P riests. Vocabulary. on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself.

Transcription

1 P riests This scroll contains information about your role as priests. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Priests is to look at the top Challenge Card of any two decks when it is your turn. Egyptians had a very complex set of beliefs about death. Funerary practices were extensive and lasted for months. Many priests were needed to prepare a body for burial. Once properly buried, Egyptians believed that a person s soul went on a journey through the Underworld in order to reach the Afterlife. The person s heart was weighed and against the Feather of Truth belonging to the goddess Ma at. If the heart proved worthy, the soul was allowed to travel to the Afterlife. If the heart was not worthy, their soul would be gobbled up by a lion. Priests had to shave their entire body of hair. They also had to purify their body in water twice every day. They wore all white clothing. Both men and women could be priests. Some of the Egyptian Gods are: Ra god of the Sun Anubis god of embalming, head of the jackal Isis goddess of motherhood, magic, head of a throne, sister/wife of Osiris Osiris god of the Underworld, brother/husband of Isis Horus god version of the pharaoh, head of a hawk, son of Isis/Osiris Sobek god of the water, crocodile head Ma at goddess of justice and truth Thoth god of wisdom, moon, writing, mathematics, head of the ibis (bird) Bastet - goddess of cats Temple priests were in charge of the temple. They kept the floors clean and swept, washed the statues every night, and kept the doors open during the day and locked at night. The statues of the gods were dressed in white linen every morning. Incense was lit to make the temple smell good, and sacred water was scattered in the corners of every room. They also made ritual offerings to the gods on a regular basis. Sometimes, ordinary Egyptians came to the temples seeking advice or wished to speak to an oracle. They might have to interpret the gods answers to their questions. Some priests practiced the art of healing and served as a second line of defense when their regular physician or medicine didn t work. The Egyptians believed that illnesses were caused by evil spirits. Priests recited prayers over a sick body. They were believed to communicate with the gods Thoth, Sekhmet, Isis, and Imhotep, who were thought of as healers. The Egyptians believed that the gods passed on treatments to the priests in their dreams. Many treatments were made of honey, caster oil, garlic, and opium. Some priests were teachers. They taught young boys how to read and write hieroglyphics. It is a hard job because there is so much information to pass on! There are over 700 hieroglyphic symbols, and two different versions of script. Most of the hieroglyphs look like small pictures and they stand for different things. Young scribe students must memorize them all. When they do not do their studying or they act out in class, the priests gave them a beating. The priests use hieratic script when they communicate to each other, but they only teach that to the most advanced students. When school is not in session, teachers are called on to tell religious stories in the temples and at festivals. Some stories are about Nut and Geb, the sky and earth god. Every evening, Nut comes down from the sky to meet Geb, and that is what causes the darkness of night. Some priests are in charge of planning all of the religious festivals for the pharaoh. There are about ten festivals in a year, and more can occur if a pharaoh orders it. There is a festival whenever a new pharaoh takes the throne, and also one called Sed when a pharaoh reaches the 30th year of power. There are festivals for the god, Hapi, when the Nile River begins to flood. There were festivals to mark the harvest, the building of a temple, the erection of a statue, or the arrival of a foreign trade party. The Cattle Count was conducted every year and determined the amount of taxes to be paid the following year. After all of the cattle, oxen, sheep, pigs, and goats were counted, there was a festival meal. These priests consulted with the pharaoh and the temple priests and plan the festivals on the most advantageous days. Some priests were religious consultants for the artisans. Although they did not make any art themselves, the sculptors and jewelers and painters need them on a daily basis for their expertise. Sculptors and painters were often charged with making images of the gods, and these priests made sure that they were done correctly. Every god in Egypt (and there were over a hundred) was associated with a certain animal and a certain color, and it was their job to know all of them. They also consulted jewelers who made religious amulets. Amulets in the shape of an ankh or the Eye of Horus were worn inside clothes and were placed between the layers of linen cloth on a mummy. When a pharaoh ordered the building of a new temple, they were often responsible for designing the space. Some priests were in charge of embalming and mummifying. Egyptian priests followed a very specific process of preparing a body for burial. First there was a purification ritual of dipping the body into the Nile River. Next, the body was cut open on the side and major organs were taken out. The brain was pulled out of the nose with a hook. The liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines were put into special containers called canopic jars. These small jars were decorated and eventually kept with the body when it was buried. The heart was kept inside the body because it would be needed in the Afterlife. Once the organs were removed, the body was covered in natron salt for 40 days. The salt dried out all of the fluids in the body, but it left the skin and bones well preserved. The body was then wrapped in linen cloth. A mixture of tar, oils, and perfumes were spread over every layer of linen, which made an airtight layer that prevented decay. A funerary mask was placed over the face, and the mummified body was then put into a sarcophagus. After the mummifying process, priests recited the ÏCeremony of the MouthÓ by blessing the mouth, eyes, ears, and nose, so that a person could speak, see, hear, and smell in the Afterlife. Funerary Relating to a funeral Afterlife a realm entered upon dying Jackal small wild dog Ibis - bird with a long beak Linen cloth made from the flax plant Incense Pressed wood or plants, sometimes with oils, that smell nice when burned Ritual A ceremony; specific actions done for religious purposes Oracle Someone or something that could see into the future, like a fortune-teller. Castor oil Beans are pressed to produce oil that serve as a lubricant and perfume Opium A white liquid used as a painkiller Hieroglyphics A picture-based communication system; the Egyptian alphabet Hieratic A secondary alphabet used by the Egyptian priest class Festivals- An event that includes a feast and a celebration to the gods Taxes Forced payment to the government Consultant An expert who gives advice Amulet An object that possesses magical powers Ankh Egyptian character signifying life Eye of Horus Egyptian symbol of protection Embalming - Chemical process to slow decay of flesh Mummifying To preserve a dead body Purification ritual Process designed to cleanse the body or soul Liver A bodily organ that purifies food eaten Canopic jar a jar that preserves an organ Natron Salt Salt used for burial rites Linen A cloth created using flax Sarcophagus A box for a corpse

2 Farmer This scroll contains information about your role as farmers. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Farmers is to pick a field that is diagonal to one you have, not just adjacent. You can only use this ability in the Civilization Game, and you still have to have passed the proper shaduf test. Egypt is located on the north-east corner of Africa. Most of the land is harsh desert and cannot support plants or animals. But rain in the southern mountains caused the Nile River to flood, and it was from these waters that the Egyptians were able to survive. When the Nile receded, it became hard for farmers to water their land, especially those fields that were far away from the river. Egyptian civilization revolved around the three seasons of the Nile: Akhet, Peret, and Shemu. Akhet was the flooding season, when the level of the Nile River rose and covered the fields. During the flood, many farmers worked on building projects for the Pharaoh. Flooding helped the soil by depositing nutrient-rich silt onto the fields. Peret was the growth season, when farmers plowed, sowed seeds, and watered their fields. Shemu, the harvest season, came during the summer when the Nile River was at its lowest point. Wheat, barley, and onions were the most common foods eaten in Ancient Egypt. Grapes, figs, dates, garbanzo beans, and lentils were also eaten regularly, as well as garlic, pomegranates, and melons. The upper class ate meat from cows, sheep, ducks, and geese. Farmers and peasants did not eat much meat, but they could fish in the Nile for their protein. While farmers were considered low class, they had a lot of freedom and made time to have fun. Most spent their days in the fields or by the Nile River, away from the Pharaoh and government. Farmers were lucky to get to swim in the Nile on hot days. Everyone likes to try to balance on floating logs and push other people to make them fall into the water. The hot Egyptian climate was perfect for growing wheat. Bread was the most common food eaten in Ancient Egypt. Wheat and grains were ground with stone, which sometimes left sand in the flour. This caused Egyptians teeth to wear down over time. Bread was eaten by all social classes on a daily basis, so the wheat crop was very valuable. Additionally, bags of grain were often used as money and payment for work. During the harvest season, farmers worked hard to cut down all of the wheat stalks. Then, the stalks must be readied for winnowing and then finally made into flour. When the Nile River floods, it completely covers the fields and enriches the soil. When the water retreats, farmers must plow and reseed their land. The Egyptian climate was perfect for growing barley, which does well in the heat but can also withstand a bit of cold. Barley was soaked in water to eat like rice or ground into flour to make bread. The Egyptians made beer by soaking barley bread in water and letting it ferment. Beer was the most common drink besides water. Beer was quite popular because it was easy to make and barley was of the most common crops grown. Barley is used as a symbol of Upper Egypt. During the harvest season, farmers work hard to cut down all of the barley stalks. When the Nile River floods, it completely covers your fields and enriches the soil. When the water retreats, farmers must plow and reseed their entire land. Grapes need a lot of sun to grow, which makes Egypt an ideal location. Grape crops were used to make special wine for the nobles, who drank wine at their fancy banquets. Priests used wine in religious ceremonies, as well. When there was a large harvest, farmers could dry some grapes in the sun to make raisins. Grapes are very delicate crops. They must be protected from birds and bugs, and the empty vines must be trimmed after harvesting, before the Nile River floods over. As soon as the flooding season ends, farmers must work fast to build the frames that the grape vines will grow over. Only after the frames are built, can they plant cuttings for the new vines. Flax is a beautiful plant that produces purple flowers. Flax fields are the nicest to look at during the long planting months. Flax is grown for its stalk, which is taken apart and used to make the fabric linen. Flax is an ideal climate to grow right next to the Nile River because it needs very wet and loose soil. When harvesting, farmers must pull up the whole flax plant including the roots. Sometimes the seeds are ground and their oil is used in foods. Figs are grown on large sycamore trees near the Nile River. They are considered the Egyptian Tree of Life and are painted on many royal tombs! The round figs grow in clusters on the branches and can be eaten fresh or dried out in the sun. Dates grow on palm trees. Dates are very sweet! They can be eaten fresh, or mashed up to make date honey, and sometimes even fermented to make date wine. Farmers must climb up tree trunks to pick both figs and dates. Sometimes, if a tree is very tall, they make a rope ladder. While they do not have to plant seeds every year, they do need to trim their trees and make sure they get adequate water. The Egyptians believed that onions were a sacred food. Its layers represented eternal life. Onions were eaten by both lower class and upper class Egyptians. They were also given as gifts, buried in tombs, and left on altars as sacrifices to the gods. Onions grow in the ground, so good, healthy soil is very important. During the planting season, farmers must make very straight, shallow rows for the seeds to sit in. Onions do not need to be watered a lot. When they are ready to be harvested, farmers spend their days lying on the dirt and digging up bulbs. Recede To go back Sow plant seed by scattering Wheat A grain used to make bread Barley A high-fiber grain used in soup Figs a soft pear-shaped fruit Dates sweet brown fruit Garbanzo beans a chickpea Lentils a high protein pulse Pomegranates orange sized fruit Stalks A stem of a plant that supports a flower Winnowing - to remove the chaff of a grain with an air current Ferment A chemical process that makes yogurt Plow - Iron tool that moves dirt Banquets A feast with a meaning Vines A long, creeping plant--produces grapes Frames Wood plank designed to prop-up strings of vines above the ground Cuttings - A plant is cut in order to reproduce a copy (or clone) of it Flax A seed used to create linen cloth Linen - A cloth created using flax Sycamore trees A brown tree that produces edible fruit Palm trees Tall trees with bushy leaves that produce dates (and coconuts) Tombs A cave for dead people Altars Ceremonial structure (sacrifice) Bulbs An underground plant (potato, for example)

3 Artisan This scroll contains information about your role as artisans. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Artisans is to trade your Ma at card for another one from the deck. You cannot see it ahead of time, and you must keep your second choice. You can only do this during the Civilization Game. Egyptians typically followed their parents into their profession. Men filled most artisan roles, but women were allowed in certain fields such as weaving and gardening. The Ancient Egyptians were very stylish, and those who did not have to do hard work spent a lot of time on their appearance. Heavy eyeliner and jewelry was popular, as were wigs. Women s wigs were thick, chunky, and often braided hair. Rich women were able to afford wigs made of real human hair that was bound together by beeswax. Wigs were often adorned with ornaments and jewelry. At parties, women put cones of perfumed fat on top of their wig. It would melt and drip down over the evening and keep them smelling good. Men wore stiff, long beard wigs. Artisans used certain symbols in their art. The ankh was a sign of eternal life, and many gods and pharaohs were depicted holding it in their hands. A cartouche is a circle of rope, and it indicates the name of a pharaoh. The Eye of Horus, or udjat, was meant to offer protection to those dwelling nearby. The Flail and Crook, similar to a shepherd s crook and a whip, were symbols of the pharaoh s power over Egypt. Lastly, images of the scarab beetle were used in jewelry and decoration as a symbol of the sun. Carpenters were quite important in Ancient Egypt. In addition to making the boats that traveled up and down the Nile River, carpenters were responsible for most of the furniture and games of the upper classes, as well as coffins for burial. Egyptians slept on wooden headrests instead of pillows and sat on carved chairs. Noblewomen used carved wooden containers for their make-up. The board game Senet was made of wood, as were small toys and musical instruments belonging to the upper class. Carpenters used sycamore fig and palm trees the most because they were native to Egypt. Black ebony wood was imported from Kush and was very valuable. Cedar was imported from Lebanon. They used a special type of knife called an adze to smooth the wood. Cloth in Ancient Egypt was made of linen from the flax plant. When farmers harvested flax, the stalks were cut and soaked in water to soften. Then, they were beaten with stones and the strands of stalk were separated. The strands were wound around spindles and combined to make thread using whorls. Whorls were small and round and made of bone or glass. Weavers used a loom to weave the threads into cloth. The fabric was left its natural color, a light beige or white. Egyptians did not just wrap cloth around their bodies, but rather had a very particular style of tunic and dress. Beeswax wax from bees Adorn to wear Cones of perfumed fat Beard wigs a facial wig of hair Ankh Egyptian character signifying life Cartouche an oval shape Udjat Egyptian symbol of protection Dwelling a home Painters were hired to paint murals on the walls of temples and tombs. They worked side by side with scribes to make sure that the paintings fit together with the hieroglyphs. Many murals depict normal Egyptians doing normal daily work. The paintings inside tombs usually depict the gods. Those use brighter colors and painters consult with a priest on how to draw their animal heads. Egyptians had a very specific style of drawing people called, ÏFrontalismÓ where certain parts of the body were drawn facing forward while other parts were drawn sideways. Flail and Crook Egyptian symbol of a pharaoh s power Glassworkers worked in a glass workshop which gets very hot because there is always a fire burning. Glass is a new material that Egyptian artisans have recently learned how to make. Several different kinds of sand and rock were melted together. Then, the glassworkers used a long tube to blow air into the mixture and form it into shapes for beads, jewelry, or decorative stones. Some specialized in making a greenish-blue glass by adding copper to the sand. To the untrained eye, this looks like turquoise, which was even more rare and precious. Ebony Dense, black wood Some sculptors worked with stone. Stone blocks are dragged from quarries in the desert into their workshop by hundreds of laborers. They used a chisel and hammer to make sculptures of the pharaoh and the gods. Sculptures stand in the pharaoh s palace and at temples around Egypt, but the artist can t sign their name on them. Sometimes they carve reliefs into walls and pillars like a mini statue in the wall! Sculptures are typically painted when they are complete. Strands Woven string Some artisans worked with metal. Using copper or bronze, they make tools for other artisans, such as the carpenter s adze and the sculptor s chisel. They also make fish hooks and plow spears for the farmers. Metal-smiths hammered and shaped gold to make funerary masks and coffins for the pharaoh. A large part of their work was making religious amulets and jewelry for the upper class. Both men and women wore bracelets and necklaces. Bracelets were worn on the wrists and upper arms, like thick cuffs. Necklaces were very large and wide and close to the neck, almost like a collar, often striped with different stones inlaid. Most of the jewelry you made has beautiful stones embedded in it, such as turquoise, lapis lazuli, coral, black onyx, mother of pearl, malachite, and jasper. Some metal-smiths made musical instruments. Scarab beetle - a large dung beetle Senet A squared game played with pawns Sycamore fig Round, pink fruit with a sweet smell Cedar Wide tree with pine needles Adze - Tool similar to an axe (more primitive) Linen - A cloth created using flax Spindles used to wind thread of flax Whorls Spiral coil Loom Wood device to make cloth Tunic Short jacket; vest Tombs - a decorative cave for the dead Hieroglyphs A picture-based communication system; the Egyptian alphabet Copper- Soft, shiny metal Turquoise a blue-green mineral Quarries Pit used to mine metal Chisel Broad, thick knife Reliefs Art that is carved into a wall Plow A device used to toss soil Amulet jewlery worn for protection Inlaid Order of decoration

4 scribe This scroll contains information about your role as scribes. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Scribes is to look at anyone else s Knowledge Scroll for 30 seconds at any point in the Civilization Game. You have to give it back undamaged. There are two different versions of Egyptian writing: hieroglyphs and hieratic. Hieroglyphs are symbolic and more detailed. There are over 700 hieroglyphic symbols. Most of the hieroglyphs look like small pictures and they stand for different things. Hieratic was used by the priests and on some court documents and was a faster and more simplified script. The vizier had a personal scribe. This man spent all of his waking moments by the side of the vizier, who spends his time advising the pharaoh. He wrote down every word that the vizier says on a piece of wood covered in plaster. This way he can wipe off and erase anything unimportant. For serious documents or letters he used ink on papyrus. Some scribes were accountants. They worked in the pharaoh s palace and were in charge of keeping track of the pharaoh s wealth. They had several assistants to help manage this huge sum. The assistants conducted a census, which means they count the number of people in Egypt. From that number, they determine how much grain each family must pay in taxes. Assistants collect the grain, and the scribe records the figures on government papyrus. When any of the nobles plans a banquet, the accountants keep track of the goods and food purchased. When there is a religious festival they make arrangements with the priests to ensure that there is the proper amount of food and beer to celebrate. Legal scribes work in the pharaoh s palace and write court documents. Most of their time is spent writing marriage contracts. When someone brings a complaint to the vizier, they record the complaints, arguments, and testimony from witnesses. The pharaoh or the vizier serves as the judge and delivers verdicts to these cases. Every Egyptian was given equal legal rights. That means that both rich and poor, upper class and lower class, men and women could bring a complaint to the vizier s court. Draftsmen work directly with artisans and architects to make sure that all of the writing on royal monuments is done correctly. This is especially important when a raised or sunken relief is planned. A relief cannot be erased, so they are in charge of sketching the first draft onto stone. An artisan uses a hammer and chisel to chip off the stone around your marks. In addition to having all of the hieroglyphics memorized, they must know how to write every pharaoh s name properly. The pharaoh s name is written as a combination of certain symbols circled by a rope. This is called a cartouche. Scribes also worked as teachers. Egyptian families who could afford it sent their children to school to learn to read and write. Priests often taught these classes in the temples. Students were required to memorize all of the hieroglyphics, as well as some common expressions. They practiced their writing on clay tablets and pieces of limestone flakes. Advanced students could continue their studies and learn mathematics, medicine, astronomy, engineering, or specialize in writing. Only men and those in the upper classes went to scribe school. Scribe school was very rigorous. There were long hours and pupils were given a beating if they acted out in class. Palace scribes had to rely on papyrus. To make paper, papyrus reeds from the Nile riverbank are gathered and cut. The stem of the reeds was sliced into thin pieces. The long, flat pieces and woven together to make a thick sheet. The bumps are smoothed out by scrubbing the papyrus with a round rock. When the papyrus is good and flat, the edges are trimmed and it is rolled up like a scroll. Before papyrus was delivered to the palace scribes, scraps were tested with red and black ink. Hieroglyphics A picture-based communication system; the Egyptian alphabet Hieratic - A secondary alphabet used by the Egyptian priest class Plaster Coating for walls Papyrus - Thin paper made from reeds Taxes Forced payment to the government Banquet - a fancy feast Legal What is law; authority Testimony Explanation or story Verdicts - Judgment made in a court Relief - Art that is carved into a wall. Chisel Broad, thick knife Cartouche - An oval symbol Limestone Light rock Rigorous Harsh or demanding Reeds - Tall grass

5 Nomarchs This scroll contains information about your role as nomarchs. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Nomarchs is to choose whether you want to go first or second when it is your turn on a challenge in the Civilization Game. You also get first pick of field or Ma at card before the other group rewarded in yoru slot in the game. Ancient Egypt was always considered to be two lands, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. This referred to the height of the land itself, not north or south. Lower Egypt was part of the Nile Delta, where the river spilled into the Mediterranean Sea. This was a very green are with lush vegetation. Upper Egypt, higher up, stretched from the end of the Delta south towards Nubia. Most of it was desert except by the banks of the river itself. Lower Egypt was divided into 20 nomes, or districts. Upper Egypt had 22 nomes. Each nome was governed by a nomarch from a capital city that was also a major religious center for different gods. Most of the population of each nome lived in small villages surrounding the capital. Most of the time pharaoh, who owned all the land, appointed the nomarch, but sometimes it would pass down as a hereditary title. The nomarchs duties were collecting taxes, administering the priests of the temple and managing their supplies and trade, and sometimes leading the sacred rituals. Although in charge of land and people, the nomarchs of this time period weren t very rich or powerful. The royal family of pharaoh lived in far greater extravagance they any nomarch. More than 80 years ago the Theban nomarch and family led a rebellion against the Hyksos kings and became Pharaoh over all Egypt. This started the 18th Dynasty. The Eighth Nome in Upper Egypt is called Great Land. The capital is Abdju, which means Hill of the Reliquary. This city is very important because many pharaohs are buried here. Each pharaoh is believed to be a god, so their burial tombs are also temples where people on pilgrimages come to worship them. The current Nomarch is in charge of building the temple to Ahmose I, the first Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty. This is the symbol of the Eighth Nome of Upper Egypt: The First Nome in Upper Egypt is called Ta-Seti, or Land of the Bow. This Nome is on the border between Egypt and the land of Nubia. The capital, Abu, is an island in the Nile River. There are forts here where the Egyptian army stays before an expedition south into Nubia. The life-giving waters of the Nile start to rush into Egypt from Abu. It is believed that Khnum, a ram-headed god, controls the water from caves under the island. Nomarchs have to measure the quality and amount of water in the Nile each year during the flood season. There are two Nilometers on the island to do so, and one is a sacred temple. This is the symbol of the First Nome of Upper Egypt: The capital of the Eighteenth Nome of Lower Egypt is the city of Per-Bastet, or House of Bast. Bast or Bastet is a goddess with the head of a lioness. She is a war goddess and protector of Lower Egypt, so her temple is very important. Many pilgrims come to celebrate at her annual festival, which means a lot of wine. Per-Bastet is located along a major trade route in and out of Egypt, so a lot of merchants buy and sell goods here. This is the symbol for the Eighteenth Nome of Lower Egypt: The capital of the the Fifth Nome of Lower Egypt is the city of Zau. The main temple in Zau is dedicated to the goddess Neith. Neith is a mother goddess of creation, and there is a medical school at her temple. Many women come here to study to be doctors, and there are many female teachers. This is the best school for learning about pregnancy, childbirth, and other health issues for women. This is the symbol of the Fifth Nome of Lower Egypt: The Twenty-First Nome in Upper Egypt is closest to Lower Egypt. The capital is Shedyet. This city is the most important center of worshipping Sobek, the crocodile-headed god. As a water god, it is believed that his sweat created the Nile River and caused the plants to grow. There is a temple in Shedyet where priests do little else but care for a special crocodile. They feed it and make sure it has water in its pond. This crocodile is decorated with gold and gems and is called a Petsuchos. It is believed to be an oracle, and the priests interpret its prophecies. Shedyet also has a Nilometer, which measures the quality and amount of water in the Nile during flood season. This is the symbol of the Twenty-First Nome of Upper Egypt: Upper Egypt South Egypt Lower Egypt North Egypt where the Nile becomes the Nile Delta Nile Delta Where the NIle branches and drains into the Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Sea north of the Nile Lush Dense with vegetation Nubia a region along the Nile that once had kingdoms Nome territorial division of Egypt Nomarch - The ruler of a Nome Hereditary passed on through inheritance Extravagance over the top spending Theban Ancient city in Upper Egypt Hyksos A people that invaded Egypt from Asia Reliquary A container for holy relics Pilgrimage A spiritual journey Expedition A journey with a purpose The Fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt is called Un which means hare. The capital of the nome is Khmun, and it is known as a great resort with lots of opulent luxury, second only to Thebes. The royal family, Pharaoh s family, comes here often to rest and relax. To help pay for the care of the family, the nomarch charges a toll to any boats traveling on the Nile from Upper Egypt to Lower Egypt. Khmun is also the leading place of worship for Thoth, the god of magic, healing, wisdom, and the patron of scribes. Khnum - Goddess of the source of the Nile river This is the symbol for the Fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt: Neith Goddess of creation Nilometer measurement to indicate the height of the Nile rising Bast Goddess with the head of a lioness Pilgrim A traveller who travels for spiritual reasons Sobek Crocodile-headed god Petsuchos An oracle crocodile Oracle One that can see the future Prophecy A prediction Opulent very rich Thebes Ancient city in Upper Egypt Toll A payment Thoth - God of wisdom, learning and the arts

6 merchant This scroll contains information about your role as merchants. You should work together to share this information with one another so you all know it. As a group, decide what your group symbol is and draw it on your badge. Next to that, write your name from your character card and choose a symbol to represent yourself. Your special ability as Merchants is to force a blind trade of Ma at cards with any other group. You must have one to give them, and they must have one to give you. You can pick which one of yours to trade, but you must randomly pick one of theirs. You can only trade with one group per turn. Ancient Egypt had a thriving economy that centered around grain and trade. The annual flooding of the Nile ensured that crops grew in rich soils. The invention of canals and the shaduf helped farmers irrigate their land. Grains such as wheat and barley were plentiful and often exported to sell or trade. Sometimes bags of grain were used as money. Merchants operated large ships to trade goods with civilizations around the Mediterranean and southwestern Asia. Egyptians use many different kinds of boats to travel up and down the Nile River, as well as more exotic travel in the Mediterranean Sea or the Red Sea. A felucca is a small sailboat that is used by Egyptians to travel from one city to another. A barque is much larger and has several sails. It is used to transport goods and can carry very heavy loads. Reed boats and small fisherman s boats are used to cross from one side of the Nile to the other, like taxis. There was a lot of trade between Egypt and Nubia, a civilization located south of Egypt, further up the Nile. The Nubians have access to animals and peoples further inland in Africa, so they are a very valuable trade partners. Ebony, ivory, gold, and slaves were imported from Nubia. Ebony is a beautiful black, hard wood and it is used to make sculptures and furniture. Ivory comes from the tusks of elephants, and was used in jewelry and decorations. Beyond the Nile River, Egypt is surrounded by harsh deserts. Without help, traders would die in the hot, dry conditions. Large barques that are heading to India need to be taken apart and carried for many days to the Red Sea, where they are put back together again. Camel herds carry the pieces of the barque and goods. Camels are good for desert travel because they can go several days without drinking water. They also produce tasty milk. Sometimes merchants hire desert nomads as guides. A funerary merchant buys goods from artisans and sells them to other Egyptians on the occasion of their funerals. The most common article traded are religious amulets, or good luck charms. The ankh was a sign of eternal life, and only pharaohs and gods were allowed to carry it. The Eye of Horus, or udjat, was meant to offer protection. This trader also deals with the sale of coffins, funerary masks, and canopic jars. Masks and canopic jars ranged from simple and made from clay to elaborate and decorated with gold and gems. Only the nobles were able to afford such beautiful crafts for their funerals. Some merchants sailed between the Nile Delta and other Mediterranean ports such as Lebanon, Syria, and Cyprus. Lebanon is rich in cedar trees. There are not a lot of trees in Egypt, and so the tall cedars are very valuable for making furniture. Lapis lazuli, a blue gemstone, is traded in Lebanon and Syria. It comes from a place called Afghanistan. Cyprus produced copper, which the Egyptian artisans used to make tools and decoration. For all of these goods, Egyptians traded linen and grain. Cattle are extremely important animals in Egypt, as they provide a lot of the labor in the fields. Farmers depend on cattle to plow their fields and trample the soil after seeding. Cattle are also used to carry large loads of grain. Finally, meat was eaten by the upper class. Trades and sales of cattle between farmers and noble families are negotiated by a merchant. When the chief treasurer orders a cattle count, this merchant counts all the cattle in the region and gives a percentage of the herd to the pharaoh as a tax. As a payment for his services, he is allowed to collect cattle dung and resell it as fuel, which burns very well. Economy the management of resources in a country Canals an artificial waterway for irrigation or navigation Felucca Small sailing boat used to catch wind Reed Tall grass Ebony Dense, black wood Ivory hard white substance from which elephant bones are made Barque Multi-mast ship Camel herd a herd of camels Nomad A roaming traveller who spends months in the wilderness Funerary Ceremony for the dead Amulet An object that possesses magical powers Udjat Egyptian symbol of protection Funerary mask Decorated masks used to cover dead faces Canopic jar Decorated jars used to preserve organs of the dead Cedar Wide tree with pine needles Lapiz lazuli a blue gemstone Linen A cloth created using flax Plow Iron tool that moves dirt Negotiate To agree with conditions; debate Facilitate To simplify Dung -Feces; animal poo