Visual and Instrumental Evaluation of Mottling and Striping
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1 Visual and Instrumental Evaluation of Mottling and Striping Friedhelm Fensterseifer and Severin Wimmer BYK-Gardner User Meeting Innsbruck, Austria
2 Mottling / cloudiness of metallic coatings Irregular areas of lightness variation undesirable defect at effect coatings especially noticeable on large body panels most obvious on light metallic finishes Page 2, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
3 Mottling / cloudiness of metallic coatings Flake orientation Parallel & uniformly distributed Disorientation or varying hiding Page 3, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
4 Perception of Mottling Depending on illumination, viewing angle, distance and size Page 4, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
5 Evaluation of Mottling Which pattern size is perceived as mottle? Experts and non-experts mainly recognize mottle sizes between 50 to 100 mm. Extremes ranged from 25 to 200mm. Therefore, for visual inspection and measurement a min. sample area of about 300 x 500 mm is recommended. 50mm 100mm 200mm 25mm Page 5, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
6 How to measure Mottling Scanning the mottle pattern scanning cm Page 6, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
7 Measurement Optical principle Illumination 15 to perpendicular Detection 15 Specular reflection Detection 45 Detection 60 Spot size approx. 4x4 mm Page 7, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
8 Measurement Minimize the influence of tilting Illumination 15 to perpendicular Detection +15 Specular reflection Detection -15 Sample surface Page 8, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
9 Measurement Minimize the influence of tilting Illumination 15 to perpendicular Detection +15 Specular reflection Detection -15 Sample surface Object curvature radius > 500 mm Page 9, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
10 Measurement Influence of tilting - Character Lines ± 15-15G 15G ± G 60G 0 Page 10, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
11 Measurement Cloud ranges The signal is separated by mathematical filters: Visibility Mottle Size min. scanlength Md 6-13 mm Me mm Mf mm 110 mm Mg mm 210 mm Mh mm 370 mm Mi mm 650 mm Page 11, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
12 Evaluation of Mottling Which pattern size is perceived as mottle? Small Mottles Large Mottles 0 Md 6-13mm Me 11-24mm Mf 19-42mm Mg 33-72mm Mh mm Page 12, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
13 Evaluation of Mottling Texture & Mottling Small Mottles Large Mottles Probe_ Probe_3 6.0 Probe_ mm M15d 11-24mm M15e 19-42mm M15f 33-72mm M15g mm M15h M15d M15e M15f M15g M15h Small Mottles = (Md+ 0.5Me) / 1.5 Page 13, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
14 Evaluation of Mottling Texture & Mottling Mottling is dominated by the max value of the large mottles Large Mottle: avg. max. Sample A Sample B LM = (0.5Mf+ max (Mg,Mh)) / mm M15d 11-24mm M15e 19-42mm M15f 33-72mm M15g mm M15h SM = (Md+ 0.5Me) / 1.5 Page 14, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
15 Texture & Mottling Small mottles overlay large mottles and reduce their visibility Page 15, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
16 Texture & Mottling Small mottles overlay large mottles and reduce their visibility Page 16, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
17 Evaluation of Mottling Texture & Mottling - 2 dimensional graph Large Mottles (LM) kaum sichtbare Wolkigkeit Visual Ranking: sichtbare Wolkigkeit clearly noticeable deutlich sichtbare Wolkigkeit visible hardly to recognize Small Mottles (SM) 15 Page 17, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
18 Evaluation of Mottling Texture & Mottling - 2 dimensional graph Large Mottles (LM) kaum sichtbare Wolkigkeit Visual Ranking: sichtbare Wolkigkeit clearly noticeable deutlich sichtbare Wolkigkeit visible hardly to recognize Small Mottles (SM) 15 Page 18, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
19 Evaluation of Mottling Small & Large Mottles weighted for visual correction Small mottles in the range of mm to cm overlay Large Mottling and reduce their visibility. Large Mottling needs to be corrected by influence of SM: M = LM * ( 1 -f * T ) f (15 ) = 0.05 f (45 ) = 0.04 f (60 ) = 0.03 Texture: Small Mottling with shifted zero (pivotal point): Texture = SM -6 Page 19, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
20 Evaluation of Mottling Texture & Mottling Visual ranking: 9 M Mottling clearly noticeable visible hardly to recognize T - Texture 15 Page 20, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
21 Mottle-Chart Example: Medium class models Karossen Mw M Mottling Body panels Wolken deutlich sichtbar Mc T - Mottling - Texture Coverage 15 Page 21, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
22 Texture - dependend on color / pigment type White Pearl Silver White Pearl Silver Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi 0 Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi 0 Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi 0 Md Me 0f Mg Mh Mi Black Pearl Black Pearl no mottling visible under 60 angle Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi 0 Md Me Mf Mg M6 Mi 10 White Pearl Black Pearl Silver 10 White Pearl Black Pearl Silver Mottling Mottling Texture Texture 60 Page 22, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
23 Mottling versus Orange Peel Observing direction Mottling Orange Peel specular reflection off-specular in specular direction
24 Mottling versus Orange Peel Pattern size Mottling large irregular patches 25 ~ 200 mm Orange Peel small, wavy pattern 0.1 ~ 30 mm 10 x 10 cm Page 24, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
25 Mottling versus Orange Peel Pattern size Mottling large irregular patches 25 ~ 200 mm Orange Peel small, wavy pattern 0.1 ~ 30 mm 10 x 10 cm Sample size 30 x 50 cm Viewing distance > 3 m 10 x 30 cm < 3 m Page 25, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
26 Irregular mottle distribution Measurement hints Recommended sample area ~ 30 x 50 cm 10 scans in 1-2 cm distance min. scanlength: 37 cm for Mh 21 cm for Mg & M Page 26, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
27 Mottling versus Orange Peel Contrast Mottling Scattering from pigments very low contrast Orange Peel Surface reflection high contrast Page 27, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
28 Visual evaluation What influences recognition of mottling? Reflection of surrounding objects overlays mottling Object curvature disturbs visibility Blinded by illumination highlights Ratio of direct to diffus illumination Page 28, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
29 Visual evaluation On panels viewing angle and light intensity cm Page 29, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
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32 BMW Group Labortechnik T. Schäckeler Page 32 Customer relevant evaluation of cloudiness. Correlation study - panels.
33 Visual evaluation On cars Dimmable light source? Changing lightning conditions Reflections (bags; poster; persons; etc.) Changing lightning conditions e.g different angle Page 33, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
34 BMW Group Labortechnik T. Schäckeler Page 34 Customer relevant evaluation of cloudiness. Field study Customer relevance. Standardised conditions for the visual evaluation.
35 Striping Measurement direction Paint application Scan direction Page 35, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
36 Striping on cars Horizontal vs. vertical stripes Page 36, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
37 Striping on cars Character lines Page 37, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
38 Striping on cars Striping and measurement Light silver Page 38, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
39 Striping Calculation of Mercedes & extended formula Tolerances of Mercedes Striping 15 : 15 Mh-Mg < M < 4.5 Mottling 15 : Extended striping formula (Mi included) Striping 15 / 45 / 60 : Page 39, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
40 Striping Mottle index and striping index analysis Tolerances of Mercedes Striping 15 : 15 Mh-Mg < M < 4.5 Mottling 15 : 8 M High Mottling Mottling and Striping: OK High Mottling and Striping Obvious Striping Striping 15 Mh Mg Page 40, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
41 Striping analysis Mercedes measurement data on hoods Hoods Scanning direction: In application direction Across application direction good good across beginning striping beginning striping across striping striping across cloudy cloudy across 0.00 M15d 6-13mm M15e 11-24mm M15f 19-42mm M15g 33-72mm M15h mm M15i mm Page 41, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
42 Striping analysis Mercedes measurement data on hoods Mottling good beginning striping striping cloudy Tolerance striping 15 Mh-Mg Page 42, BYK-Gardner GmbH, cloud-runner
43 Thank you for your attention
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