European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/107 (1) Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes

Transcription

1 European an Meiterranean Plant Protection Organization PM 7/107 (1) Organisation Européenne et Méiterranéenne pour la Protection es Plantes Diagnostics Diagnostic Rhagoletis completa Specific scope This stanar escribes a iagnostic protocol for Rhagoletis completa 1. Specific approval an amenment Approve in Introuction The genus Rhagoletis contains about 60 throughout the worl. Some of them are of economic importance. Rhagoletis completa, native of North America, is a pest of walnut (Juglans spp.). In the 1990s, the occurrence of this pest was reporte for first time in Europe in Switzerlan an Italy (Duso & Dal Lago, 2006). Since then this pest has sprea to other countries of the EPPO region (EPPO Plant Quarantine ata Retrieval system, EPPO, 2011). Juglans regia is the only host plant recore in Europe. Prunus persica was reporte as a host in the Unite States (Bush, 1966) although this has never been confirme, an Yee & Goughnour (2008) reporte English hawthorn Crataegus laevigata as a new host in the Unite States. Infeste nuts are eforme an appear irty ue to the rotting husk (Fig. 1). Rhagoletis completa has only one generation per year (univoltine) an can be trappe from July until September in Central Europe. Aitional information on the biology of the pest can be foun in the atasheet on R. completa (EPPO CABI, 1997). Ientity Name: Rhagoletis completa Cresson, 1929 Synomyms: Rhagoletis suavis spp. completa Cresson, Rhagoletis juglanis: Boyce 1929 (misientification) Taxonomic position: Diptera Brachycera Tephritiae EPPO coe: RHAGCO Phytosanitary categorization: EU Annex I A1. 1 Use of bran names of chemicals or equipment in these EPPO Stanars implies no approval of them to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. Detection Fruit flies may be etecte as larvae in fruits or as aults caught in traps. Detection on fruits Usually, a single puncture is foun per nut an the average number of eggs per puncture is The three larval instars evelop in the husk of nuts. Mature larvae leave the husks to pupate in the soil (Duso & Dal Lago, 2006). Rearing larvae for morphological stuy of aults allows confirmation of ientification. However, ault emergence only occurs after 10 or 11 months in the fiel. Infeste fruits shoul be place in a container that has a gauze or muslin top an ry meium at its base, such as sterilize sawust or san, in which emerging larvae can pupariate. Samples shoul be checke every 2 ays for puparia an fruit from which larvae have emerge shoul be iscare. When all the larvae have emerge from the fruit or if any sign of moul appears the sawust shoul be sieve an the puparia collecte. As is the case for other Rhagoletis, R. completa has a true winter iapause which is only broken after a certain perio of col temperatures. Although the iapause can last months in the fiel, it has been shortene to 8 months in the laboratory (K. Koeppler, unpublishe ata). Exact ata about the minimum time perio are not available. After iapause, puparia can then be transferre to petri ishes an covere with a thin layer of moist heat-sterilize sawust an then place in a small emergence cage. It is important to provie sugar solution as foo for the emerging aults an to keep the aults alive for at least 4 ays after emergence, so that the flies evelop their full boy colouration an normal shape. Failure to fee the flies will result in specimens that have shrivelle abomens an ull colours (White & Elson-Harris, 1992). 357

2 358 Diagnostics Fig. 1 Nuts with rotting husk. Fig. 2 Rhagoletis completa larvae an larvae in a rotting husk. Detection of aults Different traps can be use: yellow sticky traps, yellow sticky traps with pherocon AM, the same baite with 3 g of ammonium carbonate an wooy glue green spheres (Duso & Dal Lago, 2006). Aitional information on trapping is available in EPPO - CABI (1997). Ientification Morphological ientification to level with a binocular microscope is the recommene iagnostic metho. Magnification 10 for ault to 200 for larvae an aculeus. A reliable ientification can only be performe on an ault specimen. It is not possible to ientify with certainty eggs, larvae an pupae with this protocol. For morphological terminology refer to White & Elson-Harris (1992). Hea: Antenna 2-segmente. Each stomal sensory organ with a single preoral tooth at base. Oral riges in 7 shorts rows. Mouthhooks heavily sclerotize, each with a stout bluntly roune apical tooth (Fig. 3). Thoracic an abominal segments: Anterior spiracles each with an irregular row of 21 [Anterior spiracular tubules 15 21, Carroll et al. (2004); approximately 15 20, Boyce 1934)] short tubules (Fig. 3). Minute boy spinules confine to fusiform ventral areas, except for a narrow ban on the anterior margin of T1 (or T1 T2, Carroll et al., 2004). A8 with intermeiate areas well evelope, with 1 pair each of intermeiate an ventral tubules obvious. Posterior spiracle slits about 3 times as long as broa; upper an lower slits at about 60 to each other; spiracular hairs short (about 1 3 the length of a spiracular slit), mainly branche; orsal an ventral hair bunles of 8 11 hairs; Description for egg, larval an pupal stages Egg: No publishe escription. Larvae (3r instar): (after White & Elson-Harris, 1992 an Carroll et al., 2004) (Fig. 2). For ientification of the family Tephritiae see Stehr, 1991 an for ientification of the genera an Rhagoletis completa larvae see White & Elson-Harris, Length mm, with 2.0 mm. Entirely whitish to yellowish. Apical tooth Fig. 3 Rhagoletis completa larvae anterior part. Anterior spiracles

3 Rhagoletis completa 359 Dorsocentral setae Anterior supra-alar setae Posterior supra-alar setae 1 mm Fig. 4 Rhagoletis completa female (length: mm). Fig. 6 Rhagoletis completa thorax. lateral hair bunles of 4 10 hairs; area between posterior spiracles smooth. Anal lobes large, protuberant, surroune by a few iscontinuous rows of small spinules. When larvae are to be preserve, they shoul be place in boiling water for a few secons an then transferre to 70% ethanol. proceures can also be use. Apex of the wing Apical ban Discal ban Subbasal ban Pupae: No publishe escription. Description for ault (after Bush, 1966 an Foote, 1981). Female (Fig. 4) an male (Fig. 5) about the same size; highly variable about mm length. Hea: Entirely yellow. Genal, occipital, post-vertical, postorbital an strong gular bristles yellow to yellowish orange; all other major bristles black. Gena about 0.30 times as high as eye. Thorax:(Fig.6) Male: Dorsum concolourous variable brown, uniformly covere with light yellow to golen yellow ecumbent setae an Fig. 5 Rhagoletis completa male (length iem female). Preapical ban Fig. 7 Rhagoletis completa:wing. 2 mm microtrichia, without vertical bane pattern. Proepisternal bristles light yellow; all other major bristles black. Two anepisternal bristles of about equal size. Pleural an katepisternal regions brownish black. Notopleural stripe light yellow; scutellum light yellow graing to eeper golen yellow at base; halteres golen yellow. Base colour of postscutellum golen yellow with two broa vertical brownish black bans; some specimens with postscutellum concolorous brownish black. Female: Dorsum, humeral stripe an scutellum as in male. Sternal an katepisternal regions lighter with variable brownish black markings on sternal regions, rarely slight brownish black markings on orsal margin of katepisternum. Vertical stripes present on postscutellum but frequently much narrower than in male. Legs: Male: Colouration highly variable. Coxae I an II generally brownish black; coxa III golen yellow. Trochanters golen yellow to tan. Femur I brownish black with orsal rows of bristles golen yellow to brownish black; ventral row black. Femur II tan with single row of weak semi-erect stout setae on anterior surface. Femur III golen yellow or tan graing to brownish black ventrally. Tibia I an II straw coloure. Tibia III golen yellow graing to brownish black ventrally; outer surface with single row of about eight yellowish orange semi erect setae. Female: All legs segments golen yellow without black markings; last tarsal segment sometimes ark yellowish brown. All setae an bristles as in male.

4 360 Diagnostics 0.5 mm Scutellum Marginal setae 0.5 mm Fig. 11 Rhagoletis completa scutellum. Fig. 8 Rhagoletis completa abomen. Ocellar setae 0.5 mm Upper orbital setae Fig. 12 Rhagoletis completa top of the hea. Fig. 9 Rhagoletis completa aculeus. Apical crossban Accessory costal crossban Discal crossban Subcostal vein Vein R1 2 mm Preapical crossban Fig. 13 Rhagoletis meigenii (Loew) wing. Fig. 10 Rhagoletis completa wing etail. cup cell bm cell Wings: (Fig. 7) Apical ban complete an joine to preapical ban. Discal ban not joine to subbasal an rarely joine to preapical ban. Junction of R2 + 3 an R4 + 5 with 0 2 setae orsally, 0 2 ventrally; R4 + 5 bare. Abomen:(Fig.8) Male: Colouration highly variable. Normally tergites I an II golen yellow with some brownish black shaing on either sie of meian line. Tegites III V generally golen yellow but becoming progressively more heavily marke with brownish black; tergite V usually almost entirely brownish black. Tergites II IV with pollinose cream coloure ban along posterior margin. Female: As in male colouration variable, but all segments substantially more golen yellow than male. Tergites III V usually marke with some ark shaing on either sie of meial line an with cream colore pollinose ban along posterior margin of tergites III IV.

5 Rhagoletis completa 361 Aculeus: (Fig. 9) Length mm, pointe (see the ifferent picture of Rhagoletis s aculeus in White & Elson-Harris, 1992). This comparison is not enough for ientification but can confirm if there is some oubt. Reference material ANSES Plant Health Laboratory (LSV) Entomology an Invasive Plants Unit Montpellier, CBGP, Campus International e Baillarguet, CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez Ceex. Acknowlegements This protocol was originally rafte by V. Balmès. ANSES Plant Health Laboratory (LSV) Entomology an Invasive Plants Unit Montpellier, CBGP, Campus International e Baillarguet, CS 30016, Montferrier-sur-Lez Ceex, France. valerie.balmes@anses.fr. Feeback on this Diagnostic Protocol If you have any feeback concerning this Diagnostic Protocol, or any of the tests inclue, or if you can provie aitional valiation ata for tests inclue in this protocol that you wish to share please contact iagnostics@eppo.fr. References Boyce AM (1934) Bionomics of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa. Hilgaria 8, Bush GL (1966) The taxonomy, cytology an evolution of the genus Rhagoletis in North America (Diptera: Tephritiae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 134(11), Carroll LE, Norrbom AL, Dallwitz MJ & Thompson FC (2004) Pest fruit flies of the worl larvae. [accesse on 13 April 2005]. Duso C & Dal Lago G (2006) Life cycle, phenology an economic importance of the walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritiae) in northern Italy. Annales e la Société Entomologique e France (n.s.) 42(2), EPPO (2011) PQR - EPPO atabase on quarantine pests (available online). EPPO CABI (1997) Rhagoletis completa In: Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2n en, Es. Smith IM, McNamara DG, Scott PR, Holerness M, pp CAB International, Wallingfor (GB). Foote RH (1981) The Genus Rhagoletis Loew South of the Unite States (Diptera: Tephritiae). Technical bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1607, 75 pp. Merz B (1994) Diptera: Tephritiae. Insecta. Helvetica Fauna 10, 198. Papp L & Darvas B (2000) Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, Vol. 1. Science Heral, Bupapest, 978 pp. Stehr FW (1991) Immature Insects, Vol. 2. Kenall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque (IA), 975 pp. White IM & Elson-Harris M (1992) Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Ientification an Bionomics. International Institute of Entomology CAB International, Wallingfor (UK), 601 pp. Yee WL & Goughnour RB (2008) Host plant use by an new host recors of apple maggot, western cherry fruit fly, an other Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritiae) in western Washington state. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 84, Appenix 1 For ientification of the family Tephritiae see Papp & Darvas, Ientification of the genera Rhagoletis After White & Elson-Harris (1992). [Note that this key aapte from White & Elson-Harris (1992) is not exhaustive. It will only separate Rhagoletis from the four other major pest genera; users shoul ensure that the specimens match the escription given]. 1 Subcostal vein abruptly bent an orsal sie of vein R1 with setulae (Fig. 10) Subcostal vein not abruptly bent or orsal sie of vein R1 lacks setulae 2 Cell cup broa, always consierably broaer than half epth of cell bm, an usually about as eep as cell bm (Fig. 10). Apex of vein M meeting C with a istinct angle. Cell cup extension short, never more than one-fifth as long as vein A 1 + CuA 2 Not with this combination of characters. Cell cup ifferent. Apex of vein M turne anteriorly to merge with C without a istinct angle 3 Scutellum with 4 marginal setae an usualy entirely cream to yellow (Fig. 11). Scutum with orsocentral setae base close to a line between the anterior supra-alar setae (Fig. 6) Scutellum with a ifferent number of marginal setae or scutum with orsocentral setae base close to a line between the posterior supra-alar setae 4 Hea with 2 pairs of orbital setae. Ocellar setae long, usually similar in length an strength to orbital setae. (Fig. 12) Scutellum usually entirely cream to yellow; if marke with black, the black areas are confine to the base an lateral areas Chaetotaxy ifferent or large black patches on scutellum at the base of each setae an near the centre of the orsal area Appenix 2 Ientification of the ault of Rhagoletis completa Tephritiae 2 families 3 genera 4 genera Rhagoletis genera After Foote (1981), White & Elson-Harris (1992) an Merz (1994). 1 Thorax an abomen preominantly brown to yellow (Figs 6 an 8) Thorax an abomen preominantly black 2 2 Accessory costal crossban absent 3 Accessory costal crossban present (Fig. 13 see the illustration for Rhagoletis meigenii)

6 362 Diagnostics 3 Apical ban of wing pattern complete, not at all narrowe at its junction with preapical ban (Fig. 7). Discal an preapical crossbans usually separate Apical ban of wing pattern narrowe or broken at its junction with preapical ban (Fig. 13). Discal an preapical crossbans joine 4 Apex of the wing black, covere by the pattern of apical ban (as shown in Fig. 7) Apex of the wing hyaline, not covere by the pattern of apical ban 4 R. completa When the abominal sclerites are smooth enough, remove them leaving only the aculeus. Use a pin to separate aculeus an take care to not amage the tip of the aculeus. Transfer the aculeus into istille water for approximately 20 min an mount on a glass slie in a rop of glycerol with a cover slip. This preparation metho prouces a temporary mount. There are also publishe permanent methos available (e.g. White & Elson-Harris, 1992). Appenix 3 Preparation of aculeus for observation uner a binocular microscope with 200 or 400 magnification Break off the abomen of the female an place it in a 10% potassium hyroxie solution, 1 h at room temperature or min below boiling temperature.