8.2- Human Inheritance
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1 8.2- Human Inheritance
2 Sex Linked Traits Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosome. Recessive X-linked traits are always shown in males. Males only have one X chromosome Females must inherit two copies of the recessive trait to be expressed Females have two X chromosomes, so it is less common for females to show recessive X-linked traits.
3 Examples of Sex-Linked Traits: Red-Green Colorblindness: These people cannot tell the difference between the colors red and green Occurs in 1 in 12 males Occurs in 1 in 200 females Color Blind Test
4 Sex-linked traits - Color blindness The mother is a carrier for color blindness. She has the recessive allele for color blindness on one of her X chromosomes. The father is not color blind. He does not have the recessive allele. Female X B Male Y X B X B X B X B Y X b X B X b X b Y
5 Sex-linked traits - Color blindness The sex-linked trait is represented by writing the allele on the X chromosome. Notice that the only child that can possibly have red-green color blindness is a male offspring. X B Y X B X B X B X B Y X b X B X b X b Y
6 Autosomal Traits Traits can be passed down from parent to offspring through autosomal chromosomes Attached earlobes vs. free-hanging Hitchhiker s thumb Widow s peak vs. no widow s peak Observable Human Characteristics How Special Are Your Physical Traits
7 Pedigrees Pedigrees are charts that show how traits have been passed down from generation to generation (parent to offspring)
8 Human Pedigrees To analyze the pattern of inheritance followed by a particular trait, you can use a chart, called a pedigree, which shows the relationships within a family. A pedigree shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships between parents, siblings, and offspring. Based on a pedigree, you can often determine if an allele for a trait is dominant or recessive, autosomal or sex-linked.
9
10 Human Pedigrees This diagram shows what the symbols in a pedigree represent.
11 Human Pedigrees This pedigree shows how one human trait a white lock of hair just above the forehead passes through three generations of a family. The allele for the white forelock trait is dominant.
12 Human Pedigrees At the top of the chart is a grandfather who had the white forelock trait. Two of his three children inherited the trait. Three grandchildren have the trait, but two do not.
13 Human Pedigrees Because the white forelock trait is dominant, all the family members in the pedigree lacking this trait must have homozygous recessive alleles. One of the grandfather s children lacks the white forelock trait, so the grandfather must be heterozygous for this trait.
14 Multiple Allele Traits Traits controlled by one gene but more than two alleles are called multiple alleles. An example of this is blood types: There are 4 main blood types: Type A Type B Type AB Type O
15 Blood Types Blood Group Possible Genotypes A B O A AA, AO A AA AB AO B BB, BO B AB BB BO AB AB O AO BO OO O OO Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types)
16 Blood Types There are three forms of alleles in the ABO blood groups - I A, I B, and i. Both I A, I B are codominant. I A I B i I A I A I A I A I B I A i I B I A I B I B I B I B i i I A i I B i ii
17 Blood Types Blood Group A B AB O Possible Genotypes I A I A,I A i I B I B,I B i I A I B ii
18 Polygenic Traits Traits that are controlled by more than one gene Height Skin color Freckles These traits can also be controlled by the environment
19 Pleiotropy One gene controls more than one trait Collagen This one gene is responsible for making collagen to help bones, but is also found around ears and eyes.
20 Epistasis One gene affects another gene One gene can hide another gene Example: The gene for baldness can hide the gene that controls hair color
21 Genetic Disorders Caused by Mutations: These genetic disorders can be caused by mutations in autosomal chromosomes or sex chromosomes. Do you think that mutations on the X chromosome is more common in males or females?
22 Sickle-Cell Anemia: Autosomal recessive Red blood cells are sickle-shaped, meaning they cannot carry as much oxygen Cells can clog small blood vessels, causing pain in parts of the body Sickle Cell Video
23 Hemophilia A: X-linked recessive Proteins that cause blood to clot are not very active A person will bleed easily Difficult to stop bleeding
24 Chromosomal Disorders A problem during meiosis affects the number of chromosomes a person has The normal number of chromosomes is 46 A person with a chromosomal disorder has an extra chromosome or is missing a chromosome
25 Down Syndrome: People with Down Syndrome have an extra 21st chromosome This extra chromosome causes: Developmental delays Distinctive facial appearance Other abnormalities
26 Triple X Syndrome: These people have three X chromosomes They have one extra X chromosome Female Developmental delays
27 Diagnosing Genetic Disorders Genetic disorders caused by mutations can be inherited. Genetic counselors can determine the risks a future child has for inheriting disorders. Doctors can also test fetuses before birth to see if the child has any genetic disorders.
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