gastrointestinal parasites in Dogs in Vom Jos South L.G.A. of Plateau State. One hundred faecal and blood samples were collected from both local and exotic breed, age and sex of the dogs were also considered. Samples were taken to the Parasitology division of the NVRI, Vom for analysis. The parasites were determined using the formol ether and floatation concentration methods while the blood smears were analyzed using Giemsa-stained thin blood smears and was examined for haemoparasites.an overall prevalence of 39% for gastrointestinal parasites and 43% for haemoparasites was recorded. The prevalence was higher in the adult 24% than the young 15%.The prevalence in relation to sex shows that the female had a higher prevalence 24% and 23% than the male 15% and 20% in terms of both the enteric and the haemo parasites. The prevalence was seen to be higher in the local breed than the exotic breeds. This study provides evidence that parasitic infections are prevalent in dogs in the study areas. Key words: Prevalence, gastrointestinal parasites, Dogs. Corresponding author: Federal College of Animal Health & Production Technology, NVRI, Vom, Nigeria. Received on: 02 Feb 2013 Revised on: 16 Feb 2013 Accepted on: 21 Feb 2013 Online Published on:28 Feb J. Vet. Adv., 2013, 3(2):74-78

3 REVALENCE OF HEAMO AND GASTRO INTESTINAL PARASITES IN Introduction Endoparasite can cause poor performance in animal and can lead to economic loss for the owner, animal keepers must understand the type of parasitism they encounter and the method of controlling parasite in order to minimize loses (Soulsby, 1982, Haruna, 2011). Intestinal parasites are common problem of pet health in dogs. Dog become infected with the parasite before they are born or later with their mother s milk, the microscopic examination of a stool sample will usually help to determine the presence of intestinal parasite. Gastrointestinal parasites are a widely recognized disease of dogs. The clinical manifestations of common parasitic disease in dogs have been reported (Ahmed,et al., 2008.,Berdog et al.,2000,sasaki et al., 2007). In a recent study(kamni et al., 2011) reported that blood and gastrointestinal infection are a cause of anemia in dogs.vital and Gorenflot (2006) also reported the deleterious infect of anemia in dogs.a proportion of dogs infected with these parasites do not show obvious clinical signs of disease. Such dogs are usually presented with vague complaints such as not eating well, not doing well and loosing weight or for routine examinations. Clinical laboratory evaluation of blood and faece from such dogs may provide a useful means of diagnosis. This study investigates the blood and faece of dogs for such parasites in the study area. Materials and Methods Description Study Area The study was carried out in Vom, Jos south local government area of plateau state. Vom is a quit rocky village in plateau state situated at an height of 1285km above sea level, the nearest town are Bukuru which is about 12.8 away and jos 24km both to the north, because of tis altitude and constant wind, Vom has a remarkably cool climate especially during December and January, the night may be cold, the wet season may extend from late April to end of September or middle of October. Vom have boundaries with kvom in Bassa to the north, while Gyel to the south west, Kuru to south south, and Riyom to the south central and Ganawuri to the North Westrespectively. The main inhibitors 75 J. Vet. Adv., 2013, 3(2):74-78 of the area are Beroms, there are also some other tribe that settle like the Ngas. the inhibitors (Berom) practice mostly subsistence agriculture and other trade occupation including rearing of goat, sheep, fowl, pig, cattle and dog, Vom has a cool climatic condition due to its high altitude with its highest point around the shore hill where it stand at m (5829ft) above sea level. The coldest periods are between Novembers to February with an average mean daily temperature of 18 degree centigrade. Samples Size Two thundered samples were collected (Faecal and blood) from each of the subject matter (dog) available for the research work, samples were collected based on the different age categories of the subject sampled, sex, breed, and color of the animal, Questionnaires and verbal communication were also used to get information on the dog. Faeca Samples Collection Faecal samples were collected from the dog used for the study, the animal were of different age sex breed and color. The fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of each animal with the used of an disposable hand glove, prior to stool collection, animals were identified, restraint and the perineum thoroughly prepared by cleaning with water to prevent contamination, the samples were transported to the parasitology laboratory located in the national veterinary researchinstitute for further analysis. Processing of Faeca Samples Faecal samples were processed and screened using two methods, the formol ether concentration and the sodium chloride flotation techniques as describe by WHO, Blood Sample Collection Blood sample were collected from the cephalic vein of the dog which is located at the fore limb, swab was used to disinfect the area prior to collection. In other to reduce the presence and activities of microbes present. 5mil syringes and needle were used for the blood sample from the dogs.

4 PAM Proce Ssing of Blood Samples A thin blood smear was prepared from each blood sample, air-dried, fixed in methanol for 2 3 min.stained in 5% Giemsa stain with added Azur II (2 g/l of undiluted stain) and rinsed in buffered water.the smears were examined at 1000x magnification (oil immersion) with a microscope; at least 50 fields were searched per slide. Presence of haemoparasites was recorded; identification was carried out to genus and possible species level. Microscopic Examination to Detect Parasites Identification of parasite eggs was done in accordance to an atlas in Soulsby, (1982). Student t- test was used to analyze the result. Results and Discussion The study on the gastrointestinal and haemo parasite reveals the presences of three gastrointestinal parasites with oncocicola canis having the higher prevalence to 20 (51.28%) followed by Diphylobothnm latum14 (39.89%) the least occurred with diphilidium caninum with 5 (12.82). Babesia canis 43(100.00) was the only haemoparasite observed. Table 1: Prevalence of Gastrointestinal and Heamoparasites of Dogs in the study area Parasites No exam. %+ve No. +ve Gastrointestinal 100 Oncicola canis Dipllidium caninum Diphylobotum latum Heamoparasites Babesia canis Table 2 represent the distribution of this parasite,in relation to sex out of the number of female screened 24(61.53%) were found to be infected with the gastrointestinal parasite while 23 (38.45%) were observed to harbor the haemoparasite. lower prevalence was recorded with the male in terms of both the gastrointestinal 19 (46.51%) while 20 (53.48%) had heamoparasite Table 2: Prevalence of Heamo and Gastrointestinal parasites as it relate to Sex Sex Parasites Male Female No+ve %+ve No+ve %+ve Haemoparasite Babesia canis Gastrointestinal Oncicola canis Diphllidium caninum Diphylobotum latum The result of the prevalence in relation to age indicated the prevalence higher in the adult 24 (61.53%) than the young15 (38.46%) for the gastrointestinal parasite, the same was observed for heamoparasite, were we reworded higher prevalence in the adult then the young (Table 3). There are several report on the prevalence of parasitism in dogs from different parts of Nigeria (Kamani, et al., 2011, Adejoke, 2005).The presence of three gastrointestinal parasite, and one heamoparasite revealed a high prevalence of these parasite in the study area which could be attributed to poor management practices, inadequate nutrition and lack of Veterinary services can be attributed to be predisposing factors to parasitism and other health problems observed in dogs in the study area. Among the three enteric parasites observed in the study area Oncocicola canis 20 (15.28) had the 76 J. Vet. Adv., 2013, 3(2):74-78

5 REVALENCE OF HEAMO AND GASTRO INTESTINAL PARASITES IN higher prevalance followed by Dipylobotrum latum with 14(39.89) the least prevalence has observed with Diphyllidium caninum 5(12.82%). The reasons for this occurrence might be due to poor management practices such as the dogs possibly were never dewormed or any parasitic treatment given in their life time. The presences of D. latum was significant 14(39.89%) in this research and has also been reported by Alleman, (2002), Tadesse et al., (2011). This is suggestive of a very high prevalence rate, it is possible that the human population that come in contact with these dogs during the study period may have been exposed to this parasite since most indigeneous dogs roam around freely it is concluded that the human and Veterinary public health official in this area should educate the community in Vom, Jos South Plateau State on the hazardous significance of gastrointestinal disease in dogs on the environment. The presence of one Haemoparasites Babesia canis 43 (100.00%) in the study area was also reported in this research.it has been reported that dogs infected by both heamo and intestinal parasite had marked reduction in their PCV which might be due to the effort of hemolysis as in Babesiosis are known to multiple in the host blood cell. Thereby leading to heamolysis anaemia(kamani,et al.,2001 and Ogo et al.,2005). In severe cases, they cause slugging of blood in peripheral vessels leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation and organ failure. The high incidence of babesiasis could be attributed to abundance of tick vector Rhipicephalus sanguneus in this environment almost all year round.the study also suggest that dogs in the study area are vulnerable to GI parasite, and these have effect on their heamogram. Hence dogs owners in this area are advice to carry out routine deworming to control parasite infection. Table 3: Prevalence of Heamo and Gastrointestinal parasites as it relate to Age AGE Parasites Adult Young No+ve %+ve No+ve %+ve Gastroparasites Oncicola canis Dipyllidium caninum Haemoparasite Babesia canis Table 4: Prevalence of Haemo and Gastrointestinal parasites as it relate to Breeds of Dogs Parasites Breeds Local (n=39) Exotic (n=39) Enteric No+ve %+ve No+ve %+ve Oncicola canis Dipylobotrum latum The rate of mobility in dogs as a result of the effect of gastrointestinal parasite cannot be neglected. A proportion of dogs infected with heamoparasites mostly do not show obvious clinical signs of disease (Adejoke, 2005, Coles, 1986, Mohammed, 1974). Our study reported a significant higher infection in adult 24 (62.28%) about 15(38.46%) was reported in the young dogs. This could be attributed to exposure of the dogs to the sources of infection like water and lack of proper sanitation and possibly because immunity against gastrointestinal infection decrease as age increase due to acquired immunity. The infections reported in the young supports the work of (Viatl and Gorenflot, 2006) and attribute it to lack of immunity of the young animals and the fact that sporulated oocyst of parasite can be transmitted from the adult parasite through the infected teat of lactating mothers (Uilenberg et al., 1987, Anon, 2003) There was a significant difference between the prevalence of gastrointestinal in sex. The female had higher prevalence 24(61.53%) of the enteric parasite than the male 15(38.45%). The same trends followed with the heamoparasite were the female also recorded higher 23 (53.48%) than the male 20 (46.51%). This is thought to be due to the presence of large groups of highly infected dogs in 77 J. Vet. Adv., 2013, 3(2):74-78

6 PAM close proximity to each other thereby increasing the infection source (Ahmed et al., 2008 and Kamani, et al., 2011) The prevalence in relation to the breed of the dogs sampled shows that the local breed had higher percentage of the parasite Oncicola canis (76.92%) and D latum (15.38%) than the exotic breed that had (69.76%) and (9.30%) for O. canis and D latum resectively. Adejoke,2005 and Schalm et al.,1975 attributed this to the fact that the local dogs roam around freely than the exotic breed that are kept mostly under intensive system of management. Nottidge HO, Hirata H, Ikadai H, Oyamada T (2007)._Molecular Survey of Dogs in Nigeria. Veterinary journal ; 69(11): Vial HJ, Gorenflot A (2006). Chemotherapy against babesiosis. Veterinary Parasitology; 138: Uilenberg G, Franssen FFJ, Perie M, Spanjer AAM (1989); 11: Nyindo, M., Huxsoll, D.L., Ristic, M., Kakoma, I., Brown, J.L., Carson, C.A., Stephenson,E.H. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of German Shepherd Dogs and Beagles to experimental infection with American Journal of Veterinary Research 1980; 41: References Ahmed MI, Tijjani AN, Mustapha AR (2008). Survey for common disease and management practice of donkeys in Bornu State, Nigeria. Nigeria veterinary journal vol.29(3);1-5. Alleman GT (2002). comparison of serological detection method for diagnosis of Ehrlichia canis infection in Dog. Journal of chemical microbiology.40; Adejoke ON (2005). prevalence of intestinal parasite of dog in Lagos, Nigeria Pakistan journal of scientific and Industrial research 48(4); Anon.Encarta Interactive World Atlas. Microsoft Student Encarta. (2003) Ogo IN, Onovoh EO, Ajayi OO, Ogedengbe JD, Nwambara, NU (2005). Environmentalcontamination by helminths ova/ larva from dog feces from Jos South LGA of Plateau State.Vom Journal of Veterinary Scienc; 1 (2): Adejoke IC (2005). Prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites of dogs in Lagos, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research; 48(4): Berdoy M, Webster JP, Macdonald DW (2000). fatal attraction in rat infected with Toxoplasma gondii Proc.iol.sci 267(1452); Coles EH (1986). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 4th Ed. WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia Schalm OW, Jain NC, Carrol WJ (1975). Veterinary Haematology (3rd. ed.), Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A.; 807 Haruna H (2011). Diagnosis of canine monocytotropicerilisis ( ehrilichia canis). Veterinary Journal 187; Mohammed AN (1994). The seasonal incidence of Ixodid ticks of cattle in Northern Nigeria and in the Netherlands, with particular reference to their role in the transmission of bovine piroplasms. Ph.D. Thesis, ABU Zaria, Nigeria. Soulsby EJL (1982). Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals, 7th ed. Bailliere Tindall, London; 769. Sasaki O, Omobowale M, Tozuka M, Ohta K, Matsuu A, 78 J. Vet. Adv., 2013, 3(2):74-78