COLUMBIA-SHUSWAP REGIONAL DISTRICT SCOTCH CREEK / LEE CREEK NUISANCE MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM 2015 YEAR-END REPORT

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1 COLUMBIA-SHUSWAP REGIONAL DISTRICT SCOTCH CREEK / LEE CREEK NUISANCE MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM 2015 YEAR-END REPORT Prepared by: Burke Phippen, BSc., RPBio. Project Manager Cheryl Phippen, BSc., RN Field Coordinator NOVEMBER, 2015 BWP CONSULTING INC., 6211 MEADOWLAND CRES S, KAMLOOPS, BC V2C 6X3

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3 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES... II LIST OF TABLES... II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SNOW PACK TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION FLOW LEVELS LARVICIDING PROGRAM HAND APPLICATION OF BTI LARVICIDE HELICOPTER APPLICATION OF LARVICIDE SERVICE REQUESTS & OUTREACH LIGHT TRAPS ANALYSIS OF 2015 LIGHT TRAP CATCH BIOLOGY OF MAJOR MOSQUITO SPECIES COLLECTED AEDINES IN GENERAL Aedes cinereus Aedes vexans Ochlerotatus dorsalis ANOPHELES SPECIES Anopheles freeborni Anopheles punctipennis COQUILLETTIDIA SPECIES Coquillettidia perturbans CULEX SPECIES Culex tarsalis Culex pipiens CULISETA SPECIES Culiseta inornata RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX I. SUMMARY OF LARVICIDING ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED WITHIN THE SCLCFSA IN 2015 WITH AQUABAC 200G APPENDIX II. MOSQUITO CONTROL BROCHURE BWP Consulting Inc. Page i

4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Overview of SCLCFSA mosquito control area, bounded by Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park in the west and Shuswap Lake Provincial Park in the east (from Google Maps)... 3 Figure 2. Mosquito habitats in Roderick Haig Brown Provincial Park and near Cottonwoods Campground Figure 3. Mosquito habitats in Scotch Creek and Hilliam Road Area Figure 4. Mosquito habitats in Shuswap Lake Provincial Park area Figure 5. Snow pack at Park Mountain in 2015, compared with historical records Figure 6. Minimum and maximum daily temperatures ( C) measured at Salmon Arm Airport Environment Canada weather station (ID#1166R45) Figure 7. Daily precipitation (mm) measured at Salmon Arm Airport Environment Canada weather station (ID#1166R45) Figure 8. Average daily water level for 2015 measured on Shuswap Lake near Salmon Arm (WSC Hydrometric Station #08LE070), compared with levels from previous years Figure 9. Average daily flows for 2015 measured on the Adams River near Squilax (WSC Hydrometric Station #08JC002), compared with flows from previous high-water years LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of maximum water levels for Shuswap Lake between 1998 and Table 2. Summary of maximum instantaneous discharge for the Adams River near Squilax between 1998 and Table 3. Summary of granular larvicide (Bti) applications in the SCLCFSA in recent years Table 4. Summary of hand applications of larvicide within the SCLCFSA in Table 5. Overview of helicopter larviciding applications in Table 6. Mosquito specimens collected in the CDC light trap at Hilliam Road BWP Consulting Inc. Page ii

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Environmental conditions (including a below-average snowpack, and high air temperatures in May and June), resulted in an increase in water levels in both Shuswap Lake and Adams River in early May, however, the peak water levels for the 2015 season on Shuswap Lake and Adams River were lower than average, resulting in less larval development habitat than usual. This year a total of kg of larvicide (Aquabac 200G) was applied to 69.8 ha of larval development area. Of this, kg of larvicide were applied by hand and backpack blower to 22.4 ha of larval development habitat, while kg of larvicide were applied to 47.4 ha of habitat by helicopter. Helicopter larviciding was conducted on June 12 th. An informational brochure was developed for landowners in the Columbia-Shuswap Regional District, which included information about the CSRD Mosquito Control Program as well as methods to protect residents from mosquito bites. One light trap was deployed at a property on Hilliam Road. A total of 329 specimens representing nine species were captured in 2015, compared with 14 specimens caught in 2014, 19 specimens in 2013 and 48 specimens in The most common species was Aedes vexans, BC s most common nuisance species is the fourth year that BWP Consulting Inc. has conducted the nuisance mosquito control program in the Scotch Creek/Lee Creek Fire Service Area (SCLCFSA). Careful monitoring of the known habitats and timely application of larvicide resulted in very few adult mosquitoes this season. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 1

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7 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Columbia-Shuswap Regional District has conducted a mosquito control program in the Scotch Creek/Lee Creek Fire Suppression Area (SCLCFSA) since In 2012, a threeyear contract was tendered to BWP Consulting Inc. (BWP) to conduct the mosquito control program in the SCLCFSA and in 2015, this contract was extended for an additional two-years. The current contract is based on an annual larval treatment of up to 175 ha of habitat aerially (in up to three helicopter applications) and up to 15 ha of ground treatments. This report summarizes the work completed in 2015 by BWP staff, and makes recommendations for future improvements to the program. The control area of SCLCFSA mosquito control program includes the north shore of Shuswap Lake, bounded by Adams River to the west and by Shuswap Lake Provincial Park to the east (Figure 1- Figure 4). Larval development sites are present primarily along the foreshore of Shuswap Lake by flooding from the lake and Scotch Creek, although there are also some snowmelt pools, permanent ponds and some flooding in Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park resulting from rising waters in the Adams River. Figure 1. Overview of SCLCFSA mosquito control area, bounded by Roderick Haig- Brown Provincial Park in the west and Shuswap Lake Provincial Park in the east (from Google Maps). BWP Consulting Inc. Page 3

8 Figure 2. Mosquito habitats in Roderick Haig Brown Provincial Park and near Cottonwoods Campground. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 4

9 Figure 3. Mosquito habitats in Scotch Creek and Hilliam Road Area. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 5

10 Figure 4. Mosquito habitats in Shuswap Lake Provincial Park area. Environmental conditions within the SCLCFSA in the spring of 2015 are discussed in Section 2. Environmental conditions affect the size and timing of larval development habitat, as thus dictate the monitoring and larviciding activities conducted by BWP Consulting Inc. staff to control nuisance mosquito populations. Larviciding activities, including ground and aerial applications of the biological larvicide, are discussed in Section 3. Technicians rely upon feedback from the general public to aid in locating potential development sites, as well as to assess overall efficacy of the program from year to year. For this reason, we encourage the public to call and report potential larval development sites, as well as BWP Consulting Inc. Page 6

11 problems with adult mosquitoes. These service requests and our outreach plans are summarized in Section 4. Finally, we rely upon adult mosquito trapping to determine species composition as well as to evaluate the efficacy of the larval control program, and this component of the program is discussed in Section ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Mosquitoes are similar to most other flies in that they pass through seven stages during their life cycle: egg, four larval instars, pupa, and adult. Their eggs are laid in water or on moist soil, and the larvae require stagnant, relatively shallow standing water to mature and pupate. As adult mosquitoes are generally hardy and able to survive in a wide range of environments, mosquito populations are generally restricted only on the basis of suitable larval habitat. Within the SCLCFSA, the majority of larval habitat is produced from floodwater from Shuswap Lake, Scotch Creek and Adams River, although there are also a couple of permanent ponds and snowmelt pools. Snow pack, coupled with temperature and precipitation, are the predominant factors affecting both snow-melt pools and rates and heights of river/lake floods SNOW PACK Snow pack describes the volume of snow in a given area based on its water equivalent, or weight, rather than depth. This provides an objective means of measuring the absolute volume of snow that has accumulated at a site, since measuring depth alone does not take into consideration variations in snow density. Water equivalents are generally measured using snow pillows which are large plastic bags containing antifreeze. A pressure sensor records the weight of snow on top of the snow pillow, and converts this value to a volume in millimeters of water. The BC Ministry of Environment operates a number of these snow pillows throughout the province to determine the snow-pack in key watersheds. In most mosquito control programs in BC, the majority of larval habitat is produced by flooding rivers, and therefore snow pillows are considerably useful for predicting maximum flood levels relative to other years. There are currently two of these snow pillows located within the South Thompson watershed. Snowmelt from both of these areas drains into Shuswap Lake before draining into the South Thompson River. The snow pillow with the longest period of record is located on Park Mountain (snow pillow #1F03P, elevation 1890 m), in the south-east portion of the watershed. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 7

12 In 2015, snowpack at Park Mountain was near-average until early February, when it began to accumulate more slowly than usual, resulting in a peak in mid-may at about 90% of normal levels (Figure 5). Snowpack was depleted completely by mid-june, about a month ahead of normal. Figure 5. Snow pack at Park Mountain in 2015, compared with historical records. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 8

13 2.2. TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION While the overall volume of snow (described by snow pack) dictates, to a large extent, the total discharge carried through the watershed, the timing of the melt (and therefore the timing and magnitude of peaks in river flow and lake levels) are strongly influenced by air temperature and precipitation. Warmer than average temperatures or large amounts of precipitation can result in rapid snow melt, and rapid rises in river levels. As well, rain falling on snow is not absorbed into the ground, but typically runs over the surface of the snow and is discharged into tributaries, and also speeds snow melt. This can result in extremely rapid rises in water level and significant flooding. In 2015, average daily maximum temperatures in both May and June were 4.7 C to 4.8 C above average (Figure 6). Precipitation was much lower than normal for April and May, but significant rain events in both early and late June resulted in higher than average cumulative precipitation for that month (Figure 7). Warmer than average temperatures coupled with low snow-pack caused a rapid and early melt, resulting in a relatively low and early peak in both the Adams River and Shuswap Lake (Figure 8, Figure 9). BWP Consulting Inc. Page 9

14 Figure 6. Minimum and maximum daily temperatures ( C) measured at Salmon Arm Airport Environment Canada weather station (ID#1166R45). Figure 7. Daily precipitation (mm) measured at Salmon Arm Airport Environment Canada weather station (ID#1166R45). BWP Consulting Inc. Page 10

15 2.3. FLOW LEVELS The majority of the larval development habitat in the SCLCFSA is caused by flooding from Shuswap Lake and Adams River. Areas of particular concern include flooded areas near Cottonwood Campground, the Scotch Creek delta east of Hilliam Road as well as properties along Hilliam Road, and within Shuswap Lake Provincial Park. Water levels in Shuswap Lake were slightly above average until early June, but then decreased rapidly through the remainder of the summer, peaking at m on June 10, 2015 near Salmon Arm (Figure 8). Figure 8. Average daily water level for 2015 measured on Shuswap Lake near Salmon Arm (WSC Hydrometric Station #08LE070), compared with levels from previous years. Table 1 shows the maximum daily water level for Shuswap Lake between 1998 and 2015 (no data were collected at the hydrometric station near Salmon Arm between 1985 and 2010, so data for this period are reported for the station at nearby Canoe, Station #08LE109). Here, we can see that the peak flow in 2015 was lower than in any year since 2005, and about 0.6 m lower than the average maximum level measured in the past 18 years. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 11

16 Table 1. Summary of maximum water levels for Shuswap Lake between 1998 and Year Maximum daily level (m) Date of maximum level May Jul Jun Jul Jun Jul Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jul Jun Jun 10 Flow levels in Adams River affect larval development sites primarily within Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park. Adams Lake, located upstream from the park and draining into Adams River, acts as a buffer on discharge in Adams River. This serves to decrease response times to precipitation and elevated temperatures in the upper watershed, and generally resulting in a gradual increase of water levels in the Adams River, followed by a gradual decrease in discharge (rather than rapid and numerous peaks and troughs as would occur in other typical interior streams whose flow is not buffered by a large lake). With a somewhat lower than average snow-pack this year, coupled with hot weather in early May, flow increased rapidly through the month of May and into early June, peaking on June 5 at 213 m 3 /s (Figure 9). The maximum peak was somewhat lower than the average maximum of about 238 m 3 /s based on the past 18 years. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 12

17 Figure 9. Average daily flows for 2015 measured on the Adams River near Squilax (WSC Hydrometric Station #08JC002), compared with flows from previous high-water years. Table 2 shows the maximum instantaneous discharge for the Adams River near Squilax between 1998 and The peak flow in 2015 ( m 3 /s on June 5) was the lowest since BWP Consulting Inc. Page 13

18 Table 2. Summary of maximum instantaneous discharge for the Adams River near Squilax between 1998 and Year Maximum instantaneous discharge (m 3 /s) Date of maximum level May Jul Jun Jun Jul Jun Jun Jul Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun May Jun LARVICIDING PROGRAM The SCLCFSA mosquito control campaign is focused on controlling mosquitoes while they are in their larval stages, for two primary reasons. Firstly, larval control is much more efficient than adulticiding it is possible to treat larval mosquitoes in very high concentrations in rearing ponds, while adult mosquitoes tend to disperse soon after emerging over a much wider area. Secondly, biological larvicides such as Aquabac 200G are species-specific, affecting only aquatic members of the Order Diptera, which includes mosquitoes, black flies and midges. The alternative to larviciding is adulticiding using pesticides such as malathion and resmethrin which are broad-spectrum insecticides, with the ability to kill beneficial insects as well as pests, and can also be toxic to vertebrates including fish, birds and mammals. The SCLCFSA does not have an adulticiding program. Aquabac 200G (PCP 26862, a.i. 2.86%) is the trade name of the biological mosquito larvicide used in the SCLCFSA nuisance mosquito control program. The active ingredient of this product is the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) which is formulated as a granule with crushed corncob as a carrier. The product is effective against mosquitoes and other members of the order Diptera in the larval stage, and is applied by hand, backpack blower or by BWP Consulting Inc. Page 14

19 helicopter to standing water containing significant populations of mosquito larvae. Application rates vary from 3 to 20 kilograms per hectare (with the higher rates applied to polluted or highly organic water). In 2015, site applications by hand and helicopter were made at a rate of five kilograms per hectare. Technicians monitored each larval development site at least once per week and checked for the presence of larvae. When sufficient concentrations of nuisance larvae were found (usually a minimum of 3 larvae per 350 ml dipper), larvicide was applied either by hand, blower or helicopter, depending on the size of the site. This year a total of kg of larvicide was applied to 69.8 ha of larval development area. Of this, kg were applied by hand or backpack blower to 22.4 ha of habitat, and kg were applied by helicopter to 47.4 ha. A summary of all applications is given in Appendix I. Table 3 shows the historic application of granular larvicide. The amount of larvicide applied in 2015 was the lowest over the past seven years by a considerable margin. This was due almost entirely to the relatively low levels of Shuswap Lake this year, which created far less larval development habitat than usual, and for a shorter period of time than usual. Table 3. Summary of granular larvicide (Bti) applications in the SCLCFSA in recent years. Hand/Blower Helicopter Total Larvicide (kg) Area (ha) Larvicide (kg) Area (ha) Larvicide (kg) , , , , , * , *2012 represents the first year where applications were conducted by BWP staff; prior to this, the program was delivered by DG Regan and Associates HAND APPLICATION OF BTI LARVICIDE Area (ha) Hand application of larvicide was initiated on May 12, 2015, and continued until August 7, A total of kg of Aquabac were applied by hand and backpack blower to 22.4 ha of larval development habitat (Table 4). Sites within Roderick Haig-Brown Provincial Park (SC01-06) were treated exclusively by hand. The end of Hilliam Road and Cottonwood Campground were treated by hand until they became too large to permit access; after this point, BWP Consulting Inc. Page 15

20 they were treated by helicopter, until dropping water levels in late June once again permitted ground access. Table 4. Summary of hand applications of larvicide within the SCLCFSA in Site Code Amount of larvicide (kg) Area treated (ha) SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC Total HELICOPTER APPLICATION OF LARVICIDE Our company employed CC Helicopters Ltd. for the helicopter application this spring in the SCLCFSA (Table 5). One helicopter campaign was conducted on June 12 th to treat waters at the end of Hilliam Road and Cottonwood Campground. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 16

21 Table 5. Overview of helicopter larviciding applications in Site number Amount of larvicide (kg) Area treated (ha) SC SC Total SERVICE REQUESTS & OUTREACH This year, there were two service requests regarding mosquitoes in the SCLCFSA. The first call was from a resident reminding us to check for water in Shuswap Lake Provincial Park, although she mentioned that she had not seen many adult mosquitoes this season. The second caller was from Hilliam Road. This resident was calling to check on the program and to enquire as to whether or not we would be using a helicopter this season. Many residents commented to staff in the field that the mosquito numbers were low. This year, we developed a brochure to distribute to landowners which provides information regarding the mosquito control program, and offers tips to help residents reduce larval development habitat around their properties and to reduce exposure to adult mosquitoes. A copy of the brochure is included in Appendix II. This brochure will be distributed to residents in the control area next season while technicians are performing site visits. 5.0 LIGHT TRAPS Mosquito trapping is a useful component of a mosquito control program for a number of reasons. First, as long as traps are maintained in the same general areas over the period of record, it allows a comparison of relative numbers from year to year, which helps assess program efficacy. As well, since larval development habitat varies widely by mosquito species, the species composition and relative numbers of species can give a good indication as to where the mosquitoes may be rearing, and help identify new sites for control purposes. BWP Consulting Inc. staff deployed one mosquito trap within the SCLCFSA. The trap is designed to attract mosquitoes with light and chemical attractants. When the mosquitoes approach the trap, a fan sucks them into a jar containing an insecticide. Technicians set the trap once and collect the contents once per week. The trap was deployed on Hilliam Road. In the past, there have been troubles with power (and landowners unplugging our trap), however, this year the problems seem to be solved and a much more representative collection was made. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 17

22 The trap was initially deployed on June 5, with the first sample collected June 8 th. Samples were then collected on approximately a weekly basis until August 12 th, when trapping ceased for the year. Insects collected in the traps were dried or frozen and delivered to Kamloops. Mosquitoes were then separated from other insects caught in the trap, and identified to species. Information gathered from identifying the specimens captured in these traps can be used to give an indication of the size of the mosquito populations, the type of larval development habitat supporting the populations, and the hosts of the mosquito species present. This information may also become useful when determining areas where West Nile Virus (WNV) vector mosquitoes are present in the event that an outbreak such as WNV occurs ANALYSIS OF 2015 LIGHT TRAP CATCH The trap count and species distribution is summarized in Table 6. This year, 329 specimens representing nine species from all six of the genera found in BC, compared with 35 specimens in 2014, 19 specimens caught in 2013 and 48 specimens captured in The number of specimens is higher this season, most likely due to a better trapping location where power outages were not occurring (as has happened in the past). Residents in the area did not report a greater nuisance this year. The most common species captured was Aedes vexans, the most common nuisance mosquito species in BC. A few specimens of both Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens, the primary vectors of WNV in BC, were captured. A discussion of the nine species found in the trap is given in Section 6. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 18

23 Table 6. Mosquito specimens collected in the CDC light trap at Hilliam Road. Date (2015) Species Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jul Aug Total Aedes cinereus 1 1 Aedes vexans Anopheles freeborni 2 2 Anopheles punctipennis Coquillettidia perturbans Culex pipiens Culex tarsalis Culiseta inornata Ochlerotatus dorsalis Mosquito unidentifiable* Ochlerotatus male unidentified** Total Number Captured No of males (out of total above) *Specimen too damaged to be identified **Ochlerotatus males can be difficult to identify 6.0 BIOLOGY OF MAJOR MOSQUITO SPECIES COLLECTED 6.1. AEDINES IN GENERAL Until recently, all of the floodwater (i.e., laying their eggs on moist soil rather than on the water s surface) species of mosquitoes in BC were classified as Aedes, but a number of species have now been reclassified into the genus Ochlerotatus. However, the life cycle of Aedes and Ochlerotatus species are similar. Aёdes is the Greek word for disagreeable (Belton, 1983), and is an accurate reflection of these species in terms of both numbers and ferocity. Aedes and Ochlerotatus species lay their eggs at the edges of water bodies and rely on warm temperature and/or low oxygen level in flood-water to hatch. Most of the floodwater species peak in late June (following snowmelt and then river flooding) and die in late summer and the populations over-winter as eggs. Mosquitoes that are viewed as nuisance species (i.e. present in high numbers and biting ferociously) are generally from this group, as large areas of habitat often become active at once with rising floodwaters and therefore huge batches of mosquitoes hatch at the same time. This is due primarily to the fact that eggs laid by most species remain viable for a number of years, and therefore egg concentrations in the soil can become very dense. Adults are generally short-lived (two to six weeks), and generally seek shade during hot summer days as they are prone to desiccation. Most species have only one generation each year, although seven species are BWP Consulting Inc. Page 19

24 capable of two or more generations when conditions are suitable. This year, three species of Aedes and Ochlerotatus were trapped Aedes cinereus Aedes cinereus is present throughout British Columbia and is capable of completing up to three generations per year (Belton, 1983; Wood et al., 1979). Larvae have been found in rain pools, swamps and flood water (Belton, 1983). This species is not known to fly any great distance, and is generally considered a minor pest although isolated populations may be aggressive and persistent biters, even during the heat of the day (Belton, 1983) Aedes vexans Aedes vexans is considered the worst mosquito pest in Canada (Wood et al., 1979). These mosquitoes appear in extremely large numbers in almost any habitat where there are permanent, semi-permanent, or transient pools that have been flooded from snowmelt or rain. In the heat of summer, these mosquitoes can mature from the egg to adult in as short as five days, existing as larvae for as little as three days (Wood et al., 1979). Eggs of Aedes vexans can remain viable in the soil for many years, and because not all individuals hatch when submerged, multiple cycles of flooding and drying are needed for all eggs to hatch (Wood et al., 1979) Ochlerotatus dorsalis This species thrives on the interior plateau, breeding in saline swamps and pools as well as fresh water (especially irrigation seepages) (Belton, 1983). It is capable of traveling many kilometers, and females of this species are vicious biters both during the day and at night (Belton, 1983). When conditions are favourable, Ochlerotatus dorsalis may have two or more summer generations, resulting in very large populations (Wood et al. 1979). Belton (2007) considers Ochlerotatus dorsalis to be a competent vector both Western Equine Encephalitis and West Nile Virus ANOPHELES SPECIES Anopheles species of mosquitoes are quite different in appearance than other mosquitoes, with narrow wings and long slender bodies. When standing, their hind ends are well elevated from their bodies, distinguishing them from other mosquito species. Because of these anatomical differences, they have been place in their own subfamily. Females overwinter as adults and hide in culverts, bridges, inside eaves and in the roofs of sheds (Belton, 1983). In BWP Consulting Inc. Page 20

25 urban areas, they hibernate in burrows, caves, hollow trees and other sheltered places (Belton, 1983). They prefer fresh, clean water and lay eggs singly among vegetation at the edges of water bodies. Anopheles species have been implicated in the transmission of malaria, and were no doubt involved in malarial outbreaks in Canada in the 19 th century Anopheles freeborni Anopheles freeborni females overwinter in various sites including talus slopes, abandoned mines and buildings, and root cellars. They tend to breed in pools and sloughs formed by creeks, large marshes and irrigated pastures in Washington (Wood et al. 1979). In California, rice fields are a significant breeding site (Wood et al. 1979). They are capable of rearing in slightly saline water (salinity as much as 5%). It is potentially an effective vector of malaria and has been found naturally infected with Western Equine Encephalitis, but is never found in high enough concentrations to be important for disease transmission Anopheles punctipennis Anopheles punctipennis is the only anopheline found on Vancouver Island to date, and is fairly widespread throughout the province. Larvae are found in almost any kind of standing water (Belton, 1983), and there are generally two or three generations annually (Wood et al. 1979). Females bite humans freely after dark and are persistent in entering houses, but are not found in high enough concentrations to be a concern as a disease vector (Belton, 2983) COQUILLETTIDIA SPECIES Coquillettidia perturbans The genus Coquillettidia has replaced the genus Mansonia in most of the literature recently, although Mansonia is still used by some authors. Only one species from this genus, Coquillettidia perturbans, is found in Canada. They are often called cattail mosquitoes, as the siphon of the larvae and trumpets of the pupae are modified to attach themselves to the outside of a cattail and burrow through the side, leaving the body of the larvae protruding (Belton, 1983). This exposure to the air inside the cattail fulfils their oxygen requirements, enabling them to remain buried in the mud at the bottom of the swamp (Wood et al. 1979). The marshes where they are found must remain permanently wet, because, although there is only one generation per year, larvae are present in year-round and are killed by drought, especially in the winter (Wood BWP Consulting Inc. Page 21

26 et al. 1979). Females are strong fliers and feed on both birds and mammals, and will occasionally feed more than once before laying eggs (Wood et al. 1979) CULEX SPECIES Culex is the Latin word for mosquitoes and was used to describe all mosquito species prior to 1818, when the genera Anopheles and Aedes were added (Belton, 1983). There are only three species of Culex in BC (Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens and Culex territans). Culex females lay their eggs in rafts on the surface of almost any water, and all species found in BC overwinter as fertilized females. As well, all Culex species in BC can produce several generations a year, providing the summer is warm enough. These mosquitoes are generally not considered a nuisance as they are usually in lower concentrations and are not particularly vicious biters. Because they have multiple broods in their lifetime, they have the potential to transmit viruses such as the various encephalitites and WNV. This is because they must take a blood meal before laying each batch of eggs, and, after feeding on an infected host, the female has the potential to transmit the virus to her next host Culex tarsalis Culex tarsalis larvae develop in permanent and semi-permanent ponds, irrigation ditches and sewage ponds (Belton, 1983), spreading to small temporary pools and artificial containers as numbers increase through the summer (Wood et al., 1979). In general, they prefer warm, stagnant water with a high concentration of organic materials. Culex tarsalis overwinters as adults, hiding in caves, rock piles and talus slopes. Adults feed primarily between sunset and sunrise, with peak activity occurring within two hours after sunset (Wood et al., 1979). Culex tarsalis will feed on both birds and mammals, which is why it is the major vector of Western Equine Encephalitis and West Nile Virus (Belton, 2007; Wood et al., 1979). BWP Consulting Inc. Page 22

27 Culex pipiens This species is known as the northern house mosquito and larvae will develop in almost type of water container, ditch, seepage or flooded field (Belton, 1983; Wood et al., 1970). Larvae are often associated with pollution in the form of human or animal fecal waste (Wood et al., 1979). Adult females can overwinter in basements, rock slides and culverts. This species shows a strong preference for birds, although they will also bite mammals and reptiles (Belton, 2007; Wood et al., 1979). This species has been known to transmit western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and is a listed as a potential vector of West Nile Virus in British Columbia (Belton, 1983; 2007) CULISETA SPECIES The life-history of Culiseta mosquitoes is similar to that of Culex, with females laying their eggs directly on the surface of water (with the exception of Culiseta morsitans, which lays its egg rafts on vegetation at the margin of its larval development sites) (Belton, 1983). Females of most species lay multiple broods each year, and most overwinter as fertilized females Culiseta inornata Culiseta inornata is a widespread mosquito, but since it prefers large mammals to man, it is seldom considered a pest. Larvae develop in deep woodland ponds, seepage ditches and polluted open water (Belton, 1983). This species overwinters as adults in mammal burrows and crevices, and emerges very early in the spring when it is still too cold for other species. These are the large mosquitoes often seen hovering close to people at dusk very early in the spring. Larvae have been found in ice-covered ponds (Wood et al., 1979). This wide-spread species is listed as a potential West Nile virus vector with a competence rating of moderate since it is willing to take blood meals from both mammals and birds (Belton, 2007). BWP Consulting Inc. Page 23

28 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS This year water levels were low. Only a single helicopter treatment was needed to control the mosquito populations. This is the fourth year that BWP has worked on this program and it is believed that our familiarity with the sites and residents has made the program efficient and effective with less larvicide use and optimal timing of larviciding treatments. However, the following are some recommendations for improving the program: 1. Over the course of the past four seasons, our technicians have developed a Google Earth layer, containing polygons outlining the actual areas of sites. This layer has been updated annually and then uploaded to the field technician s ipads, which in turn facilitated site access, helped ensure that sub-sites associated with an area are not missed, and assist in planning site visits for a given day. As the program continues, we recommend that this layer continue to be improved and expanded upon, including information on how best to access individual sites. 2. In addition to the polygon mapping, BWP has created site information pages in our MosquitoHQ.com online database. This database is accessed by staff in the field and provides previous treatment data, landowner information including addresses and phone numbers, and habitat information. This is a website that can be edited and updated in the field and staff will continue to do this to maintain up-to-date site and treatment information. 3. It is recommended that the BWP staff distribute the newly created information brochure to residents of the mosquito control area to help them better understand the program and how to protect themselves from mosquitoes. 4. It is recommended that the mosquito trap be located in the same location next year as it was in The samples were greatly improved in this location over previous years. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 24

29 REFERENCES Belton, P. (1983). The Mosquitoes of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Publication: Handbook No. 41. Belton, P. (2007). British Columbia Mosquitoes as Vectors of West Nile Virus. BCCDC website: Wood, D.M., Dang, P.T., & Ellis, R.A. (1979). The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 6: The Mosquitoes of Canada, Diptera: Culicidae. Ottawa, ON: Biosystematics Research Institute. BWP Consulting Inc. Page 25

30 APPENDIX I. SUMMARY OF LARVICIDING ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED WITHIN THE SCLCFSA IN 2015 WITH AQUABAC 200G Date Customer Address Site Amount(kg) Area(ha) Method Technician(PA) :00am 2513 Squilax Anglemont Rd SC hand randerson :30am Cottonwood Campground SC hand randerson :00pm Lot 3516; Hilliam Rd SC hand randerson :00am Gateway Lakeview Resort SC hand tpowell :45am Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :10pm Lot 3568; Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :30am SC hand tpowell :30am 2513 Squilax Anglemont Rd SC hand tpowell :30am 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC hand tpowell :00am Cottonwood Campground SC hand tpowell :20am Gateway Lakeview Resort SC hand tpowell :15am 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC hand tpowell :45am Lot 3568; Hilliam Rd SC blower randerson :00am Lot 3534; Hilliam Rd SC blower randerson :00pm Very end of Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :30pm Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :15pm SC blower cphippen :15pm 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC blower tpowell :00pm Cottonwood Campground SC blower tpowell :00am 2625 squilax-anglemont rd. SC hand tpowell :30am End of Roderick-Haig Park SC blower randerson :10am Lot 3588; Hilliam rd SC blower tpowell :15am Lot 3534; Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :00pm Cottonwood Campground SC blower bphippen :00pm SC blower tpowell :20pm SC blower tpowell :00am Very end of Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :30am Lot 3486; Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :45am Lot 3568; Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :00pm Cottonwood Campground SC helicopter tpowell :00pm Very end of Hilliam Rd SC helicopter tpowell :45am 2625 squilax-anglemont rd. SC blower tpowell :00am Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :30am Lot 3534; Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :00pm Lot 3568; Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :15pm SC hand tpowell :30am SC hand tpowell :30am SC blower tpowell :45am End of Roderick-Haig Park SC blower randerson :00pm Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :15pm Lot 3534; Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :30pm Lot 3588; Hilliam rd SC hand tpowell :40pm Lot 3568; Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :45pm lot 3576; Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell BWP Consulting Inc. Page 26

31 Date Customer Address Site Amount(kg) Area(ha) Method Technician(PA) :45am 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC hand tpowell :00am 2513 Squilax Anglemont Rd SC hand tpowell :40am Gateway Lakeview Resort SC hand tpowell :00pm Cottonwood Campground SC hand tpowell :30pm Very end of Hilliam Rd SC hand randerson :00am SC blower tpowell :45am SC hand tpowell :20pm Gateway Lakeview Resort SC hand tpowell :45am Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :00pm Lot 3588; Hilliam rd SC hand tpowell :00pm Very end of Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :00pm Lot 3568; Hilliam Rd SC blower tpowell :30pm SC hand tpowell :00pm Cottonwood Campground SC blower tpowell :40pm 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC hand tpowell :00pm SC hand tpowell :00am Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :15am Lot 3568; Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :30am Gateway Lakeview Resort SC hand tpowell :45am Cottonwood Campground SC hand tpowell :00pm SC hand tpowell :30am Very end of Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :30pm 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC hand tpowell :00am Very end of Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :11am Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :15am SC hand tpowell :15pm Cottonwood Campground SC hand tpowell :45pm SC hand tpowell :00am Cottonwood Campground SC hand tpowell :30am 2513 Squilax Anglemont Rd SC hand randerson :55am 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC hand tpowell :00am Very end of Hilliam Rd SC hand tpowell :45am SC hand tpowell :30am 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC blower randerson :45am 2481 Squilax-Anglemont rd. SC hand randerson :00pm SC hand randerson :00pm 2513 Squilax Anglemont Rd SC hand randerson :20am Gateway Lakeview Resort SC boat tpowell BWP Consulting Inc. Page 27

32 APPENDIX II. MOSQUITO CONTROL BROCHURE BWP Consulting Inc. Page 28

33 BWP Consulting Inc. Page 29

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