Types of vaccine. Vaccine Selection. Presentation Outline 2/3/2011

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Paul Gaines
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1 Indiana eterinary Medical Association accination in the Shelter Setting Annette Litster BSc h FASc (Feline Medicine) MMedSci (linical Epidemiology) irector, Maddie s Shelter Medicine rogram urdue University School of eterinary Medicine epartment of eterinary linical Sciences resentation Outline accine selection accines for shelter dogs and cats Age Estimation auses of vaccine failure rotection by vaccines in an outbreak accine Selection Types of vaccine Killed Whole organism and subunit vaccines Stimulates systemic antibody; little or no mucosal IgA; cell-mediated immunity is limited to type 1 T helper cell immunity Modified live vaccines - Avirulent/attenuated organisms that infect the host SQ /IN Stimulate serum antibodies; local mucosal antibodies; systemic and local cell-mediated immune response reate immunity similar to that induced by recovery from natural infection Live virus-vectored recombinant vaccines - Subunit vaccines Gene-deleted vaccines Live virus-vectored vaccines - Live vectors expressing heterologous genes for immunizing antigens e.g. canarypox Gene for relevant antigen Live irus Killed irus vaccines (K) Inactivated (Killed) irus accine Modified Live irus accine urified Subunit accine Live irus ectored accine Advantages Will not cause disease, even in pregnant or very young animals Relatively tolerant of variations in storage/handling No antigen shedding chance of false positive virus culture/r tests isadvantages ats not protected for 1-2 weeks after 2nd vaccination ( 2-3 weeks after initial vaccination = 5 weeks) May predispose to vaccine-associated sarcoma long-term Gene eleted accine 1

2 Modified Live irus vaccines (ML) Advantages ossible earlier protection than killed vaccine (5-7 days after 1 st vaccine) Single dose can provide protection Mucosal immunity can be provided by IN vaccines an prevent shedding as well as disease with some agents e.g. isadvantages an produce mild signs of disease indistinguishable from natural infection chance of false positive tests ~1 week after vaccination due to antigen shedding (indistinguishable from field strains) May establish infection and carrier state with vaccine strain continual viral shedding possible reversion to virulence ML vaccines can be inactivated by incorrect storage/handling May produce significant disease when given by incorrect route e.g. parenteral FR vaccine given intranasally May be unsuitable for pregnant or neonatal animals e.g.fl, Recombinant vaccines Targeted immune response without adjuvant If given IN may stimulate local mucosal immunity (IgA) to block viral attachment to mucosal receptors infection aborted on exposure Advantages ossible earlier protection than traditional ML vaccine May protect despite maternal antibodies No predisposition to vaccine-associated sarcoma in cats (?) isadvantages ossible insufficient attenuation may be immunosuppressive and facilitate opportunistic infections such as Salmonella May cause mild transient sneezing that cannot be distinguished from a natural infection Anecdotal opinion that this vaccine provides inferior protection from panleukopenia infection in shelter situations $$ - Important in shelter situations accines for Shelter ats and ogs accines for Shelter ats ore vaccines Feline herpesvirus-1 (feline viral rhinotracheitis/fh-1) FR Feline calicivirus (F) 1 injection Feline panleukopenia (F) Kittens - Start at 4-6 wks old, then every 2-4 wks until 18 wks Adults On intake, then 2-4 wks later if possible Occasionally recommended - Infection has been confirmed by laboratory diagnostics as an ongoing problem hlamydophila felis accine efficacy low; disease infrequent; adverse reactions relatively common Bordetella bronchiseptica No proven benefit in shelters; may cause mild clinical signs of URI Rabies Long-term housing accines for Shelter ogs ore vaccines istemper () Adenovirus-2 (A-2/hepatitis) arvovirus () arainfluenza (i) A2/H 1 injection Bordetella bronchiseptica IN recommended ± S vaccine uppies - Start at 4-6 wks old, then every 2-4 wks until wks Adults On intake, then 2-4 wks later if possible Quasi-core vaccine - Rabies At time of adoption; if long-term housing. Age Estimation 2

HOW AURATE AN WE BE? Reasonable estimates of age are expected. For puppies and kittens it should be within a week or two, juveniles within a few months, and adults within a few years.

Erika feiffer, Winnipeg Humane Society TOOTH ERUTION ATES eciduous Teeth (weeks) ermanent Teeth (months) og at og at Incisors 3-4 2-3 3-5 3-4 anines 3 3-4 4-6 4-5 remolars 4-12 3-6 4-6 4-6 Molars - -

buildup and some too wear 5-10 years old Teeth show increased wear and disease; pigment may be visible on gums in cats 10-15 years old Teeth are worn and show heavy tartar buildup; some teeth may be

3 HOW AURATE AN WE BE? Reasonable estimates of age are expected. For puppies and kittens it should be within a week or two, juveniles within a few months, and adults within a few years. Estimates are made by appearance of the teeth, eyes, and bodyweight. Kittens gain 1 pound/month 1lb kitten = 1 month old 2lb kitten = 2 months old ourtesy r. Erika feiffer, Winnipeg Humane Society TOOTH ERUTION ATES eciduous Teeth (weeks) ermanent Teeth (months) og at og at Incisors anines remolars Molars OLER OGS & ATS ENTAL HANGES 1 year old Teeth white and clean 1-2 years old Teeth may appear dull with some tartar buildup/yellowing on back teeth 3-5 years old All teeth show more tartar buildup and some too wear 5-10 years old Teeth show increased wear and disease; pigment may be visible on gums in cats years old Teeth are worn and show heavy tartar buildup; some teeth may be missing Guess my age? Slide courtesy r. Lori orriveau AGE ESTIMATION BY EYES Blue Eyes in 5 Week Kitten With kittens and puppies, we know that the eyelids usually open at days. Eye colour usually changes from blue-grey to adult colour at 5 to 6 weeks of age. Lens changes can be used to estimate ages in adult dogs and cats over the age of 5 years. Slide courtesy r. Erika feiffer Winnipeg Humane Society Slide courtesy Slide courtesy r. Erika feiffer Winnipeg Humane Society 3

4 auses of vaccine failure accine Failure Most common reason in shelter animals Animal already infected at the time of vaccination. accine problems - Improper storage - Excessive heat/cold; exposure to light Keep ML vaccines refrigerated but away from freezer compartment iscard if unrefrigerated >2 hours reparation 1 vaccine/single-use syringe & needle (22º) Use diluent provided by manufacturer Interference accination <2 wks apart Interference by immune response to previous vaccine Maternal immunity Maternal antibody titer Administration problems Wrong route Use manufacturer s recommended route Serious URI in cats if SQ ML FR is administered IN Local abscessation and/or severe hepatopathy in dogs if IN Bordetella vaccine is administered S. Try local gentamicin in saline infusion and oral doxycycline. ontact manufacturer for specific instructions orrect route for SQ vaccines ats FR in right shoulder Rabies in the R rear Leukemia in L rear ogs In the SQ space between the shoulder blades Spillage lean fur with alcohol swabs and table with 1:32 bleach rotection by vaccines in an outbreak anine Infectious Agents anine distemper virus - accine provides protection from severe effects of disease within minutes-hours of ML or recombinant canarypox virus vectored anine parvovirus Immunity develops 2-7 days after effective ML very uncommon in dogs >4 mths old vaccinated >1-2 weeks prior to exposure confirm with B/blood smear Maternal antibodies Levels dropping at 7-15 wks old, but can interfere with vaccination up to until 5 months old May produce weak false positive on fecal test 3-14 days postvaccination especially on Synbiotics Witness test Bordetella bronchiseptica IN vaccine provides rapid onset of immunity (3-5 days) an be used in puppies at 2-3 wks old 4

Feline Infectious Agents Feline panleukopenia - Immunity develops 3-5 days after effective ML Seroconversion after 10 days Maternal antibodies Levels dropping at 7-15 wks old, but can interfere with

post-vaccination especially on Synbiotics Witness test Feline Infectious Agents Feline calicivirus ML IN vaccine - rotection in 3-5 days; seroconversion after 14 days ML SQ vaccine - rotection in 5-7

5 Feline Infectious Agents Feline panleukopenia - Immunity develops 3-5 days after effective ML Seroconversion after 10 days Maternal antibodies Levels dropping at 7-15 wks old, but can interfere with vaccination up to until 5 months old Not all kittens have maternal antibody accinate all shelter kittens from 4 wks old ery rarely produces weak false positive on fecal test 3-14 days post-vaccination especially on Synbiotics Witness test Feline Infectious Agents Feline calicivirus ML IN vaccine - rotection in 3-5 days; seroconversion after 14 days ML SQ vaccine - rotection in 5-7 days; seroconversion after 28 days Feline herpesvirus - ML IN vaccine and ML SQ vaccine - Unpredictable response as some cats may not develop detectable antibody titers; protection in 3-5 days anine accine Study urdue Maddie s Shelter Medicine rogram anine accine Study Humane Society of Indianapolis Entry riteria ogs 4 months old No known history of vaccination n = 57 Synbiotics Titerheck / on intake At ay 7 if unprotected against &/or at intake At ay 14 if unprotected against &/or at ay 7. Gold standard ornell Animal Health iagnostic enter irology Hemagglutination inhibition Serum neutralization 5

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Vaccines for Cats. 2. Feline viral rhinotracheitis, FVR caused by FVR virus, also known as herpes virus type 1, FHV-1

Vaccines for Cats. 2. Feline viral rhinotracheitis, FVR caused by FVR virus, also known as herpes virus type 1, FHV-1 Vaccines for Cats Recent advances in veterinary medical science have resulted in an increase in the number and type of vaccines that are available for use in cats, and improvements are continuously being