Mucoflagellates. Trichomonads & Giardia

Transcription

1 Mucoflagellates Trichomoads & Giardia

2 Protozoa Groups Historically, protozoa have bee grouped by mode of motility. Flagellates Hemoflagellates Trypaosoma cruzi Leishmaia ifatum Mucoflagellates Tritrichomoas foetus Giardia spp. Ciliates Balatidium coli Amoeba Etameoba histolytica Apicomplexas Itestial Apicomplexas Cryptosporidium parvum Eimeria spp. Cystoisospora spp. Systemic Apicomplexas Toxoplasma godii Neospora caium Sarcocystis cruzi, S. euroa Blood Apicomplexas Babesia bigemia, Babesia cais, B. gibsoi Cytauxzoo felis

3 Tritrichomoas foetus bovie Bovie Geital Trichomoosis A Cause of Cattle Abortios

4 Morphology

5 Life Cycle Bovie host Reproductive system (prepuce, peis, vagia, uterus, fetus) Direct life cycle veereal disease, trasmitted b/w bulls & cows No Cyst stage Multiply by logitudial biary fissio Trasmissio Sexually trasmitted durig copulatio Artificial isemiatio via cotamiated seme

6 Life Cycle

7 Pathology A defiitive mechaism of pathogeesis has ot bee cofirmed. Cow s immue / iflammatory reactio may be destructive to fetal-materal tissues Trichomoad cotact, excretios, or ezymes may be cytotoxic to fetal / materal tissues

8 Cliical Disease Complait -- Abortios (early to mid-term), failed pregacy, ifertility suspect Pathological fidigs -- vagiitis, cervicitis, pyometra, edometritis, mummified fetus

9 Diagosis Bull -- Preputial wash or scrapigs Cow History of abortios. Cervical mucus, uterie fluid, fetal tissue Lab -- Fresh wet-mouts for trophozoite, culture kits, PCR

10 Preputal Washigs for Diagostic Culturig

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12 Treatmet Noe available

13 Cotrol Strict surveillace of bulls Cull ifected bulls, replace with youg bulls Use hygieic AI Vaccies (ot-complete protectio) [Trichguard, TrichGuard V5L]

14 Epidemiology Bulls -- permaetly ifected / ifective. Cows -- Immue respose ca elimiate ifectio if left ubred for 3-4 moths. Immuity is oly temporary agaist reifectio

15 US states with bovie trichomoiasis regulatios are show by microscope sigs. A 1995 study by NCSU Aimal Scietists foud o ifectio i 450 bulls at a NC slaughter house. Ad T. foetus i cattle had ot bee reported prior to Yao C, Bardsley KD, Litzma EA, Hall ML, Davidso MR (2011) Tritrichomoas foetus Ifectio i Beef Bull Populatios i Wyomig. J. Bacteriol Parasitol 2:117. doi: /

16 I-Class Discussio Beef farmer complais of havig too may ope cows at the ed of the breedig seaso. True ifertility of bull or cow or embryoic abortio & resorptio? Natural breedig or AI? Vaccie Status? Laboratory diagostics

17 What your expected to kow See Review Table: Abortio Protozoa Posted o-lie at Parasitology Website: lecture.html The iformatio i the review tables is basic iformatio that you should kow. You should also be able to use that iformatio via critical thikig to aswer more complex case-based questios.

18 Tritrichomoas foetus felie = Tritrichomoas blagburi Large Bowel Felie Trichomoosis A cause of persistet Large Bowel Diarrhea i Cats Good FYI review: Gooki, Haraha, Levy J. Felie Medicie & Surgery. 19:

19 Morphology

20 Life Cycle Felie host Large Itestie Direct life cycle: fecal-oral cotact No Cyst stage Multiply by logitudial biary fissio Trasmissio Igestio of trophozoite from feces

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22 Pathology Mechaisms of pathogeesis are uclear. Suspect cotributig factors: Iteractios with edogeous bacterial flora Adherece to host mucus ad epithelium Elaboratios of cytotoxis ad ezymes (ex. cysteie protease) Activatio of host immue / iflammatory respose Rarely ivasio of sub-epithelial tissue

23 Cliical Disease Complait (although bright, alert, resposive; good body coditio, ormal appetite) Relapsig, chroic foul-smellig diarrhea Waxig ad Waig Diarrhea Semi-formed to cow-pie diarrhea Mucus ad/or fresh blood may be preset Urgecy ad Straiig (teesmus) Frequet defecatio with small volume of feces. Red, Swolle, Paiful Aus

24 Cliical Disease -- Complait Semiformed to Cow-pie Fresh blood or mucus Messy butt Frequet dribblig

25 Cliical Disease Cliical fidigs Cats maitaiig good health, ormal appetite, ormal body coditio just has foul-smellig diarrhea. Worse i kittes ad youger cats Fecal icotiece Iflammatio of aal regio from fecal scaldig

26 Diagosis Motile trophozoites o fresh wet-mouts Do t cofuse with Giardia I-vitro culture kit with PCR T. foetus Diagostic Laboratory tfoetus/#tabspl1-tab-1

27 Diagosis of T. foetus what to look for T. foetus Spidle-shaped Forward motility Does NOT form cysts Giardia Petal shape Fallig leaf motility Forms cysts

28 Treatmet Roidazole {Tricho Plus} (30 to 50 mg/kg every 12 hrs. for 14 days) [be alert for eurotoxicity] Narrow Safety Margi Resistat populatios icreasig Uresposive to metroidazole.

29 Cotrol Strict hygiee i group housig, cattery, shelter, ad cat shows.

30 Epidemiology Youg Cats Older cats may oly be asymptomatic, ot uifected. Cats from high desity populatios, group housig Catteries Breedig ad boardig Pure-breed show cats Hoardig situatio

31 Giardia spp. Giardiasis A cause of small itestie diarrhea i a variety of hosts

32 Morphology

33 Life Cycle Variety of hosts Small itestie - o mucosal surface. Direct life cycle fecal-oral cotact Multiply by biary fissio Trasmissio Igestio of cyst from feces Fecal-cotamiated water, food, or fomites, or self-groomig Igested trophozoites will ot survive

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35 Pathology Trophozoite attachmet to surface of epithelial cells of small itestie Damages epithelial cells, bluts itestial villi Causes dysfuctio of epithelial cells Maldigestio, malabsorptio, diarrhea

36 Cliical Disease Complait Persistet Diarrhea: watery to loose, strogly malodorous Pathological fidigs Fatty diarrhea Malabsorptio sydrome sigs of poor utritio lethargy, weight-loss, etc.

37 Diagosis Atige detectio kits, ELISA (SNAP Tests) Preferred Diagostic techique Direct fecal aalysis Itermittet sheddig makes this difficult Loose stool: Motile trophozoites o fresh wet-mouts Use salie! I cats: do t cofuse with Tritrichomoas Solid stool: Cyst stage do t cofuse with yeast Fecal float cetrifugatio with zic sulfate solutio

38 Microscopic Diagosis Cyst More solid the stool the more cysts Trophozoite More fluid the stool the more trophs

39 Microscopic Diagosis 40x objective (mag. 400x) Giardia Yeast

40 Diagosis of Giardia what to look for T. foetus Spidle-shaped Forward motility Does NOT form cysts Giardia Petal shape Fallig leaf motility Forms cysts

41 Treatmet Dog: Metroidazole [Flagyl], Febedazole [Paacur], Febetal-pyratel-praziquatel [Drotal plus] Cat: Metroidazole [Flagyl], Febedazole [Paacur], Febetal-pyratel-praziquatel [Drotal plus] Calves: Febedazole [Paacur], Albedazole [Valbaze] Compaio Aimal Parasite Coucil (CAPC) recommeds treatig oly symptomatic dogs & cats to decrease developmet of resistace to atiprotozoal drugs.

42 Cotrol Strict prevetio of fecal cotamiatio Saitatio ad disifectio of eviromet with a chlorie bleach product

43 Epidemiology Pets i high desity situatios more likely to spread Giardia to other house mates. Catteries, keels, shelters, dog parks Cysts are relatively resistat to desiccatio

44 Zooosis Giardia molecular assemblages seem to be rather host specific. Little cross-species trasmissio Little zoootic trasmissio Some cocer for immuodeficiet patiets Huma to Huma trasmissio of cocer

45 Molecular Assemblages Subtypes withi assemblages may vary i host specificity Assemblage A-I Humas, dogs, cats, other aimals (rare zooosis b/w dog & huma) Assemblage A-II Humas Assemblage A-III & A-IV exclusively aimals (uspecified) Assemblage B -- Humas & various aimals Assemblage C & D Caies Assemblage E Alpacas, cattle, goats, pigs, sheep. Assemblage F -- Felies

46 I-Class Discussio A cat ower wats to get rid of their cat because it is frequetly soilig their rugs. Differetials? History? Diagostics? Cross species or Zooosis?

47 What your expected to kow See Review Table: Small Aimal Diarrhea Protozoa Posted o-lie at Parasitology Website: lecture.html The iformatio i the review tables is basic iformatio that you should kow. You should also be able to use that iformatio via critical thikig to aswer more complex case-based questios.