Unit Five Packet: Genetics

Transcription

1 Unit Five Packet: Genetics Unit Outline: 11-30: Introduction to genetics HW: Mendel s Mysteries WS 12-3: Monohybrid Crosses (day one) HW: Unit Five Review Sheet One 12-4: Monohybrid Crosses (day two) HW: Punnett Square WS : Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and Multiple Alleles HW: Punnett Square WS : Blood Typing Lab Quiz HW: Unit Five Review Sheet Two 12-7: Codominance and Environmental Impact Lab HW: Lab Report (I) 12-10: Sex- Linked Genes (day one) HW: Sex- Linked Traits WS : Sex- Linked Genes (day two) HW: Sex- Linked Traits WS 2 OVER WINTER BREAK/JANUARY: Dihybrid Crosses (day one) HW: Unit Five Review Sheet Three Baby- Daddy Lab HW: Lab Report (C) Dihybrid Crosses (day two) HW: Dihybrid Crosses WS Pedigrees HW: Pedigrees WS Pedigrees Lab HW: Unit Five Review Sheet Four 1-10: Unit Five Review 1-11: Unit Five Test Unit Five Vocabulary Week One Vocab: Allele- different forms of the same gene (Ex. The gene for eye color has a blue and brown allele) Dominant- a trait that always gets expressed, controlling Gene- a piece of DNA that gives information about a specific trait. (ex. The gene for eye color) Genotype- the combination of alleles (genes) that an organism has for a trait (shown with two letters) Phenotype- The physical characteristics of an organism. The expression of the genes. Recessive- one of a pair of alleles whose effect is masked by the activity of the second when both are present Week Two Vocab: Codominant- when two traits cooperate or share the organism so they are both shown at the same time Dihybrid- when you do a cross looking at two traits at the same time Incomplete Dominance- when two traits mix in an organism causing a new trait that blends them both Monohybrid- when you do a cross looking at one trait at a time Multiple Alleles- when a trait has multiple variations Sex- Linked- when a trait is connected to a sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome) Week Three Vocab (Latin Prefixes) Bronch- Cardio- Cephal- Crani- Cuti- Dent- Windpipe Heart Head Skull Skin Tooth

2 Unit Five Notes Introduction to genetics Gene: a piece of DNA that gives information about a specific trait. (ex. The gene for eye color) Alleles: different forms of the same gene (Ex. The gene for eye color has a blue and brown allele) Genotype: the combination of alleles (genes) that an organism has for a trait (shown with two letters) Capitol letters are the dominant trait: the trait that is always expressed Lowercase letters are the recessive trait: the trait that can be hidden by the dominant trait If the letters are the same, we say they are homozygote. (ex. AA or aa) If they are different, they are heterozygous. (ex. Aa) Phenotype: The physical characteristics of an organism. The expression of the genes. Law of Dominance: the trait that is dominant will always be expressed in the phenotype if it is present in the genotype. The recessive trait will only be expressed if the dominant trait is not present. Ex. BB- Brown hair, Bb- Brown hair, bb- red hair Punnett Squares Punnett Square: a tool used to figure out the projected (estimated) results of crosses between organisms. When we do crosses, the organisms we crossed are called the parent generation (P). The first generation of offspring is called F1, the second generation is called F2. Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and Multiple Alleles Incomplete dominance: When neither of two alleles is dominant or recessive to the other. The heterozygous genotype has a blended (mixed) phenotype of the homozygous phenotypes. We show both traits as capitol letters since neither is recessive. Ex. RR- red flowers, RW has pink flowers (a mix of red and white), WW has white flowers Codominance: Similar to incomplete dominance, but the heterozygous genotype has a phenotype that expresses both the homozygous phenotypes in different parts of the organism (instead of mixing them together). They cooperate and share the organism. Ex. WW- white hairs, RR- red hairs, RW- a mix of red and white hairs (called a roan coat) Multiple Alleles: Traits with more than two alleles. Ex. Blood type has A, B and O. Sex Linked Genes Sex- Linked genes: Genes that are attached to the sex chromosomes (X and Y)- XX is female, XY is male When doing sex linked problems, each X will receive a letter that represents the gene it carries while Y will not receive a letter. Because the male only gets one X gene, they are much more likely to express recessive alleles for genes on the X chromosome. Pedigree Pedigree: A family tree of genetic inheritance used to track specific traits through families. Each line represents the next generation with lines connecting shapes horizontally representing mating. If two parents with one trait have a child with a different trait, that different trait is recessive. Carrier: someone who has just one copy of a recessive gene (they carry the gene but don t express it). Dihybrid Crosses Law of Independent Assortment: Genes on different chromosomes separate independently of each other. For example, the genes for eye color and hair color are on different chromosomes so the eye color alleles do not affect how the hair color alleles sort.

3 Mendel s Mysteries WS 1. What is the difference between a gene and an allele? 2. What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes? 3. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? 4. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? 5. Label the following as heterozygous (Hz) or homozygous (Ho). Rr TT qq Yy Ee WW pp jj LL 6. Label either each of the following would show the dominant (D) or recessive (R) trait. Rr TT qq Yy Ee WW pp jj LL 7. Using the letters A and a, write out the following genotypes: Homozygous Dominant Heterozygous Dominant Homozygous Recessive 8. Why can you not have a heterozygous recessive genotype?

4 Unit Five Review Sheet One 1) A green pea plant (Gg) is crossed with a yellow pea plant (gg). What are the RATIOS? 2) A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a tall plant (Tt). What are the PERCENTAGES? 3) A red flower (RR) is crossed with a white flower (rr). What are the RATIOS? 4) In corn plants, ragged leaves (R) are dominant to smooth leaves (r). If two heterozygous ragged- leaf plants are crossed, what are the genotypes and phenotype PERCENTAGES of the offspring?

5 Introduction Section Lab 1) Working with a partner, determine the genotype of the baby by flipping pennies. "Mom" flips one penny to choose an allele for her egg and "Dad" flips the other to choose an allele for his sperm. HEADS will be the dominant or first trait, TAILS will be the recessive or second trait. (Note that the gender of the baby is a special case and is determined by dad alone. Females must give an X while males will flip: Heads gives an X, Tails give a Y). 2) Record the alleles which resulted from the coin flips, and put "sperm and egg" together. (You cannot pick the traits you want; life doesn't work that way!). Record the baby's phenotype in Table 1. Repeat for all traits and then draw, color, and name your creation. Remember that you are drawing a baby's face - not a child's or an adult's (no tattoos, no mustaches, no pierced ears, noses, etc., and not too much hair!) Mom's Name: Dad's Name Baby's Name: Trait Allele from Mom Allele from Dad Genotype Phenotype Gender X Face Shape Chin Shape Freckles Lip Thickness Eye Brows Eyelashes Ear Shape Ear Lobes Widow's Peak Hair Curliness Eyebrow Color Eye Width Eye Size Nose Size Birth Mark Skin Tone Polygenic Trait Alleles from Mom Alleles from Dad Genotype Phenotype Hair Color #1 #2 #1 #2 / Eye Color #1 #2 #1 #2 /

6 Introduction Section Lab Trait Genotype/Phenotype (Homozygous for Allele 1) Genotype/Phenotype (Heterozygous) Genotype/Phenotype (Homozygous for Allele #2) Face Shape RR Round Rr Round rr Square Chin Shape NN Noticeable Nn Noticeable nn Less Noticeable Freckles FF Present Ff Present ff Absent Lip Thickness TT Thick Tt Thick tt Thin Eye Brows BB Bushy Bb Bushy bb Fine Eyelashes LL Long Ll Long ll Short Ear Shape RR Long Rr Long rr Round Ear Lobes FF Free Ff Free ff Attached Widow's Peak WW Present Ww Present ww Absent Hair Curliness C 1 C 1 Curly C 1 C 2 Wavy C 2 C 2 Strait Eyebrow Color D 1 D 1 Darker than hair D 1 D 2 Same as hair D 2 D 2 Lighter than hair

7 Introduction Section Lab Eye Width W 1 W 1 Close Together W 1 W 2 Average W 2 W 2 Far apart Eye Size S 1 S 1 Large S 1 S 2 Medium S 2 S 2 Small Nose Size P 1 P 1 Small P 1 P 2 Medium P 2 P 2 Large Birth Mark (mole) B 1 B 1 Left cheek B 1 B 2 Absent B 2 B 2 Right cheek Skin Tone S 1 S 1 Light S 1 S 2 Medium S 2 S 2 Dark Hair Color AABB=Black AaBB=Dark Brown aabb=blond AABb=Black AaBb=Light Brown aabb=blond AAbb=Red Aabb=Dark Blond aabb=white (albino) Eye Color AABB=Deep Brown AaBB=Greenish Brown aabb=green AABb=Deep Brown AaBb=Light Brown aabb=light Blue AAbb=Brown Aabb=Gray-Blue aabb=pink Lab Report: On Monday, you will turn in a lab report with the Introduction, Results, and Conclusion sections. This lab report needs to be on a separate paper that you can TURN IN TO ME. Introduction: First Paragraph Introductory sentence that mentions the topic of the lab Defines at least two terms you used in the lab Explains what biology information you should already know before the lab in 2-3 sentences Second Paragraph Mentions the question THIS LAB was trying to answer Describes what was done in the lab to answer that questions in 1-2 sentences Mentions the hypothesis for the experiment Gives a science- based reason for their hypothesis Results: Draw the picture of your baby and list your babie s traits below the picture. Conclusion: Answer the following questions: 1. Why is the coin- flip a better model of real- life than you picking what trait you wanted to give? 2. Why is the male the only one that determines the sex of a baby?

8 Punnett Square WS 1 For the following questions, write the GENEOTYPES OF THE PARENTS ONLY. DO NOT DO THE PUNNETT SQUARE! 1) A homozygous black rat is crossed with a homozygous white rat (black is recessive). 2) A homozygous brown mouse is crossed with a heterozygous brown mouse (tan is recessive). 3) Two heterozygous white rabbits are crossed. 4) A heterozygous white rabbit is crossed with a homozygous black rabbit. For the following, complete the punnett square and give the genotype and phenotype PERCENTAGES. 5) A homozygous brown mouse is crossed with a heterozygous brown mouse (tan is the recessive color). 6) Two heterozygous black rabbits are crossed. Brown fur is recessive. 7) A heterozygous grey rabbit is crossed with a homozygous black rabbit.

9 Punnett Square WS 2 Complete a punnett square, list the percentages of each genotypes and each phenotype. 1. A homozygous red flower is crossed with a homozygous white flower. Red and white show incomplete dominance. 2. A heterozygous medium height plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant. Tall and short show incomplete dominance. 3. Two heterozygous grey bunnies are crossed. Black and white fur show incomplete dominance. 4. A homozygous red- coated dog is crossed with a homozygous white- coated dog. Red and white coats are codominant.

10 Punnett Square WS 2 5. Two heterozygous black and white spotted T- rexes are crossed. Black and white are codominant. 6. A heterozygous black and red dragon is crossed with a homozygous red dragon. Red and black are codominant. 7. A nurse at a hospital removed the wrist tags of three babies in the maternity ward. She needs to figure out which baby belongs to which parents, so she checks their blood types. Using the chart below, match the baby to its correct parents. Show the crosses to prove your choices. Parents Blood Types Baby Blood type Mr. Hartzel O Mrs. Hartzel A Jennifer O Mr. Simon AB Rebecca A Mrs. Simon AB Holly B Mr. Peach Mrs. Peach O O

11 Blood Typing Lab

12 Blood Typing Lab

13 Blood Typing Lab Lab Report: On Friday, you will turn in a lab report with the Introduction, Results, and Conclusion sections. This lab report needs to be on a separate paper that you can TURN IN TO ME. Introduction: First Paragraph Introductory sentence that mentions the topic of the lab Defines at least two terms you used in the lab Explains what biology information you should already know before the lab in 2-3 sentences Second Paragraph Mentions the question THIS LAB was trying to answer Describes what was done in the lab to answer that questions in 1-2 sentences Mentions the hypothesis for the experiment Gives a science- based reason for their hypothesis Results: Copy the final chart above. Conclusion: Answer the following questions: 1. Who committed the crime? How do you know? 2. If a person has blood type A, what type of antigen do they make? What anti- antigen would they react with? Why?

14 Unit Five Review Sheet Two For the following problems, complete the punnett square and tell the genotype and phenotype frequencies. 1) Two heterozygous white rabbits are crossed. Brown is recessive. 2) Two heterozygous grey bunnies are crossed. Black and white furs show incomplete dominance. 3) A heterozygous black and red dragon is crossed with a homozygous red dragon. Red and black are codominant. 4. A mother with blood type A and a father with blood type AB have a child who is blood type B. What are the genotype of the mother, father, and child. Use a punnett square to prove this! Mother Father Child

15 Codominance and Environmental Impact Lab

16 Codominance and Environmental Impact Lab

17 Codominance and Environmental Impact Lab Lab Report: On Monday, you will turn in a lab report with the Introduction, Results, and Conclusion sections. This lab report needs to be on a separate paper that you can TURN IN TO ME. Introduction: First Paragraph Introductory sentence that mentions the topic of the lab Defines at least two terms you used in the lab Explains what biology information you should already know before the lab in 2-3 sentences Second Paragraph Mentions the question THIS LAB was trying to answer Describes what was done in the lab to answer that questions in 1-2 sentences Mentions the hypothesis for the experiment Gives a science- based reason for their hypothesis Results: Copy the final chart above and then write a paragraph that describes what happened to your population both before and after the disaster. Conclusion: Answer the following questions: 1. Can two red fish mate and have green offspring? Why or why not? 2. What if each of the groups started with only one green gene among your fish- how do you think your population would have changed and why? 3. What if the orange fish had been best camouflaged, so that a few green fish were eaten each generation?

18 Sex- Linked Traits WS 1 What makes something sex- linked trait instead of just a regular trait? Are males or females more susceptible (likely to be affected) to sex- linked diseases? Explain. Hemophilia is a sex- linked trait found on the X chromosome. To get this disease, a person must have a recessive copy of the gene (h) on every X chromosome. Write the genotypes of a woman who was a carrier for the disease and a man who had the disease. Genotype of Mother: Genotype of Father: Baldness is also a sex- linked trait found on the X chromosome. To become bald, a person must have a recessive copy of the gene (b) on every X chromosome. Write the genotypes of a woman who has no history of baldness in her family (B) and a man who was bald. Genotype of Mother: Genotype of Father: In fruit flies, the gene for red eye color (R) is dominant to the gene for white eye color (r). The trait is sex- linked. What would be the genotype of a white- eyed female? A XRXr B XrXr C XRy D Xry Coat color in cats is a codominant trait and is also located on the X chromosome. Cats can be black, yellow or calico. A calico cat has black and yellow splotches. In order to be calico, the cat must have an allele for the black color and an allele for the yellow color. Use the possible genotypes to show why there are no male calico cats.

19 Sex- Linked Traits WS 2 Hemophilia is a sex- linked trait found on the X chromosome. To get this disease, a person must have a recessive copy of the gene (h) on every X chromosome. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic percentages of the offspring if a woman who was a carrier for the disease had a baby with a man who had the disease. Genotype of Mother: Genotype of Father: Baldness is also a sex- linked trait found on the X chromosome. To become bald, a person must have a recessive copy of the gene (b) on every X chromosome. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities of the offspring if a woman who has no history of baldness in her family (B) had a baby with a man who was bald. Genotype of Mother: Genotype of Father: A woman who is colorblind (XcXc) can expect A 100% of her female offspring to be colorblind. B 100% of her male offspring to be colorblind. C 50% of her female offspring to be colorblind. D 50% of her male offspring to be colorblind. In people, the trait for colorblindness (Xb) is a recessive sex linked trait and normal vision (XB) is dominant. If a female who is heterozygous for colorblindness has children with a man who has normal vision, what percent of their male children would be expected to be color blind? A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100%

20 Unit Five Review Sheet Three In rabbits, grey hair is dominant to white hair. Also in rabbits, black eyes are dominant to red eyes. These letters represent the genotypes of the rabbits: G- Grey hair g- white hair B- black eyes b- red eyes 1. What are the phenotypes of rabbits that have the following genotypes: Ggbb ggbb GGBB ggbb GgBb GgBB 2. Using the FOIL method, list the four gametes that would be produces from the following parental genotypes: GGBB: Ggbb: ggbb: GGBb: GgBb: ggbb: 3. Baldness is also a sex- linked trait found on the X chromosome. To become bald, a person must have a recessive copy of the gene (b) on every X chromosome. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities of the offspring if a woman who is a carrier of baldness in her family (B) had a baby with a man who is not bald. Genotype of Mother: Genotype of Father:

21 Baby- Daddy Lab No Widow's Peak Widow's Peak Widow's Peak Attached Earlobes Attached Earlobes Free Earlobes Blood Type: A Blood Type: O Blood Type: B In order to match these babies with their proper parents, you must first determine the babies' possible genotypes for each trait. Use the following symbols to represent the dominant and recessive alleles. W = widow's peak E = free earlobes w = no widow's peak e = attached earlobes TRAIT BABY 1 BABY 2 BABY 3 Widow's Peak Earlobes Blood Type Mr. Al Leel Mrs. Allie Leel Widow's Peak Attached Earlobe Blood Type: B No Widow's Peak Free Earlobe Blood Type: AB

22 Baby- Daddy Lab Determine the parents' possible genotypes for each trait. Use the following symbols to represent the dominant and recessive alleles. TRAIT Al Leel Allie Leel Widow's Peak Earlobes Blood Type Now, determine the possible genotypes of the babies born to the Leels. Use Punnett squares. Trait Widow's Peak Earlobes Blood Type Possible Baby Genotypes Arron Haye Dina Haye Widow's Peak Attached Earlobes Blood Type: A No Widow's Peak Attached Earlobes Blood Type: AB Determine the parents' possible genotypes for each trait. Use the following symbols to represent the dominant and recessive alleles.

23 Baby- Daddy Lab TRAIT Arron Haye Dina Haye Widow's Peak Earlobes Blood Type Now, determine the possible genotypes of the babies born to the Hayes. Use Punnett squares if you need. Trait Widow's Peak Earlobes Blood type Possible Baby Genotypes Gene Poole Fallen Poole No Widow's Peak Free Earlobes Blood Type: B Widow's Peak Free Earlobes Blood Type: A Determine the parents' possible genotypes for each trait. Use the following symbols to represent the dominant and recessive alleles.

24 Baby- Daddy Lab TRAIT Gene Poole Fallen Poole Widow's Peak Earlobes Blood Type Now, determine the possible genotypes of the babies born to the Pooles. Use Punnett squares if you need. Trait Possible Baby Genotypes Widow's Peak Earlobes Blood Type Indicate which babies belong to each set of parents? Parents Baby Mr. and Mrs. Leele Mr. and Mrs. Haye Mr. and Mrs. Poole Lab Report: This lab report needs to be on a separate paper that you can TURN IN TO ME. Introduction: First Paragraph Introductory sentence that mentions the topic of the lab Defines at least two terms you used in the lab Explains what biology information you should already know before the lab in 2-3 sentences Second Paragraph Mentions the question THIS LAB was trying to answer Describes what was done in the lab to answer that questions in 1-2 sentences Mentions the hypothesis for the experiment Gives a science- based reason for their hypothesis Results: Copy the final chart above.

25 Dihybrid Crosses WS These letters represent the genotypes of the rabbits: G- Grey hair g- white hair B- black eyes b- red eyes 1. Given the gametes (GB, Gb, GB, Gb) and (gb, gb, gb, gb), fill in the punnett square: 2. A male rabbit with the genotype GgBb. Determine the gametes (sperm) produced by this rabbit. A female rabbit has the genotype ggbb. Determine the gametes (eggs) produced by this rabbit. Use the gametes from the male and female to set up a punnett square below. How many of the offspring are gray with black eyes? How many of the offspring are gray with red eyes? How many of the offspring are white with black eyes? How many of the offspring are white with red eyes?

26 Dihybrid Crosses WS 3. A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype ggbb. What are the possible gametes produced by the male? What are the possible gametes produces by the female? Create and fill in a punnett square for the possible offspring. How many of the offspring are gray with black eyes? How many of the offspring are gray with red eyes? How many of the offspring are white with black eyes? How many of the offspring are white with red eyes? 4. An aquatic arthropod called a Cyclops has antennae that are either smooth or barbed. The allele for barbs is dominant (B). In the same organism, resistance to pesticides is a recessive trait (r). A Cyclops that is resistant to pesticides and has smooth antennae is crossed with one that is heterozygous for both traits. Show the genotypes of the parents. x Set up a punnett square for the cross.

27 Pedigree WS Imagine that the dark shapes are individual with a recessive disease. 1. Using the letter r, what would the genotype of someone with the disease have to be? On the diagram above, label all of the dark shapes with that genotype. 2. Using the letter R, what are the two genotypes someone with a white shape could have? 3. Label the genotypes of individuals I 1,II 2 and II 3. Remember that if someone has the disease, they had to get a recessive gene from both parents and that a parent with the disease has to pass on the recessive gene. 1. If you look at the offspring of the second line, you will notice that one of their kids is black. You can use this to tell if black is dominant or recessive. Using R/r, what is the genotype of black shapes? Label all of the black shapes in the diagram. 2. Now go back and label the genotypes of the parents in the second line. 3. Look at the middle parents in the third line and label their genotypes. How do you know their genotypes? Explain in two sentences below.

28 Pedigree WS On the question below, make sure you look for parents of the same color that produce a child that is an opposite color and label that child as being recessive before answering the question. Since the polled allele is dominant, the horned allele has to be recessive. Write in the genotype of the recessive individuals BEFORE you do the problem. Use N/n

29 Pedigree Lab

30 Pedigree Lab

31 Unit Five Review Sheet Four What are the genotypes of the two plants: What are the possible gametes of the two plants: 1: Complete a punnett square for the cross and mention the resulting RATIOS of the phenotypes. 2: Purple- Starchy: Purple- Sweet: Yellow- Starchy: Yellow- Sweet: