Breed Specific legislation

Transcription

1 treatment and opportunity for pit equal Securing bull dogs The Failure of A n i m A l fa r m foundation, inc. Since 1985 Breed Specific Legislation Breed Specific legislation AnimAl farm foundation

2 Humane communities are safer communities for people and pets. CONTENTS Organizations That Do Not Endorse Breed Discriminatory Legislation Our Research Does Not Support Breed Specific Legislation Statement from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) & American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Exploring The Bond: Why Breed Specific Legislation Does Not Reduce Dog Bites From the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association The Role of Breed in Dog Bite and Risk Prevention From the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association Dog Breed Specific Legislation: The Cost to People, Pets and Veterinarians, and the Damage to the Human-Animal Bond By Jane Berkey A Comparison of Visual and DNA Identification of Breeds of Dogs By Victoria Voith PhD, DVM, DACVB Breed Specific or Looks Specific Kristopher Irizarry, PhD Assistant Professor, Bioinformatics, Genetics, Genomics, Western University Beyond Breed From Best Friends Animal Society Aggression and Dogs: "No significant difference found between breeds." By Esther Schalke PhD, DVM Case Study: Miami-Dade County Two decades of BSL has produced no positive results From NCRC Case Study: Denver Selective Counting and the Costs to Dogs and People From NCRC The Cruel Cost of BSL From StubbyDog Experts have proven that Breed Specific Legislation does not make communities safer for people or pets. It is costly, ineffective, and it undermines the human-canine bond. Regulating breeds puts the focus on the dogs, without addressing owner behavior and owner responsibility to the animal and the community. For more information on breed neutral practices that create and support safe, humane communities, please see our booklet: Building Safe Communities. For more information, please visit our website: or contact us at: info@animalfarmfoundation.org equal Securing treatment and opportunity for pit bull dogs A n i m A l fa r m foundation, inc. Since 1985 l e g i S l A t i o n

3 organizations that do not endorse Breed discriminatory legislation (Bdl) The following organizations do not endorse breed discriminatory legislation (BDL). This list is not intended to be comprehensive, as there are numerous other organizations that have publicly voiced that they do not endorse BDL. American Kennel Club (AKC) The American Kennel Club supports reasonable, enforceable, non-discriminatory laws to govern the ownership of dogs. The AKC believes that dog owners should be responsible for their dogs. We support laws that: establish a fair process by which specific dogs are identified as dangerous based on stated, measurable actions; impose appropriate penalties on irresponsible owners; and establish a well-defined method for dealing with dogs proven to be dangerous. We believe that, if necessary, dogs proven to be dangerous may need to be humanely destroyed. The AKC strongly opposes any legislation that determines a dog to be dangerous based on specific breeds or phenotypic classes of dogs. ( American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals supports reasonable leash laws and laws that regulate dogs who have caused unjustifiable injury or who present substantial danger to the public. However, the ASPCA opposes laws that ban specific breeds of dogs or that discriminate against particular breeds. These laws unfairly discriminate against responsible dog guardians based solely on their choice of breed. Such laws also fail to achieve the desired goal of stopping illegal activities such as dog fighting, and breeding and/or training dogs to be aggressive. The ASPCA believes that strict enforcement of laws that ban animal fighting, and breeding and/or training animals to fight, is the proper means to address the problem. ( American Temperament Test Society (ATTS) Because of breed-specific dog legislation and negative publicity associated with many breeds of dogs, temperament testing has assumed an important role for today s dog fancier. The ATTS Temperament Test provides breeders a means for evaluating temperament and gives pet owners insight into their dog s behavior. It can have an impact on breeding programs and in educating owners about their dog s behavioral strengths and weaknesses as well as providing a positive influence on dog legislation. ( equal Securing treatment and opportunity for pit bull dogs A n i m A l fa r m foundation, inc. Since 1985 (continued on next page) l e g i S l A t i o n

4 American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) The American Veterinary Medical Association supports dangerous animal legislation by state, county, or municipal governments provided that legislation does not refer to specific breeds or classes of animals. This legislation should be directed at fostering safety and protection of the general public from animals classified as dangerous. ( American Veterinary Medical Association PRIT (AVMA PLIT) The AVMA does not support the adoption of breed specific bans by insurers and does support education programs to teach the public proper safety precautions when dealing with strange or dangerous dogs. ( Animal Farm Foundation (AFF) There has never been any evidence that breed bans or restrictions contribute to improved public safety. Regulating breeds puts the focus on the dog, without addressing owner behavior and owner responsibility to the animal and the community. ( Association of Pet Dog Trainers (APDT) The Association of Pet dog Trainers APDT supports the adoption or enforcement of a program for the control of potentially dangerous or vicious dogs that is fair, non-discriminatory and addresses dogs that are shown to be dangerous by their actions. The APDT opposes any law that deems a dog as dangerous or vicious based on appearance, breed or phenotype. Canine temperaments are widely varied, and behavior cannot be predicted by physical features such as head shape, coat length, muscle to bone ratio, etc. The only predictor of behavior is behavior. As an organization comprised of dog trainers, behaviorists and other animal professionals, the APDT is fully aware that any dog can bite, any dog can maim, and any dog can kill. A dangerous or vicious dog is a product of a combination of individual genetics, upbringing, socialization, and lack of proper training. The solution to preventing dog bites is education of owners, breeders, and the general public about aggression prevention, not legislation directed at certain breeds. Singling out and publicly demonizing certain breeds as dangerous is unfair, discriminatory, and does an immense disservice to those breeds and the people who care about them. Even more chilling, breed specific legislation encourages the faulty public perception of other breeds as being inherently safe. This can lead misguided individuals to engage in unsafe conduct with other breeds that can result in injury or death by individual representatives of those breeds mistakenly perceived as safe. Also, designating certain breeds as inherently dangerous implies to the public that behavior is not effectively influenced, positively or negatively, by training. This misconception will likely produce a growing number of dangerous dogs as misinformed, complacent dog owners fail to practice responsible aggression-prevention measures. ( Best Friends Animal Society (BFAS) Best Friends opposes breed-discriminatory legislation (also called breed-specific legislation, BSL), which arbitrarily targets particular breeds. Breed-discriminatory laws are not only ineffective at improving community safety, they are extremely expensive to enforce and deplete needed resources from animal control. ( (continued on next page)

5 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) A CDC study on fatal dog bites lists the breeds involved in fatal attacks over 20 years (Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998). It does not identify specific breeds that are most likely to bite or kill, and thus is not appropriate for policy-making decisions related to the topic. Each year, 4.7 million Americans are bitten by dogs. These bites result in approximately 16 fatalities; about percent of the total number of people bitten. These relatively few fatalities offer the only available information about breeds involved in dog bites. There is currently no accurate way to identify the number of dogs of a particular breed, and consequently no measure to determine which breeds are more likely to bite or kill. Many practical alternatives to breed-specific policies exist and hold promise for preventing dog bites. For prevention ideas and model policies for control of dangerous dogs, please see the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Task Force on Canine Aggression and Human-Canine Interactions: A Community Aproach to Dog Bite Prevention ( ( Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) The HSUS opposes legislation aimed at eradicating or strictly regulating dogs based solely on their breed for a number of reasons. Breed Specific Legislation (BSL) is a common first approach that many communities take. Thankfully, once research is conducted most community leaders correctly realize that BSL won't solve the problems they face with dangerous dogs. If the goal is to offer communities better protection from dogs who are dangerous, then thoughtful legislation that addresses responsible dog keeping is in order. Legislation aimed at punishing the owner of the dog rather than punishing the dog is far more effective in reducing the number of dog bites and attacks. Well enforced, non-breed-specific laws offer an effective and fair solution to the problem of dangerous dogs in all communities. Comprehensive "dog bite" legislation, coupled with better consumer education and forced responsible pet keeping efforts, would do far more to protect communities than banning a specific breed. The HSUS encourages you to read the Community Approach to Dog Bite Prevention by the American Veterinary Medical Association. The HSUS is committed to keeping dogs and people safe and is available and willing to offer advice, educational materials and model legislation to communities interested in decreasing the incidence of dog bites and aggression. ( Maryland Veterinary Medical Association The Maryland Veterinary Medical Association encourages and supports ordinances that promote responsible pet ownership and at the same time protects the public from dangerous and vicious animals. We oppose legislation that restricts or prohibits certain breeds of dogs, since we do not believe this is a workable solution. ( National Animal Control Association (NACA) Dangerous and/or vicious animals should be labeled as such as a result of their actions or behavior and not because of their breed. Any animal may exhibit aggressive behavior regard-less of breed. Accurately identifying a specific animal s lineage for prosecution purposes may be extremely difficult. Additionally, breed specific legislation may create an undue burden to owners who otherwise have demonstrated proper pet management and responsibility. Agencies should encourage enactment and stringent enforcement of dangerous/vicious dog laws. (continued on next page)

6 When applicable, agencies should not hesitate to prosecute owners for murder, manslaughter, or similar violations resulting from their animal s actions, and their owner lack of responsibility. Laws should clearly define dangerous or vicious, and provide for established penalties. Penalties may include fines, imprisonment, and/or the relinquishing of total privileges to pet ownership. If a dangerous/vicious animal is allowed to be kept, laws should specify methods of secure confinement and control. A dangerous/vicious animal when kept outside should be confined in an escape-proof enclosure which is locked and secured on all six sides. Signs should be posted at property entrances and be visible from the nearest sidewalk or street. The licensing record could include a notation which will immediately identify an animal which has been deemed dangerous or vicious. ( National Canine Research Council (NCRC) There is no scientifically valid evidence and no reasonable argument to support breed-specific legislation. Instead of discriminating against breeds, take responsibility for dog ownership and management practices. ( United Kennel Club (UKC) United Kennel Club believes that breed specific legislation is a poor choice for communities interested in protecting citizens from dog bites and attacks. Breed specific legislation, or BSL, is the singling out of a breed or breeds of dogs to take varying degrees of enforcement action against, in a weak attempt to reduce the numbers of dog attacks. The majority of BSL is directed at American Pit Bull Terriers, proudly our number two breed, but other breeds such as Rottweilers and Akitas are targeted as well. Realistically, the number of dog bites nationwide has been fairly consistent over the last century, and there has not been any meaningful increase. Attempting to attribute bites to a single breed and labeling that breed is fruitless, as there exists no real, factual data to show that any one breed is more responsible for bites and attacks than others. Singling out a breed to attach blame does not work to decrease dog attacks. Case in point, the Dutch government has lifted a 15-year ban on pit bulls because there has not been ANY decrease in dog bites. There are many other factors at play behind dog attacks, such as the purpose the dog is used for, owner management and maintenance, neglect or cruelty factors, and other variables such as sex, age, socialization, etc., that are not breed related. Not only is BSL ineffective, it also increases costs to cities and communities to enforce these laws and defend the laws against challenges in court. Some cities have overturned long standing bans due to a dramatic increase in enforcement costs and an influx to animal control; the economic impact was far too great. BSL is also extremely difficult to enforce. Many laws and ordinances either do not correctly identify what breeds are included, or are overly vague. Often these laws include mixes of the listed breeds as well. There currently exists no legally accepted scientific method to positively identify breeds or mixes, and many breeds look very similar, especially to the general public. While even professionals have difficulty in identifying what a mix may be comprised of, inexperienced law enforcement officials with no dog background are expected to identify mixtures, and end up with arbitrary and often incorrect identifications. BSL results in punishing and ultimately driving away responsible owners of the targeted breed(s) while having little to no impact on the actual cause of problems, those using dogs for illegal or immoral purposes. Instead of enacting BSL, communities should be more aggressive in enforcement of dangerous dog, anti-fighting, and anti-cruelty statutes. More emphasis must be placed on owner responsibility, as the majority of attacks are due to owner neglect or mistreatment. Targeting the actions and non-action of owners will be more effective and sensible in realistically decreasing dog attacks. ( (continued on next page)

7 United States Department of Justice (DOJ) The Department [of Justice] does not believe that it is either appropriate or consistent with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to defer to local laws that prohibit certain breeds of dogs based on local concerns that these breeds may have a history of unprovoked aggression or attacks. Such deference would have the effect of limiting the rights of persons with disabilities under the ADA who use certain service animals based on where they live rather than on whether the use of a particular animal poses a direct threat to the health and safety of others [...]. State and local government entities have the ability to determine, on a case- by-case basis, whether a particular service animal can be excluded based on that particular animal s actual behavior or history-- not based on fears or generalizations about how an animal or breed might behave. This ability to exclude an animal whose behavior or history evidences a direct threat is sufficient to protect health and safety. (

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9 Exploring the Bond Use of a number-needed-to-ban calculation to illustrate limitations of breed-specific legislation in decreasing the risk of dog bite related injury Gary J. Patronek, VMD, PhD; Margaret Slater, DVM, PhD; Amy Marder, VMD According to recent estimates, approximately 72 million dogs live in the United States, with 37% of all US households, or approximately 43 million homes, owning at least 1 dog. 1 Exposure to dogs, therefore, is almost ubiquitous in today s society. Not surprisingly, dog bites are relatively common in the United States, with 157 of 9,672 adults participating in a national, random-digit-dial survey reporting having been bitten by a dog. 2 Dog bite related fatalities, however, appear to be extremely rare, occurring at a rate of approximately 27/y from 1999 through 2006 in a human population of just below 300 million, a or approximately 3 fatal bites/10 million dogs/y. Although there is widespread agreement that every effort should be made to reduce the incidence of dog bite related injuries, how to best accomplish this is a subject of considerable debate. One commonly suggested method for reducing the incidence of dog bite related injuries is BSL, which bans, restricts, or imposes conditions on ownership of specific breeds of dogs presumed to pose greater risk of biting people. 3 The AVMA, American Kennel Club, and major animal protection and animal control groups in the United States have all strongly discouraged the use of BSL as a means of reducing the incidence of dog bite related injuries, 4 7 contending that it is an ineffective method of dealing with this problem. Nevertheless, BSL continues to be a popular response to perceived concerns about dangerous dogs, particularly following a serious dog bite related injury or fatality in a community. In the present manuscript, we discuss factors influencing public perception of the risks associated with dog bites, particularly with respect to particular dog breeds, and examine how these factors result in promotion of BSL. In addition, we describe a novel method of demonstrating the implausibility of improving public safety via BSL through calculation of a risk-based statistic, the NNB, which is similar to the NNT statistic used in evidence-based medicine. 8,9 From the Center for Shelter Dogs, Animal Rescue League of Boston, 10 Chandler St, Boston, MA (Patronek, Marder); and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1717 S Philo Rd, Ste 36, Urbana, IL (Slater). Address correspondence to Dr. Patronek (gpatronek@arlboston.org). BSL NNB NNT ABBREVIATIONS Breed-specific legislation Number needed to ban Number needed to treat The Appeal of BSL Enthusiasm for BSL persists despite the lack of empirical evidence that legislation of this type reduces the risk of injury from dog bites or reduces associated costs to communities or insurers. Why is this so? We believe that BSL is appealing for 3 reasons: misperception of risk, misinformation and stereotyping, and erroneous beliefs about efficacy. Misperception of risk Risk is defined statistically as the probability that an event, either beneficial or harmful, will occur. 10 In essence, risk is a numeric estimate of how likely it is that individuals in a population will experience a particular event within a given time frame. For dog bites, risk is typically described as the number of dog bites per person in the population of interest per year. Desire to prevent serious bites is what appears to drive BSL. However, quantifying the risk of a serious injury arising from a dog bite is challenging. For example, estimates vary with respect to the number of dog bites during any given year that require medical attention. One study 11 estimated that there were 365,846 visits to emergency departments because of dog bites during 2000, or approximately 130 emergency department visits/100,000 people/y. This estimate was derived from data reported to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program by only 66 emergency departments across the United States and was somewhat at odds with results of the Second Injury Control and Risk Survey, 2 which estimated, on the basis of results of a random-digit-dial telephone survey, that approximately 885,000 dog bites require medical attention each year (ie, 320 bites requiring medical attention/100,000 people/y). One possible explanation for the difference between these 2 estimates of the risk of dog bites could be that many dog bites are cared for by primary care physicians, rather than in emergency departments. Accurate assessment of the risk of dog bites is further complicated by the lack of information on severity of injury, even for dog bites treated in an emergency de- 788 Vet Med Today: Exploring the Bond JAVMA, Vol 237, No. 7, October 1, 2010

10 partment. People who have sustained a dog bite related injury may seek emergency care for a variety of reasons, ranging from a desire to have immediate examination even for a minor scratch or scrape to consultation about the need for postexposure rabies or tetanus prophylaxis to treatment for extensive trauma. Weiss et al 12 have reported that most (ie, 99%) emergency department visits involving dog bites were assigned an injury severity score of 1, which is the lowest possible score. However, the injury severity score system was designed for assessing threats to life following blunt trauma and may not be well suited to assessing injury from other sources, such as dog bites. 13 Furthermore, dog bite injuries may be considered serious for reasons other than the extent of tissue trauma, such as the likelihood of secondary infection. The Health Care Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample database b covers approximately 90% of the US population and currently is the most reliable source of information about reasons for hospitalization. Data for 2006 indicate that, nationwide, there were approximately 8,387 hospitalizations (approx 3/100,000 people/y) because of dog bites. However, the number of reconstructive procedures following dog bites (31,089 in 2007 and 28,232 in 2008) and the reconstructive procedure rate (approx 9 to 10/100,000 people/y) were higher, 14 suggesting that roughly twothirds of these procedures are done without the need for hospitalization. Given these inconsistencies and uncertainties, not only is the overall rate of dog bites difficult to define, but the severity of dog bites that do occur is impossible to quantify. This makes it difficult for the public to appreciate the true risk associated with dog bites and may lead to perceptions that serious dog bites are common, that all dog bites are equally serious, or that all emergency department visits following a dog bite represent serious injuries. The wide range of estimates from different sources of data describing different categories of injuries also makes it difficult for the public to put the risk of dog bites in context with risks of other types of injuries (Figure 1). Stereotyping and misinformation Three published studies are inappropriately used to implicate specific breeds, particularly pit bull type dogs, as being more likely than other breeds to be involved in human fatalities resulting from dog bites. Misinterpretations of these data persist, despite disclaimers cautioning that these reports cannot be used to infer any breed-specific risk. 18,19,c Media portrayals of certain dog breeds as being particularly aggressive, along with persistent popular myths that physical and behavioral characteristics can distinguish certain breeds from other dogs of a similar size (eg, greater bite force or more unpredictable behavior), have also contributed to the erroneous belief that certain breeds of dogs have a propensity to bite people. Such stereotypes reinforce the belief that BSL will de- Figure 1 Reported risks of various types of injuries for people living in the United States. ED = Emergency department. JAVMA, Vol 237, No. 7, October 1, 2010 Vet Med Today: Exploring the Bond 789

11 crease the incidence of dog bite related injury. Tellingly, a study 20 from Germany in which a standardized temperament test was used to compare the behavior of 415 dogs representing banned breeds with the behavior of 70 Golden Retrievers did not find any significant differences between the 2 groups. However, even if behavior could be reliably predicted from breed, heredity is only 1 of 5 factors, in addition to early experience, early socialization and training, behavioral and medical health, and victim behavior, that may influence a dog s propensity to bite in a given situation. 21 A study 22 has shown that even people who work with dogs on a daily basis in an expert capacity cannot reliably identify breed mixtures, and some dogs whose appearance suggests a particular breed may in fact have little to no genetic evidence of that breed. Erroneous beliefs about efficacy of BSL To our knowledge, there currently is no published evidence supporting claims that BSL is efficacious, whereas evidence does exist suggesting that BSL is not effective or does not improve public safety. For example, an analysis of medically attended dog bites before (1995 through 1999) and after (2000 through 2004) addition of a list of dangerous breeds to existing dangerous-dog legislation in Aragon, Spain, did not indicate any changes in frequency of bites. 23 Similarly, The Netherlands repealed a national ban on pit bull type dogs after 15 years because the ban did not lead to a decrease in dog bites, 24 and Italy has repealed BSL, replacing it with a law making owners more responsible for their dogs training and behavior. 25,26 Using NNB to Reframe the Perception of Risk Given the misperception of risk and stereotyping of dog breeds, the question becomes how to best dispel the notion that BSL could be efficacious. An important statistic in evidence-based assessments of the efficacy of various preventive measures in medicine is the NNT. Mathematically, the NNT is the inverse of the difference between the absolute risk before treatment and the absolute risk after treatment. 9 In essence, the NNT represents the average number of patients who would need to be treated to prevent 1 patient from developing the outcome of interest (eg, illness, injury, or death). In human medicine, values for the NNT are typically in the range of tens or at most hundreds of patients for medical or surgical interventions. 9 The NNT statistic is advocated in evidence-based medical practice as a concise, clinically useful presentation of the effect of an intervention 27 and is used to communicate the potential costs and benefits of treatments to patients or to justify costs of a pharmaceutical or medical or surgical intervention to insurers. As indicated, 8 the NNT is suitable for assessing active interventions and treatments as well as risk-reduction and prevention efforts. This approach allows both economic and human costs to be weighed when considering an intervention. If BSL were viewed as an intervention (ie, removal of a dog from the population) to prevent an adverse event (ie, dog bite), then an NNT could be calculated for BSL. This value would be calculated as the inverse of the risk of a dog bite before BSL was implemented minus the risk of a dog bite after BSL was implemented and, in essence, would represent the number of dogs that would have to be removed from the population (ie, the number of dogs that would have to be banned) to prevent a single dog bite. Because the treatment in this instance involves banning dogs, we believe this should be referred to as the NNB, rather than the NNT. Key Data and Assumptions for Calculating NNB Because of the uncertainties regarding the risks of dog bites, certain assumptions have to be made to calculate the NNB associated with BSL. To obtain the most conservative estimates of NNB, we assume that BSL would be 100% effective in removing dogs of the target breed from the region or in isolating such dogs from the human population. We also assume that dogs obtained as replacements for banned dogs would have a propensity to bite equal to that for dogs in the general canine population and not equal to the higher propensity to bite attributed to the target breed. It is unlikely that in the real world any legislative effort would be 100% effective or that no owners would choose to replace dogs of the banned breed with other dogs with an equal or greater propensity for aggression. Thus, including these 2 assumptions in calculations of the NNB would provide a conservative estimate of the minimum number of dogs that would need to be banned to prevent a single dog bite. Two important values are needed to calculate the NNB: the risk that a person will be bitten by a dog and the proportion of dog bites attributable to the target breed. Examples of data for the former include reported bites, emergency department visits, hospitalizations for dog bites, or insurance claims for dog bites. The proportion of dog bites attributable to the target breed is needed to estimate the reduction in number of dog bites after removal of dogs representing the banned breed following implementation of BSL. Some rough estimates can be made for the maximum frequency of a single breed on the basis of data that follow. In a study 28 from Colorado for which breed information was provided for > 2,000 dog bites reported during 2007 and 2008, the largest proportion of bites was attributed to dogs for which the primary breed was listed as Labrador Retriever (13.3%), followed by bites attributed to dogs identified as pit bull type dogs (8.4%). In a study 29 of 5,497 dog bites in Prince Georges County, Md, the largest proportions of dogs for which breed was identified were German Shepherd Dogs (12%) and pit bull type dogs (12%); Labrador Retrievers represented about 6% of all dogs. In a report 30 from Multonomah County, Ore, involving reported bites by licensed dogs, the largest proportion of bites was from dogs in the terrier group (23.8% of all bites). However, the American Kennel Club defines this group as containing 27 breeds, suggesting that any single breed would likely have been only a fraction of this proportion. The next largest proportion of bites (23.1%) was from dogs in the sporting group, which also contains 27 breeds. In a review 31 of pediatric dog bites handled at a single inner-city tertiary-care hospital, it was reported that pit bull type dogs accounted for approximately 56% of bites for which a breed was reported; however, over half of the records contained no information about breed, and it was not reported how breed was determined for those breeds for which a notation was made. In addition, it 790 Vet Med Today: Exploring the Bond JAVMA, Vol 237, No. 7, October 1, 2010

12 seems likely that patients were not representative of the city as a whole. Using these data about bite prevalence and breed to calculate NNB for dog bites in general, we conservatively assumed that a maximum of 15% of all dog bites would be attributable to any particular individual breed. However, for purposes of calculating NNB for more serious injuries (ie, dog bites requiring corrective surgery or hospitalization) and for insurance claims, we assumed that up to 35% of all dog bites could be attributable to a particular breed. For all calculations, we also assumed that a dog that bites injures only a single person and that dogs removed from a community would not be replaced. On the basis of these assumptions, an NNB can be calculated for any particular outcome of interest. For example, a previous study 11 of emergency department visits due to dog bites estimated that there were 365,846 visits to emergency departments because of dog bites during the year 2000 out of a population of 281,421,906 people, or approximately 130 emergency department visits/100,000 people/y. If the targeted breed was assumed to represent 15% of all dog bites, then removing these dogs through BSL would decrease the number of bites by 15% after the ban was in effect. Thus, the estimated risk of emergency department visits due to dog bites after the ban was in effect would be 85% of the risk prior to the ban being enacted, or approximately emergency department visits/100,000 people/y (ie, 130 X 0.85), and the estimated reduction in risk attributable to the ban would be 19.5 emergency department visits/100,000 people/y (ie, ). The NNB is the inverse of this number (100,000/19.5). Thus, the number of dogs of the target breed that would have to be banned to prevent a single emergency department visit each year would be 5,128 dogs. Similar calculations can be done for other published dog bite rates. For example, a study 32 from Kansas City reported a rate of 157 emergency department visits because of dog bites/100,000 people/y. With the same calculations and same assumptions, 4,255 dogs would need to be banned to prevent a single emergency department visit each year. Similarly, for a study 28 of dog bites in Colorado that reported a rate of 80 dog bites/100,000 people/y, the NNB to prevent a single dog bite each year would be 8,333 dogs. For more serious injuries, when 35% of injuries were assumed to be attributable to the target breed, NNB calculations yield even higher values. For example, a report 14 of the numbers of reconstructive procedures following dog bites reported a rate of 9.3 reconstructive procedures/100,000 people/y. If the targeted breed was assumed to represent 35% of all bites requiring reconstructive procedures, then removing these dogs through BSL would decrease the number of such procedures by 35%, and the estimated risk following implementation would be 6.1 reconstructive procedures/100,000 people/y, or an estimated reduction in risk of 3.2 reconstructive procedures/100,000 people/y and NNB of 30,663 dogs to prevent a single reconstructive procedure each year. With the same assumptions, the NNB would be 102,040 dogs (given a rate of 2.8 hospitalizations/100,000 people/y b ) or 109,495 dogs (given a rate of 2.6 hospitalizations/100,000 people/y 33 ) to prevent a single hospitalization secondary to a dog bite each year and 59,523 dogs to prevent a single insurance claim for a dog bite related injury each year (given a rate of 4.8 claims/100,000 people/y 34 ). For all of the scenarios described above, it is important to recognize the NNB increases as the proportion of bites attributable to the target breed decreases (Figure 2). In addition, the NNB represents the number of dogs that would have to be banned to prevent a single bite each year. To prevent 2 bites, this figure would be doubled; to prevent 3 bites, this figure would be tripled. Finally, BSL that does not involve complete bans (eg, muzzle laws) would require considerably higher NNB because many dog bites occur in a home setting by a familiar dog, when a muzzle would not be required. 35 Implications For BSL The large values for NNB calculated as described point out the implausibility that BSL will substantially decrease the number of dog bite related injuries in a community. In addition, the large number of dogs of a target breed that would have to be removed from the community to prevent even a single incident illustrates the high costs of BSL in terms of dog lives and effects on responsible owners whose pets would be banned. What does this mean for policy makers struggling with real-world problems associated with dangerous dogs and reckless owners? Ropeik 36 has discussed how risk perception is often nonlinear and how there can be a large gap a so-called perception gap between public fears and the facts. Factors that would tend to widen this perception gap with respect to dog bites include a lack of control over a perceived threat (eg, having dangerous dogs living in one s neighborhood), a lack of information about the true nature of the threat (eg, a false perception that certain breeds are more dangerous or have a greater propensity to bite), and a lack of trust. In addition, highly publicized events create an availability bias, making people more fearful than they ought to be about a given risk. 37 Figure 2 Number of dogs needed to be banned to prevent a single dog bite related injury each year (ie, NNB) as a function of the proportion of dog bite related injuries attributed to the target breed in BSL. Values were calculated on the basis of reported risk of dog bites in Colorado (estimated risk, 80 dog bites/100,000 people/y 28 ; black circles), the risk of emergency department visits because of dog bites in the United States (estimated risk, 130 emergency department visits because of dog bites/100,000 people/y 11 ; white squares), and risk of emergency department visits because of dog bites in Kansas City (estimated risk, 157 emergency department visits because of dog bites/100,000 people/y 32 ; white triangles). JAVMA, Vol 237, No. 7, October 1, 2010 Vet Med Today: Exploring the Bond 791

13 It is our belief that BSL is based largely on fear, and it has been emphasized that appeals to fear have their greatest influence only when coupled with messages about the high efficacy of proposed fear-based solutions. 38 Easily understood communication tools, such as NNB, can help put the lack of efficacy of BSL into perspective and narrow the perception gap. Veterinarians, animal behaviorists, and other scientists also need to be well-informed about the data available on this subject and must step forward to counteract media hyperbole and misinterpretations. A better understanding of the improbability of making communities safer through BSL can add to the arguments against discriminatory responses that are based on assumptions regarding dogs of a particular breed or with a particular physical appearance. This is essential if we are to turn the tide of public perception and encourage more rational, breed-neutral approaches to decrease human injury from dog bites. a. CDC WONDER [database online]. About compressed mortality, Atlanta: CDC, Available at: wonder.cdc.gov/ cmf-icd10.html. Accessed Jul 7, b. H.CUPnet [database online]. Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health and Human Services, Available at: Accessed Jul 7, c. Lockwood R, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New York, NY: Letter opposing breed-specific legislation, submitted to City of Denver, Oct 31, References 1. AVMA. US Pet ownership and demographics sourcebook. Schaumburg, Ill: AVMA, Gilchrist J, Sacks JJ, White D, et al. Dog bites: still a problem? Inj Prev 2008;14: Berkey J. Dog breed specific legislation: the cost to people, pets and veterinarians, and the damage to the human-animal bond, in Proceedings. 146th Am Vet Med Assoc Annu Conv [CD-ROM] American Humane. Targeting dangerous dogs : why breed-specific legislation misses the mark. Natl Humane Rev 2008;7(3): American Kennel Club. Canine legislation and position statements. Available at: PBLEG2.pdf. Accessed Jul 7, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Breed-specific legislation. Available at: Accessed Jul 7, National Animal Control Association. Extended animal control concerns dangerous/vicious animals. Available at: www. nacanet.org/guidelines.html#dangerous. Accessed Jul 7, Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, et al. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1991; Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Number needed to treat. Available at: Accessed Jul 7, Akobeng AK. Communicating the benefits and harms of treatments. Arch Dis Child 2008;93: Vyrostek SB, Annest JL, Ryan GW. Surveillance for fatal and non-fatal injuries United States, MMWR Surveill Summ 2004;53: Weiss HB, Friedman DI, Coben JH. Incidence of dog bite injuries treated in emergency departments. JAMA 1998;279: Baker SP, O Neill B, Haddon W Jr, et al. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma 1974;14: American Society of Plastic Surgeons reconstructive surgery procedures. Available at: stats/2008-us-cosmetic-reconstructive-plastic-surgery-minimally-invasive-statistics.pdf. Accessed Jul 7, CDC. Dog-bite-related fatalities United States, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46: Sacks JJ, Lockwood R, Hornreich J, et al. Fatal dog attacks, Pediatrics 1996;97: Sacks JJ, Sinclair L, Gilchrist J, et al. Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217: CDC. Publications on dog bites. Available at: HomeandRecreationalSafety/Dog-Bites/dogbite-pubs.html. Accessed Jul 1, AVMA. Letter prefatory to Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and Available at: fatalattacks.pdf. Accessed Jul 7, Ott SA, Schalke E, von Gaertner AM, et al. Is there a difference? Comparison of golden retrievers and dogs affected by breedspecific legislation regarding aggressive behavior. J Vet Behav 2008;3: AVMA Task Force on Canine Aggression and Human-Canine Interactions. A community approach to dog bite prevention. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218: Voith VL, Ingram E, Mitsouras K. Comparison of adoption agency breed identification and DNA breed identification of dogs. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2009;12: Rosado B, Garcia-Belenguer S, Leon M, et al. Spanish dangerous animals act: effect on the epidemiology of dog bites (Erratum published in J Vet Behav 2008;3:38). J Vet Behav 2007;2: Cornelissen JMR, Hopster H. Dog bites in the Netherlands: a study of victims, injuries, circumstances and aggressors to support evaluation of breed specific legislation [published online ahead of print Oct 28, 2009]. Vet J doi: / j.tvjl Cattarossi D, Martuzzi F. Cani mordaci in Italia: Indagine sulle razze di appartenenza e considerazioni sulla normative vigente. Veterinaria 2007;21: Mariti C, Ciceroni C, Ducci M, et al. Sirchia s ordinance on potentially dangerous dogs: assessment of its effects in the city of Florence. Ann Facolta Med Vet Pisa 2006;59: Barratt A, Wyer PC, Hatala R, et al. Evidence-based Medicine Teaching Tips Working Group. Tips for learners of evidencebased medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat. CMAJ 2004;171: Corona Research. Dog bites in Colorado. Report of dog bite incidents reported to animal control, July 2007 June Denver: Corona Research Inc, Available at: org/. Accessed Jul 7, Vicious Animal Legislation Task Force. Report of the Vicious Animal Legislation Task Force. Upper Marlboro, Md: Prince Georges County, Shuler CM, DeBess EE, Lapidus JA, et al. Canine and human factors related to dog bite injuries. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232: Kaye AE, Belz JM, Kirschner RE. Pediatric dog bite injuries: a 5-year review of the experience at the Children s Hospital of Philadelphia. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124: Hoff GL, Cai J, Kendrick R, et al. Emergency department visits and hospitalizations resulting from dog bites, Kansas City, MO, Mo Med 2005;102: Feldman KA, Trent R, Jay MT. Epidemiology of hospitalizations resulting from dog bites in California, Am J Public Health 2004;94: Insurance Information Institute. I.I.I. Study shows dog bite claims cost nearly $390 million annually. Available at: www. iii.org/press_releases/avoid-being-bitten-with-a-lawsuit-by- Being-a-Responsible-Dog-Owner.html?loc=interstitialskip. Accessed Jul 7, Overall KL, Love M. Dog bites to humans demography, epidemiology, injury, and risk. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218: Ropeik D. Risk communication and non-linearity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009;28: Sunstein CR. Worst-case scenarios. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, Witte K, Allen M. A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Educ Behav 2000;27: Vet Med Today: Exploring the Bond JAVMA, Vol 237, No. 7, October 1, 2010

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26 Breed Specific Or Looks Specific that the breed- because the term pit bull does not refer to any specific breed of dog. It is ironic that legislation three or more distinct breeds along with any other dog that might be I am beginning to believe that breed specific legislation targets nothing more than a small subset of morphological characteristics of dogs and does not address behavior at all. mixed with those breeds. It is my professional opinion that this group of dogs must be the most genetically diverse dog breed on the planet. I find it paradoxical that the consensus medical and genetic view is that even one single letter difference between two p susceptibility to disease and risk of adverse drug reactions, but, us dogs are flawed because the inherent assumption in these laws is that anatomical and morphological characteristics in dogs correlate with certain behaviors. The genetic program that results in a large thick skull, like that of a Labrador Retriever, is not the same genetic program that builds the brain. The former regulates genes that control the cellular differentiation and anatomical patterning of cartilage, muscle and bone. The latter regulates completely different processes including the highly ordered growth of millions of different neurons that migrate and interconnect to form neuronal circuits that communicate the biochemical language of the brain. Kristopher Irizarry, PhD Assistant Professor, Bioinformatics, Genetics, Genomics, Western University. Advisor to NCRC physical properties of the head and skull (called phrenology) had been discredited in the last century (20 th century). Why we would allow laws based on phrenology to be enacted in the 21 st century is a question worth investigating.

27 Beyond Breed new research on the Visual identification of Breeds calls into Question Breed-discriminatory legislation By Ted Brewer Reprinted from Best Friends Magazine, March/April 2011 Something used to weigh on Dr. Victoria Voith s mind nearly every time she visited a shelter. She noticed a preponderance of dogs identified as German shepherds or as shepherd mixes. As someone with a great fondness for the breed and someone who once had a German shepherd, Voith was fairly certain that the shelters were, in many cases, misidentifying the dogs. There s so much behavioral variability within each breed, even more between breed mixes, that we cannot reliably predict a dog s behavior or his suitability for a particular adopter based on breed. equal Securing treatment and opportunity for pit bull dogs A n i m A l fa r m foundation, inc. Since 1985 Voith is a professor of veterinary medicine at Western University in Pomona, California, and a specialist in the animal/human relationship, so she became curious: Just how often do people visually misidentify the breeds of dogs? She decided to conduct a study that might give her an answer. In 2008 she randomly chose 20 different dogs who had been adopted from 17 different shelters, rescue groups and other adoption agencies that had attempted to identify the dogs breeds. All of the 20 dogs had been labeled as mixed breeds either a mix of specific breeds (e.g., German shepherd and Labrador) or breed types (e.g., shepherd mix), or a combination of both (e.g., chow/terrier mix). Voith had the dogs DNA analyzed to see how the agencies breed identifications matched up to the genetic tests. The DNA tests, which report breed compositions in percentages, revealed multiple breeds in all but one of the dogs, whose only DNA-identified breed was 12.5 percent Alaskan malamute. The highest percentage of one breed found in any of the dogs was 50 percent, and that too occurred in only one dog. Otherwise, predominant breeds represented only 25 percent or 12.5 percent of the dogs genetic makeup. (The DNA reports are in units of 12.5 percent to represent the approximate percentage that each great-grandparent contributed to the individual dog s DNA.) (continued on next page) l e g i S l A t i o n

28 So, how did the adoption agencies identifications match up with the DNA results? According to the DNA, the agencies correctly identified a specific breed in only 31 percent of the 20 dogs. Usually, the breeds correctly identified by the agencies represented only 25 percent or 12.5 percent of the dogs makeup. Even when there was an agreement between a specific adoption identification and DNA identification, the same dogs usually had additional breeds identified by DNA that were not suggested by the adoption agencies, Voith says. Voith has expanded her breed identification research to include more than 900 trainers, veterinarians, kennel workers, animal control staff and other dog experts, all tasked with visually identifying a sample of mixed-breed dogs. Voith has compared their answers with the DNA of these dogs. Though she can t yet reveal what the results are, she does say, My ongoing studies indicate there is often little correlation between how people visually identify dogs and DNA- reported results. So we have to go from identifying dogs by breed to identifying dogs as individuals. behavior and development of dogs, including the mixedbreed offspring of various purebred crosses. Scott and Fuller photographed the offspring and many of the dogs looked nothing like their parents or grandparents. Some, in fact, looked more like other breeds. It amazes me how dogs can look like a breed that doesn t appear in their immediate ancestry, Voith says. Voith suspects that as many as 75 percent ofall mixed-breed dogs may be mislabeled. Voith s research triggers a slew of questions, among them: If professionals can t even correctly identify breeds of dogs by sight, how can law enforcement in cities where certain breeds are banned? Given how hard it is to correctly identify breeds of dogs by sight, do breed-discriminatory policies make sense in whatever arena they exist? By claiming their dogs are the offspring of certain breeds, with the characteristics commonly associated with those breeds, are adoption agencies inadvertently creating false expectations among adopters of how those dogs might behave? You can even have agreement among professionals on what they think this dog is, maybe as much as 70 percent of the people trying to identify the dog, and the DNA doesn t come out to match that, she says. It s not that people in these professions aren t good at identifying purebred dogs; it s just that mixed-breed dogs do not always look like their parents. Speaking or writing about her research, Voith often refers to the research that John Paul Scott and John L. Fuller conducted in the 1950s and 1960s on the And is it time, finally, to stop viewing dogs through the prism of their supposed breeds? A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY The propensity we have for wanting to know our dogs breeds and talk about it is perhaps as natural to us as wanting to know our own ancestry and tell others about it. It s often a matter of pride that our dog has, say, Newfoundland in him, just as it s a matter of pride that our grandparents or great-grandparents emigrated from Italy, Russia, India or some other exotic location. (continued on next page) By Ted Brewer Reprinted from Best Friends Magazine, March/April 2011

29 But once person s pride can be another person s, or city s, bias, as we well know from places that have banned pit bull-type dogs. Ledy VanKavage, senior legislative attorney for Best Friends, has taken note of Voith s breed identification research and cited it in support of an argument presented last year in an article for the American Bar Association s The Public Lawyer. VanKavage says that breed-discriminatory legislation is bad fiscal policy based largely on erroneous data that pegs pit bull terriers as the common culprit in dog bites. The data is gleaned largely from the media. in Toledo, Ohio, for instance, the Lucas County Dog Warden s Office seized from a Toledo man s house what animal control officials insisted were three pit bull terriers, two more than the city allows for one owner. Police also charged him with violating an ordinance that mandates pit bull owners to keep a muzzle and leash on their dogs when in public. The owner fought the charges in court, proving that the dogs were, in fact, cane corsos, not pit bulls. The judge ruled that the dogs be released. (The judge also struck down the provisions in the dog ordinance that limited the number of pit bulls an owner may have and mandated that pit bulls wear muzzles in public.) Not even all dogs in the same litter of purebreds are identical. There s tremendous variation in the behavior and the morphology within a breed, even among litter mates. Of course, even if the dogs had been pit bull terriers, that doesn t mean they were dangerous dogs simply by virtue of their breed. Not all dogs of the same breed act the same, Voith says. Not even all dogs in the same litter of purebreds are identical. There s tremendous variation in the behavior and the morphology within a breed, even among litter mates. It s sort of like an urban legend or hoax promulgated by the media, VanKavage says. You can t just go by the headlines, because a lot of times they re wrong. A lot of times it s law enforcement who s giving the media incorrect information. They re wrongly identifying the breed, because they think that any shorthaired muscular dog is a pit bull. Voith suspects that as many as 75 percent of all mixedbreed dogs may be mislabeled. So the whole data base on which these [breed] restrictions exist is in question, Voith says. A number of cases in cities and counties with breed bans have underscored the fallibility of animal control when it comes to identifying pit bull terriers. Last year UNFAIR ASSUMPTIONS Voith s research throws a monkey wrench into more than just breed-discriminatory legislation. It also challenges the feasibility and fairness of breeddiscriminatory policy wherever it might be found, be it policy set by landlords, dog parks, dog rescues and shelters, even insurance companies. American Family Insurance, for instance, denies homeowner s insurance to people with pit-bull-terrier-type dogs. It s conceivable then, given Voith s research, that a family may think they have adopted a pit bull terrier (because that s what they were told when the family adopted the dog) and come to find that their insurance company won t cover them anymore or that their landlord won t allow them to remain on his property By Ted Brewer Reprinted from Best Friends Magazine, March/April 2011

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38 the cruel cost of Breed Specific legislation Reproduced by permission of Stubby Dog, and author Micaela Myers Imagine being locked in a dusty shed for months on end. You can t go outside because people might see that you look like a pit bull and turn you in. If you re turned in, you ll be killed. equal Securing treatment and opportunity for pit bull dogs A n i m A l fa r m foundation, inc. Since 1985 This is exactly how Otis lived after his hometown of Fayette, Missouri, passed a breed ban in Feb The ordinance banned acquiring pit bulls. Pit bulls already in the town could be grandfathered in if their owners met certain requirements, including showing proof of $100,000 of liability insurance, muzzling their pets when in public (on a leash no longer than four feet) and meeting specific confinement requirements for dogs kept outside. However, with a median household income in Fayette of only $32,925 (in 2008), many residents couldn t afford to meet the requirements. These people can t afford $1,500 a year for a rider on their insurance policy, said Melody Whitworth, the Columbia, Missouri, area representative for Dogs Deserve Better, a non-profit organization dedicated to helping chained dogs. There are a lot of dogs in hiding [in Fayette], and Otis was one of those dogs in hiding, said Kathryn Ward, the Fayette area representative for Dogs Deserve Better. When the ordinance went into effect, Otis s guardian couldn t afford the insurance policy. Otis ended up being hidden in a shed in his backyard and chained, Whitworth said. This went on for months and months. His owner would go out and feed him when he felt like his neighbors weren t home and wouldn t see him. When Otis s guardian had to call an ambulance for his mother-in-law one night, the authorities discovered the dog, and his guardian was cited. [He] was told to either get rid of the dog or the dog would be killed, Ward said. The guardian contacted the local shelter, which luckily (continued on next page) l e g i S l A t i o n

39 referred him to Ward, who had been working with the shelter, trying to save as many area pit bulls as possible. Jessica Murphy of Columbia was searching through the listings om Petfinder. He worked directly with Dogs Deserve Better, Withworth said. He signed a relinquishment form and allowed us to put Otis on Petfinder to try and rehome him in order to keep him out of a shelter situation. After months of being tied in the dark, Otis would growl when approached by strangers, but Ward and Whitworth saw this as a consequence of his circumstances rather than a reflection on his true nature. Prior to the ordinance, Otis had fathered several litters of puppies. One of the first things Dogs Deserve Better did was to arrange to have Otis neutered. While Whitworth worked to find a new home for Otis, Ward tried to educate his grandson about pet overpopulation and the problems associated with chaining (including increased aggression). He said that he could see it was wrong to chain him, she said. My feeling is that education of the people is the only thing that s going to change the way pit bulls are treated. That is when people need to focus their efforts instead of these stupid bans that don t do anything but further harm the dogs. She said that according to her research, dog bites in Fayette have actually increased since the ordinance. Through their collective efforts, a miracle was in the works for Otis. Unlike most victims of breed bans, he was about to get a second chance. A miracle was in the works for Otis. Unlike most victims of breed bans, he was about to get a second chance. Reproduced by permission of Stubby Dog, and author Micaela Myers I came across a picture of this dog in what appeared to be a barn, and he just looked pitiful. It was so sad, Murphy said. There was just something about him. When I found out about his story, it made it that much more heartbreaking. I had to meet that dog. I had to help that dog. Murphy s husband agreed, and the couple went to meet the then 4-year old Otis. His allergies were horrible, I guess from living in his barn that was so dusty. His eyes looked like they popping out of his head, Murphy said. He came right up to me, and I fell in love. Jessica and Robert have two children, ages 6 and 7, and are expecting their third child. He s very patient with the kids, Murphy said. He s the best dog we ve ever had. A year after his adoption, Otis now lives with three other dogs, including his son, whom the couple also rescued. Today, Otis has his own spot on the couch, inside with the family. His transformation from backyard dog in hiding to a beloved family pet illustrates both the tragedy of breed-specific legislation, which will sentence dogs to death just for the way they look, as well as the fact that all dogs, regardless of breed, are a reflection of how they re kept and treated.