Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids"

Transcription

1 407684XXXXXX / Filo ni et al.surveillance using serological and molecular methods Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24(1) The Author(s) Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalspermissions.nav DOI: / Claudia Filoni, 1 José Luiz Catão-Dias, Valentino Cattori, Barbara Willi, Marina L. Meli, Sandra Helena Ramiro Corrêa, Mara Cristina Marques, Cristina Harumi Adania, Jean Carlos Ramos Silva, Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo, José Soares Ferreira Neto, Edison Luiz Durigon, Vania Maria de Carvalho, Selene Dall Acqua Coutinho, Hans Lutz, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann Abstract. The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic mycoplasmas were less prevalent. Serologic evidence of exposure to Ehrlichia spp., Feline immunodeficiency virus, and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was detected rarely, and infections with FeLV, Ehrlichia spp., and Cytauxzoon spp. were found infrequently. The detected Bartonella sequence was molecularly similar to B. koehlerae and B. henselae; for Cytauxzoon, the sequence resembled those from domestic cats. No Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria spp. infections were detected. The positive test results varied significantly among different facilities and species. Additionally, FCoV seropositivity was more prevalent in captivity than in free-ranging populations. Results suggest that testing is appropriate prior to relocation of felids. Key words: Feline viral infections; mycoplasmas; vector-borne pathogens; wild felids. Most wild felid species are endangered, and the continuity of the populations often depends on protective measures. 23 Healthy captive wild felid populations provide potential candidates for breeding and reintroduction into nature programs. 19 The majority of the indigenous felids (neotropic species) kept in captivity in Brazil are animals that have been displaced from their natural range as a consequence of habitat destruction or due to illegal captures. The Brazilian captive settings are often overpopulated, and the wild felids are frequently kept in proximity to feral domestic cats (Felis catus) and rodents, and exposed to insects and arthropods, allowing intra- and interspecies transmission of infectious agents, including zoonotic pathogens. Wild felid species are considered to be susceptible to all pathogens that infect the domestic cat, 26 including common cat viruses and vector-borne agents. Etiological diagnosis of infectious diseases and, in turn, adequate treatment, would avoid or reduce the number of die-offs in captive felids and increase the wellbeing of the animals. In addition, screening of captive wild felids for infectious agents would reveal the level of exposure to infectious agents, thus pinpointing potential problems within the populations or prior to animal movements, and would identify zoonotic risks for people in contact with the animals. Altogether, it would improve the role of zoos in animal conservation. From the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Catão- Dias); the Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine TRÍADE, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, Silva, Marvulo); the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP (Filoni, de Carvalho, Coutinho); the São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, São Paulo, SP (Catão-Dias, Corrêa, Marques); the Mata Ciliar Association, Jundiaí, SP (Adania); the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE (Silva); the Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP (Neto); the Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo, SP (Durigon); Brazil; and the Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Cattori, Willi, Meli, Lutz, Hofmann-Lehmann). 1 Corresponding Author: Claudia Filoni, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Paulista University, Av. José Maria Whitaker 290, 3rd/5th floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. claudiafiloni@triade.org.br

2 Surveillance using serological and molecular methods 167 Table 1. Characteristic of the surveyed population for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids. Species and number of animals sampled (n) Neotropic (159) Exotic (51) Variable Oncilla (43) Jaguarundi (33) Geoffroy s cat (23) Margay (20) Ocelot (16) Puma (14) Pampas cat (10) Lion (30) Siberian Leopard tiger (13) (4) Snow leopard (2) Cheetah (2) Total (210) Origin Wild caught Zoo born Gender Female Male Sampling region North Northeast Middle west Southeast South Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine the exposure of neotropic and exotic wild felids kept in several zoological parks, conservation, and breeding centers in Brazil to selected pathogens. The latter included 6 common domestic cat viruses: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), Felid herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), Feline calicivirus (FCV), Feline parvovirus (FPV), and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), the Anaplasmataceae: Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the Bartonellaceae: Bartonella spp., the Mycoplasmataceae (feline hemoplasmas): Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, and Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis, and the Theileriidae (piroplasms): Cytauxzoon felis and Theileria spp. Between 2001 and 2004, blood, buffy coat, plasma, and serum samples were collected from 97 neotropic and 51 exotic felid specimens from São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation (SPZ) in São Paulo state, southeast region of Brazil. Additionally, 62 serum samples from neotropic felids were obtained from the serum bank of the nongovernmental organization Mata Ciliar Association (AMC), which were collected between 1996 and 2002 at 27 captive settings in Brazil, located in the Federal District and nine different states from all the five geopolitical regions of the country. The neotropic felid samples derived from 7 different species and the samples from exotic felids originated from 5 different species (Table 1). The gender and origin of the animals (wild caught vs captive born) and the region of sampling were recorded (Table 1). For sample collection, the animals were captured and anesthetized as previously described 4 or using a combination of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride. a Blood was drawn by venipuncture using glass potassium salt ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (K2 EDTA) evacuated blood collection tubes for obtaining whole blood and plasma, and plain tubes for obtaining serum. b Serum and blood samples collected at SPZ were stored at 80 C, and serum samples obtained from AMC at 20 C. The sampling and international transportation procedures were approved by the Bioethic Commission of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny of the University of São Paulo (protocol no. 256/2003), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (permit nos BR and 1562/04), the regulations of the Genetic Heritage Management Council, the Agriculture Ministry (CSI 1530/2004), and International Air Transport Association packing instruction 650. A commercial immunoassay c for FeLV antigen detection and FIV antibody detection was performed for 145 felids at the SPZ at the moment of sampling using fresh blood or serum following the manufacturer s recommendations. These 145 felids, except for 1 ocelot for which no additional serum or plasma was available, plus 2 pumas and 1 lion (total n = 147), were also tested for the presence of FeLV p27 by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as previously described. 16 ELISA-positive samples were retested in the presence of mouse serum to exclude cross-linking of the monoclonal mouse anti-felv antibodies by feline anti-mouse antibodies. Serum or plasma antibodies to FeLV p45 were measured through an ELISA, as described, 15 for 209 of the sampled animals; for 1 ocelot, no sample was available for this analysis. Results for FeLV antibodies were confirmed in 28 selected samples (24 jaguarundis, 1 oncilla, 1 margay, 1 Geoffroy s cat, and 1 Pampas cat) by Western blotting (WB) technique, as described. 9 Samples containing antibodies to FeLV gp70, p58, p27, p15, and p12 were classified as positive. Similarly, FIV antibody results were confirmed in 10 selected samples (9 lions and 1 Geoffroy s cat) by FIV WB, as described. 17 Samples containing antibodies to FIV p24 and p15 were classified as positive. Antibody titers to FHV-1,

3 168 Filoni et al. FCV, and FPV were determined in the serum samples from the unvaccinated animals (n = 63) by the use of an fluorescent antibody test (FAT), as described 3,10 ; felids with a history of vaccination were excluded from testing for these agents. The samples included all 7 neotropic felid species tested; the serum samples were derived from the AMC serum bank (n = 62) and from 1 Pampas cat at the SPZ. Sera were screened at a dilution of 1:20; positive and questionable results were titrated in twofold serial dilutions until endpoint. Antibody titers to FCoV were determined in serum or plasma samples (n = 209) by FAT, as described 10 ; positive samples were titrated using 1:25, 1:100, 1:400, and 1:1,600 dilutions. Exposure to E. canis, or closely related agents, was evaluated by FAT d using 1:80 dilutions of the serum or plasma samples (n = 209). Serum or plasma samples (n = 147) from SPZ felids were assayed for antibodies to B. henselae by FAT, as described, 7 using dilutions of 1:64 and 1:128; titers of 1:64 were considered positive and positive serum samples were titrated until endpoint by 2-fold serial dilutions. For quality control of all the FAT slides, aliquots of the cell cultures or scrapings from the slides were tested for presence of unwanted antigens, as previously described. 5 Total nucleic acid (TNA) was extracted e from 100 µl of EDTA-anticoagulated blood or buffy coat samples collected from 109 felids housed at the SPZ. To monitor for crosscontamination, negative controls consisting of 100 µl of phosphate buffered saline were concurrently prepared with each batch of 15 samples. Samples were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), f as described previously for FeLV provirus, 25 E. canis, 6 A. phagocytophilum, 24 Bartonella spp., 22 M. haemofelis, Candidatus M. haemominutum, and Candidatus M. turicensis. 28 In addition, samples were tested as described by conventional PCR for C. felis 20 and Theileria spp. 11 In all PCR assays, water was used as a negative control. All negative extraction and PCR controls tested negative. Samples that tested PCR positive for Bartonella spp., feline hemoplasmas, or C. felis were further characterized by sequencing. For Bartonella spp., the partial ftsz gene was subjected to direct sequencing, as described, 27 using primers Bfp1 and Bfp2. 29 The 16s ribosomal RNA (rrna) gene of M. haemofelis, Candidatus M. haemominutum, and Candidatus M. turicensis were sequenced, as described. 28 For C. felis, the 222 base pair (bp) PCR product was subjected to direct sequencing, as described. 27 Furthermore, the nearly complete 18S rrna gene was amplified and sequenced using the primers: CytIblynx.23f: 5 -GCCATGCATGTCTAAGTATAAGC-3 (23 bp) and CytIblynx.1659r: 5 -CGCGCCTAACGAATTAGAAG-3 (20 bp). Briefly, 2.5 µl of TNA was amplified in a 25-μl reaction containing 1 phusion buffer, g 500 nm of each primer, 200 nm of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, h and 1 U DNA polymerase i using a thermocycler. j The thermal program comprised 98 C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 98 C for 10 sec, 56 C for 30 sec, and 72 C for 1 min, and finally 72 C for 10 min. PCR products were purified k and vector cloned l using a cloning kit for sequencing. m Plasmid DNA was purified from positive clones. n The 3 clones were subjected to direct sequencing as described 27 with vector-specific M13 and an internal primer (Cytlynx.1352r: 5 -TTATAACCGCAAAGTCCCTCTAAGA-3 [25 bp]). The frequency of seropositive animals in different groups were compared with the Fisher s exact test (cell frequencies of 5; p F ) and the chi-square test (cell frequencies of >5; p chi2 ). o Of the 147 samples tested for FeLV p27, 2 samples from zoo-born jaguarundis (CAD and 21810) were positive; one of them (CAD 20761) was also positive by the commercial immunoassay test. The blood samples of both jaguarundis were FeLV provirus positive, but negative for antibodies to FeLV. High antibody levels to FeLV (94% of the positive control in ELISA, positivity confirmed by WB) were detected in another jaguarundi (CAD 20762). Some additional samples showed low ELISA reactivity and 2 animals (jaguarundi CAD and a Pampas cat CAD 20034) were confirmed to be positive by WB. None of these animals showed evidence of relevant diseases at the time of sampling. The clinical importance of FeLV infections in jaguarundis will need further attention. Recently, FeLV was suspected to have a major impact on another wild felid species, the Iberian lynx. 21 Among the 145 felids from the SPZ tested for FIV using the commercial immunoassay test, samples from 5 clinically healthy lions from SPZ were positive and one sample was inconclusive. Four of these 6 lions (CAD , 20748, 26281, 15856) were confirmed to be positive using WB, but 2 showed inconclusive results. Wild felids may be infected with FIV-related lentiviruses and not exhibit overt clinical signs. Much older lentiviruses related to the emergent FIV have so far been detected in African lions and North American pumas and long-term co-evolutionary processes might have provided asymptomatic host virus relationships. 2 In addition to the lions (CAD , 20748, 26281, 15856), a Geoffroy s cat (CAD 28022) was found positive for FIV by WB. The frequency of seropositive animals among the 63 unvaccinated neotropic cats as determined by FAT were 19%, 51%, and 70% for FHV-1, FCV, and FPV, respectively (Table 2). Evidence of FHV-1, FCV, or FPV infections were found in all neotropic species tested, with the exception of the Pampas cat, for which only 1 sample from a kitten was available. Antibodies to FPV were significantly more frequent than antibodies to FCV (p chi2 = ), and antibodies to FPV and FCV were both more frequent than antibodies to FHV-1 (p chi ). Nine animals were seronegative for FHV-1, FCV and FPV; the negative felids originated significantly more frequently from zoos (6/11 zoo-born unvaccinated animals; 55%) than from the wild (3/52 wild-caught unvaccinated animals; 6%; p F = ). The results of the 63 unvaccinated felids kept at several captive settings in Brazil suggested a widespread exposure to FHV-1, FCV, and FPV. An important source of infection may be the wild caught animals introduced to the captive settings. Although comparisons with other studies may be difficult due to differences in

4 Table 2. Fluorescent antibody test results for Felid herpesvirus 1, Feline calicivirus, Feline parvovirus, and the vector-borne bacteria Ehrlichia canis and Bartonella henselae in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids* Animals sampled Neotropic Exotic Pathogen Oncilla Jaguarundi Geoffroy s cat Margay Ocelot Puma Pampas cat Lion Siberian tiger Leopard Snow leopard Cheetah Totals FHV-1 Positive/tested 2/10 1/10 2/10 4/10 1/10 2/12 0/1 NT NT NT NT NT 12/63 (19) Ab titer range FCV Positive/tested 5/10 3/10 9/10 4/10 6/10 5/12 0/1 NT NT NT NT NT 32/63 (51) Ab titer range , ,280 FPV Positive/tested 8/10 5/10 9/10 6/10 7/10 9/12 0/1 NT NT NT NT NT 44/63 (70) Ab titer range , , , ,120 E. canis Positive/tested 0/43 0/33 0/23 0/20 1/15 0/14 0/10 0/30 0/13 0/4 0/2 0/2 1/209 (0.%) Ab titer range B. henselae Positive/tested 24/33 5/23 2/13 5/10 4/5 2/2 7/10 12/30 5/13 4/4 1/2 0/2 71/147 (48) Ab titer range *FHV-1 = Felid herpesvirus 1; FCV = Feline calicivirus; FPV = Feline parvovirus; E. canis = Ehrlichia canis; B. henselae = Bartonella henselae; Ab = antibody; NT = not tested. Antibody titers are reported as reciprocals of the respective serum dilutions. Negative titers were defined as <20 for FHV-1, FCV, and FPV, <80 for E. canis, and <64 for B. henselae, respectively. Numbers in parentheses are percentages. The exotic felids were vaccinated at sampling. The felids tested for FHV-1, FCV, and FPV were only those unvaccinated. 169

5 170 Filoni et al. Table 3. Serological investigation of Feline coronavirus infection in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids by the use of fluorescent antibody test.* Antibody titers Negative ,600 Total Positive Neotropic 158 Oncilla (86) Jaguarundi (76) Geoffroy s cat (61) Margay (60) Ocelot (73) Puma (57) Pampas cat (60) Exotic 51 Lion (37) Siberian tiger (39) Leopard (100) Snow leopard (100) Cheetah Total (65) *Antibody titers are reported as reciprocals of the respective serum dilutions. Negative titers were defined as <25 for Feline coronavirus. Numbers in parentheses are percentages. the tested sample it can be noted that the current sample prevalence for FHV-1 and FCV were not markedly different from those reported earlier for free-ranging Brazilian felids using identical methods. 5 Moreover, the FHV-1 sample seroprevalence for captive felids was similar to that previously obtained in 250 samples from captive Brazilian felids from 6 neotropic species. 1 The higher seropositivity rates found for FCV compared to FHV-1 in captive animals in the present study may be related to a higher environmental resistance of FCV compared to FHV-1 or to differences in the latency phase of the infection: while FHV-1 latently infected felids are intermittent virus shedders, FCV seropositive felids may be active carriers continuously shedding viruses for several months to years. 12,18 The very high environmental resistance of parvoviruses and the fecal oral infection route may explain the high antibody frequency found for FPV in captivity (70%). In the present study, it was found that FPV or antigenic similar viruses were ubiquitous in captive settings in Brazil as well as in the wild. 5 As for FCoV, 65% of the samples tested positive by FAT (Table 3). All neotropic and exotic felid species (with the exception of the cheetah) had individuals that tested positive for FCoV. The FCoV antibody titers ranged from 25 to 1,600. In the jaguarundi population 30% of the animals had a titer of 1,600 (Table 3), which was significantly more frequent than in the remaining wild cats (3.4% with a titer of 1,600; p chi2 < ). Nine out of 10 jaguarundis with FCoV titer of 1,600 were housed at the SPZ. High titers of 400 and 1,600 were only detected in neotropic wild felids with the exception of one male leopard (CAD 14753) at the SPZ. Wild cats housed at the SPZ zoo were significantly more frequently FCoV seropositive (72%) than wild cats from other facilities (47%; p chi2 = ). The presence of antibodies to FCoV in 65% of the captive felids should be a matter of concern. Seropositive felids were more frequently encountered in the captive settings than reported earlier for free-ranging Brazilian felids using identical methods (5%; p chi2 < ). 5 The present study relied on Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (Purdue strain) 10 as an antigen for FAT; it had been reported that for serodiagnosis of FCoV infection this antigen should be used to attain the highest diagnostic efficiency. 14 Nonetheless, it cannot be excluded that antibodies to some immunologically distinct strains of coronaviruses, which may infect felids, 13 were not detected. Exposure to FCoV may be higher when many animals are kept in close proximity, as may be the case in captivity. In the SPZ, the high titers of 400 and 1,600 were almost exclusively detected in neotropic wild felids. This could be explained by the disposition and structure of the enclosures and their accessibility to domestic cats; the latter are a potential source of FCoV infection. The control of FCoV in zoological settings is challenging. Identification of virus shedders by molecular methods followed by segregation of active shedders is very difficult to achieve due to logistic limitations. Control should then rely on a series of measures, including partition of domestic cats, use of solid physical barriers, frequent replacing of soil substrate, and diligent cleaning and disinfection of water and food receptacles and other fomites. The sample seroprevalence of B. henselae was 48% (Table 2). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in the wild caught (28/45 animals; 62%) than in the zoo born felids (43/102 animals; 42%; p chi2 = ). Using Bartonella spp. real-time PCR, 1 male margay (CAD 17336) from the SPZ was positive. The animal was born in the wild but lived for 15 years in captivity prior to sampling, thus it is not possible to ascertain if the infection was acquired in the wild or in captivity. Compatible with bartonellosis, however, the animal had shown two previous episodes of accentuated weight loss, dullness, dehydration, and anemia five and three years before sampling. Using sequencing analysis, the Bartonella sp. detected in this margay (GenBank accession no. GU903912) revealed the highest identity with B. koehlerae (AF467755; 99%) and B. henselae (AF061746; 95%). A second female margay (CAD 20766) also from the SPZ was weakly PCRpositive for Bartonella sp.; the load was too low for sequencing analysis. The antibody frequency for B. henselae (48%) indicated a high exposure rate of captive felids from SPZ to this pathogen, although significantly lower than the 95% frequency reported for free-ranging Brazilian felids using identical methods (p chi2 < ). 5 While only 2 margays out of 109 tested felids were positive for Bartonella spp. by realtime PCR, another study 8 detected 15% of the 67 Brazilian captive neotropic felids positive to Bartonella spp. in a conventional PCR. Such difference in the percentage of PCRpositive animals may be due to the specificity and sensitivity of the PCR assays. Moreover, the sample under investigation

6 Surveillance using serological and molecular methods 171 may have influenced the outcome. In a previous study, mainly felids from a single captive setting in the southern region were investigated, 8 while in the present study, all animals tested by molecular methods for Bartonella spp. originated from SPZ in the Southeast Region. In addition, in the current study jaguars (Panthera onca) were not tested, while in the other study, 8 15% of the felids evaluated were jaguars. Bartonella henselae has a zoonotic potential and may cause cat scratch disease in human beings. Thus, safety procedures should be put in place when handling potentially positive felids or sample material from them. Using real-time PCR assays specific for feline hemoplasmas, 10 of the 109 tested wild cats were PCR-positive for Candidatus M. haemominutum (9.2%). This included 1 lion and 9 neotropic wild felids. All 10 positive wild cats had been housed at the SPZ, and 3 of them had also been born in the zoo. A wild caught male margay (CAD 28257) was co-infected with Candidatus M. haemominutum and M. haemofelis. No animal was positive for Candidatus M. turicensis. The Candidatus M. haemominutum amplicons from an oncilla and the margay, as well as the M. haemofelis amplicon from the margay were sequenced. The M. haemofelis 16S rrna gene sequence of the margay (GenBank accession no. DQ825438) showed >99% identity when aligned with a M. haemofelis 16S rrna sequence from a domestic cat (DQ157160). 28 The 2 Candidatus M. haemominutum 16S rrna sequences (DQ825439, DQ825440) exhibited 99% identity to each other. They were most closely related to Candidatus M. haemominutum sequences from a domestic cat from Israel (AY150974; 100% identity), an Iberian lynx from Spain (DQ825445; 99% identity) and a sequence originating from a domestic dog from the United States of America (AY297712; 99% identity). The detection of Candidatus M. haemominutum and M. haemofelis was conclusive for the presence of these hemoplasma species in the nondomestic felid population of the SPZ, as published elsewhere. 28 Sequence comparisons revealed that the M. haemofelis amplicon from the margay was very closely related to hemotropic mycoplasmas from domestic cats. The Candidatus M. haemominutum amplicons from the margay and the ocelot had formed a separate group, when compared to amplicons from other wild and domestic cats. 28 Nonetheless, they were now found to be very closely related to feline and canine sequences from a very wide geographic region. None of the 109 animals tested positive for Theileria spp. by PCR. One sample tested PCR-positive for C. felis. The sample originated from an asymptomatic wild born female ocelot (CAD 22028) that had lived at least nine years in captivity prior to sampling. Sequencing of a 1,598-bp section of the 18S rrna gene of this C. felis amplicon (GenBank accession no. GU903911) revealed a very high identify (>99%) with that from domestic cats from the United States and South Africa (e.g., AF399930, L19080), but less identity (96%) with Cytauxzoon spp. from Pallas cats from Mongolia (e.g., AY485690, AF531418), and Iberian lynxes from Spain (e.g., AY496273, EF094468). It was 99% identical over a 1,204 bp stretch that was known of a C. felis sequence from an oncilla from Brazil (DQ382277). A short 404-bp stretch sequenced from Brazilian ocelots, pumas, and one jaguar (EU376525, EU376526, and EU376527) showed 97 98% identity to the C. felis amplicon detected. Although it is not possible to know whether the animal had been infected in the wild or in captivity, the high identity of this C. felis sequence with detected sequences of domestic cats in comparison to other sequences of nondomestic felids, and the long period spent in captivity suggests that domestic cats might have acted as source of infection for the wild felids. Serological evidence of E. canis by FAT was found in 1 (SB014) out of 209 tested animals. Such finding suggests that infections with this pathogen are not a major problem in Brazilian captive settings. This is in accordance to what has been previously reported for free-ranging Brazilian felids. 5 Adopting a unified and efficient strategy for controlling felid infectious diseases in Brazilian captive settings would greatly improve the role of Brazilian zoos in the conservation of wild felid species and reduce the risks of transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Priority should be given to the improvement of control measures, such as effective routine disinfection of enclosures and facilities, vaccination of felids against common feline viruses, avoidance of contact with domestic cats, and reduction of exposure to arthropod vectors. Testing for pathogens should be considered before moving or regrouping of animals, for diagnostic and clinical purposes, and for those individuals aimed for breeding and ex situ reintroduction programs. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere appreciation to all veterinarians and staff of the zoological parks and other captive settings throughout the country. Laboratory work was performed with logistical support of the Center for Clinical Studies at the Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich. The authors are also indebted to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Dean of Graduate Studies from University of São Paulo and the International Relations Office, University of Zurich, Switzerland. José Luiz Catão-Dias is a recipient of a scholarship by the National Council for the Scientific and Technological Development (301517/2006-1). The current study was conducted by Claudia Filoni as partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctorate degree at the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of São Paulo. Sources and manufacturers a. Zoletil, Virbac do Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil. b. BD Vacutainer Tubes, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ. c. Snap Combo FeLV Antigen/FIV Antibody Test Kit, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME. d. Mega Screen Fluoehrlichia c. slides, MegaCor Diagnostik GmbH, Hörbranz, Austria. e. MagNaPure LC TNA isolation kit, Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland.

7 172 Filoni et al. f. TaqMan PCR, ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA. g. Phusion HF Buffer, Finnzymes, Espoo, Finland. h. Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland. i. Phusion DNA Polymerase, Finnzymes, Espoo, Finland. j. T-personal 48 Thermocycler, Biometra GmbH, Goettingen, Germany. k. MinElute Gel Extraction Kit, Qiagen, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland. l. pcr 4-TOPO, Invitrogen, Basel, Switzerland. m. TOPO TA Cloning Kit for Sequencing, Invitrogen, Basel, Switzerland. n. QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit Qiagen, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland. o. Analyse-it Software, Leeds, United Kingdom. Declaration of conflicting interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The author(s) received financial support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Dean of Graduate Studies from University of São Paulo, and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2008/ ). References 1. Batista HBCR, Vicentini FK, Franco AC, et al.: 2005, Neutralizing antibodies against Feline herpesvirus type 1 in captive wild felids of Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med 36: Biek R, Rodrigo AG, Holley D, et al.: 2003, Epidemiology, genetic diversity, and evolution of endemic feline immunodeficiency virus in a population of wild cougars. J Virol 77: Brunner C, Kanellos T, Meli ML, et al.: 2006, Antibody induction after combined application of an adjuvanted recombinant FeLV vaccine and a multivalent modified live virus vaccine with a chlamydial component. Vaccine 24: Filoni CF, Adania CH, Durigon EL, Catão-Dias EL: 2003, Serosurvey for feline leukemia virus and lentiviruses in captive small neotropic felids in São Paulo state, Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med 34: Filoni C, Catão-Dias JL, Bay G, et al.: 2006, First evidence of Feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, and Ehrlichia exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids. J Wildl Dis 42: Foley J, Drazenovich N, Leutenegger CM, Chomel BB: 2007, Association between polyarthritis and thrombocytopenia and increased prevalence of vectorborne pathogens in Californian dogs. Vet Rec 160: Glaus T, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Greene C, et al.: 1997, Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae infection and correlation with disease status in cats in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 35: Guimaraes AMS, Brandão PE, Moraes W, et al.: 2010, Detection of Bartonella spp. in neotropical felids and evaluation of risk factors and hematological abnormalities associated with infection. Vet Microbiol 142: Hofmann-Lehmann R, Holznagel E, Aubert A, et al.: 1995, Recombinant FeLV vaccine: long-term protection and effect on course and outcome of FIV infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 46: Hofmann-Lehmann R, Fehr D, Grob M, et al.: 1996, Prevalence of antibodies to Feline parvovirus, calicivirus, herpesvirus, coronavirus, and immunodeficiency virus and of Feline leukemia virus antigen and the interrelationship of these viral infections in free-ranging lions in East Africa. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 3: Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Dreher UM, et al.: 2004, Concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens associated with fatal hemolytic anemia in a cattle herd in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 42: Hurley KF, Sykes JE: 2003, Update on feline caliciviruses: new trends. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33: Kennedy M, Citino S, McNabb AH, et al.: 2002, Detection of Feline coronavirus in captive Felidae in the USA. J Vet Diagn Invest 14: Kummrow M, Meli ML, Haessig M, et al.: 2005, Feline coronavirus serotypes 1 and 2: seroprevalence and association with disease in Switzerland. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12: Lehmann R, Franchini M, Aubert A, et al.: 1991, Vaccination of cats experimentally infected with Feline immunodeficiency virus using a recombinant Feline leukemia virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199: Lutz H, Pedersen NC, Durbin R, Theilen GH: 1983, Monoclonal antibodies to three epitopic regions of Feline leukemia virus p27 and their use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of p27. J Immunol Methods 56: Lutz H, Arnold P, Hübscher U, et al.: 1988, Specificity assessment of feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus serology. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 35: Maggs DJ: 2005, Update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Feline herpesvirus type 1. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 20: Martínez F, López G, Pastor J, et al.: 2009, Integrating health issues into the conservation of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). In: Iberian lynx ex situ conservation: an interdisciplinary approach, ed. Vargas A, Breitenmoser C, Breitenmoser U, pp Fundación Biodiversidad, Madrid, Spain. 20. Meli ML, Cattori V, Martínez F, et al.: 2009, Feline leukemia virus and other pathogens as important threats to the survival of the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). PLoS ONE [serial online] 4: Meli ML, Cattori V, Martínez F, et al.: 2010, Feline leukemia virus infection: a threat for the survival of the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 134: Molia S, Chomel BB, Kasten RW, et al.: 2004, Prevalence of Bartonella infection in wild African lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Vet Microbiol 100: Nowell K, Jackson P, eds.: 1996, Wild cats, status survey and conservation action plan, International Union for Conservation of Nature. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.

8 Surveillance using serological and molecular methods Pusterla N, Huder J, Leutenegger C, et al.: 1999, Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of members of the Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup in host animals and Ixodes ricinus ticks. J Clin Microbiol 37: Tandon R, Cattori V, Gomes-Keller MA, et al.: 2005, Quantitation of Feline leukaemia virus viral and proviral loads by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 130: Wack RF: 2003, Felidae. In: Zoo and wild animal medicine, ed. Fowler ME, Miller RE, 5th ed., pp WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 27. Willi B, Boretti FS, Cattori V, et al.: 2005, Identification, molecular characterization, and experimental transmission of a new hemoplasma isolate from a cat with hemolytic anemia in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 43: Willi B, Filoni C, Catão-Dias JL, et al.: 2007, Worldwide occurrence of feline hemoplasma infections in wild felid species. J Clin Microbiol 45: Zeaiter Z, Liang Z, Raoult D: 2002, Genetic classification and differentiation of Bartonella species based on comparison of partial ftsz gene sequence. J Clin Microbiol 40:

Worldwide occurrence of feline hemoplasma infections in ACCEPTED. Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Worldwide occurrence of feline hemoplasma infections in ACCEPTED. Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 4 February 27 doi:.28/jcm.25-6 Copyright 27, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

More information

Worldwide Occurrence of Feline Hemoplasma Infections in Wild Felid Species

Worldwide Occurrence of Feline Hemoplasma Infections in Wild Felid Species JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 2007, p. 1159 1166 Vol. 45, No. 4 0095-1137/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.02005-06 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Worldwide

More information

PCR detection of Leptospira in. stray cat and

PCR detection of Leptospira in. stray cat and PCR detection of Leptospira in 1 Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran 2 Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary

More information

Ip - Infectious & Parasitic Diseases

Ip - Infectious & Parasitic Diseases Ip - Infectious & Parasitic Diseases USE OF SEROLOGY FOR THE PREDICTION OF CANINE AND FELI- NE CORE VACCINE NEEDS Michael R. Lappin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Professor Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado

More information

Feline Viruses in Wildcats from Scotland

Feline Viruses in Wildcats from Scotland Feline Viruses in Wildcats from Scotland Author(s): M. J. Daniels, M. C. Golder, O. Jarrett, and D. W. MacDonald Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35(1):121-124. Published By: Wildlife Disease Association

More information

Serological Prevalence of FeLV and FIV in Cats in Peninsular Malaysia

Serological Prevalence of FeLV and FIV in Cats in Peninsular Malaysia 6 th Proceedings of the Seminar on Veterinary Sciences, 11 14 January 2011: 78-82 Serological Prevalence of FeLV and FIV in Cats in Peninsular Malaysia Nurul Ashikin Sapian, 1 Siti Suri Arshad, 2 Gurmeet

More information

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: , Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: , Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION OF CATS IN SOUTHWEST OF ALBANIA SHEMSHO LAMAJ 1 GERTA DHAMO 2 ILIR DOVA 2 1 Regional Agricultural Directory of Gjirokastra 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

More information

Antibody Test Kit for Feline Calici, Herpes and Panleukopenia Viruses (2011)

Antibody Test Kit for Feline Calici, Herpes and Panleukopenia Viruses (2011) Sensitivity-specificity and accuracy of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck Antibody Test Kit for Feline Calici, Herpes and Panleukopenia Viruses (2011) Mazar S 1, DiGangi B 2, Levy J 2 and Dubovi E 3 1 Biogal,

More information

Vaccines for Cats. 2. Feline viral rhinotracheitis, FVR caused by FVR virus, also known as herpes virus type 1, FHV-1

Vaccines for Cats. 2. Feline viral rhinotracheitis, FVR caused by FVR virus, also known as herpes virus type 1, FHV-1 Vaccines for Cats Recent advances in veterinary medical science have resulted in an increase in the number and type of vaccines that are available for use in cats, and improvements are continuously being

More information

First Evidence of Feline Herpesvirus, Calicivirus, Parvovirus, and Ehrlichia Exposure in Brazilian Free-ranging Felids

First Evidence of Feline Herpesvirus, Calicivirus, Parvovirus, and Ehrlichia Exposure in Brazilian Free-ranging Felids First Evidence of Feline Herpesvirus, Calicivirus, Parvovirus, and Ehrlichia Exposure in Brazilian Free-ranging Felids Author(s): Claudia Filoni, José Luiz Catão-Dias, Gert Bay, Edison Luiz Durigon, Rodrigo

More information

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 134 (2010) 61 67 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Mini review

More information

Association between Brucella melitensis DNA and Brucella spp. antibodies

Association between Brucella melitensis DNA and Brucella spp. antibodies CVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 16 March 2011 Clin. Vaccine Immunol. doi:10.1128/cvi.00011-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All

More information

Rapid Diagnostic Test for pet

Rapid Diagnostic Test for pet In vitro Diagnostic Rapid Diagnostic Test for pet Canine / Feline Rapid Test offers highly sensitive and specificity for the detection of antigen and antibody from various kinds of easily obtainable specimen.

More information

Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines

Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines SNAP Dx Test Screen your dog every year with the SNAP Dx Test to detect exposure to pathogens that cause heartworm disease, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease

More information

FIV/FeLV testing FLOW CHARTS

FIV/FeLV testing FLOW CHARTS FIV/FeLV testing FLOW CHARTS The following FIV and FeLV test result flow charts should be used as guidance for the management of cats in CP care and interpretation of test results. There may be situations

More information

In vivo transmission studies of Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis in the domestic cat

In vivo transmission studies of Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis in the domestic cat Vet. Res. (09) :45 DOI:.51/vetres/09028 Ó INRA, EDP Sciences, 09 www.vetres.org Original article In vivo transmission studies of Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis in the domestic cat Kristina MUSEUX 1,

More information

Prevalence of feline haemoplasma in cats in Denmark

Prevalence of feline haemoplasma in cats in Denmark DOI 10.1186/s13028-016-0260-1 Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica RESEARCH Open Access Prevalence of feline haemoplasma in cats in Denmark Maja Benedicte Rosenqvist 1,2, Ann Katrine Helene Meilstrup 1,2, Jesper

More information

Feline Leukemia Virus and Other Pathogens as Important Threats to the Survival of the Critically Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus)

Feline Leukemia Virus and Other Pathogens as Important Threats to the Survival of the Critically Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) Feline Leukemia Virus and Other Pathogens as Important Threats to the Survival of the Critically Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) Marina L. Meli 1 *, Valentino Cattori 1, Fernando Martínez 2, Guillermo

More information

FELINE CORONAVIRUS (FCoV) [FIP] ANTIBODY TEST KIT

FELINE CORONAVIRUS (FCoV) [FIP] ANTIBODY TEST KIT FELINE CORONAVIRUS (FCoV) [FIP] ANTIBODY TEST KIT INSTRUCTION MANUAL Sufficient for 12/120 assays 22 APR 2018 Biogal Galed Laboratories Acs Ltd. tel: 972-4-9898605. fax: 972-4-9898690 e-mail:info@biogal.co.il

More information

Parvovirus Type 2c An Emerging Pathogen in Dogs. Sanjay Kapil, DVM, MS, PhD Professor Center for Veterinary Health Sciences OADDL Stillwater, OK

Parvovirus Type 2c An Emerging Pathogen in Dogs. Sanjay Kapil, DVM, MS, PhD Professor Center for Veterinary Health Sciences OADDL Stillwater, OK Parvovirus Type 2c An Emerging Pathogen in Dogs Sanjay Kapil, DVM, MS, PhD Professor Center for Veterinary Health Sciences OADDL Stillwater, OK Properties of Canine Parvovirus Single-stranded DNA virus

More information

Panleuk Basics Understanding, preventing, and managing feline parvovirus infections in animal shelters

Panleuk Basics Understanding, preventing, and managing feline parvovirus infections in animal shelters Panleuk Basics Understanding, preventing, and managing feline parvovirus infections in animal shelters Your Presenter Stephanie Janeczko, DVM, MS, DABVP, CAWA Senior Director of Shelter Medical Programs

More information

Retrovirus Infections and Brazilian Wild Felids

Retrovirus Infections and Brazilian Wild Felids 88 Review article Retrovirus Infections and Brazilian Wild Felids Claudia Filoni 1,2 *, José Luiz Catão-Dias 3, Hans Lutz 4, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann 4 1 Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine Tríade,

More information

Ocelots on Barro Colorado Island Are Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus but Not Other Common Feline and Canine Viruses

Ocelots on Barro Colorado Island Are Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus but Not Other Common Feline and Canine Viruses Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 44(3), 2008, pp. 760 765 # Wildlife Disease Association 2008 Ocelots on Barro Colorado Island Are Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus but Not Other Common Feline and

More information

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in Captive Wild Felids in Thailand during

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in Captive Wild Felids in Thailand during Research Articles Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in Captive Wild Felids in Thailand during 2004-2005 Siriporn Tangsudjai, Supunsa Malidang, Rassmeepen Phonarknguen, Roschong Boonyarittichaikit, Rattapan

More information

Vaccination FAQs. Strategies for vaccination in a rescue (multiple cat) environment will be different from those of the privately owned cat.

Vaccination FAQs. Strategies for vaccination in a rescue (multiple cat) environment will be different from those of the privately owned cat. Vaccination FAQs Some general information about vaccination is included below. The sections in italics relate specifically to Cats Protection (CP)'s current preferred vaccine product. To find which vaccine

More information

EVALUATION OF THE SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE EHRLICHIA CANIS DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Anigen Rapid E.canis Ab Test Kit

EVALUATION OF THE SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE EHRLICHIA CANIS DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Anigen Rapid E.canis Ab Test Kit EVALUATION OF THE SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE EHRLICHIA CANIS DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Anigen Rapid E.canis Ab Test Kit FINAL REPORT Research contract (art. 83 of the L.O.U) between the Ehrlichiosis Diagnostic

More information

110th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 1464

110th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 1464 HR 1464 IH 110th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 1464 To assist in the conservation of rare felids and rare canids by supporting and providing financial resources for the conservation programs of nations within

More information

Management of infectious diseases in shelters

Management of infectious diseases in shelters Management of infectious diseases in shelters The following recommendations concentrate on infectious diseases in rescue shelters (places where cats are kept temporarily to facilitate finding their legal

More information

Update on Canine and Feline Blood Donor Screening for Blood-Borne Pathogens

Update on Canine and Feline Blood Donor Screening for Blood-Borne Pathogens Consensus Statement J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:15 35 Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provide the veterinary community with up-to-date information on the

More information

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Infectious Disease Committee Manual 2013 CYTAUXZOONOSIS

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Infectious Disease Committee Manual 2013 CYTAUXZOONOSIS Animal Group(s) Affected Felids, wild and domestic Transmission Tick-borne (Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis) Clinical Signs Domestic cats and some exotic felids: some cats develop no clinical

More information

Risk factors of different hemoplasma species infections in cats

Risk factors of different hemoplasma species infections in cats Bergmann et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2017) 13:52 DOI 10.1186/s12917-017-0953-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Risk factors of different hemoplasma species infections in cats Michèle Bergmann 1*, Theresa

More information

EUROPEAN REFERENCE LABORATORY (EU-RL) FOR BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS WORK-PROGRAMME PROPOSAL Version 2 VISAVET. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

EUROPEAN REFERENCE LABORATORY (EU-RL) FOR BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS WORK-PROGRAMME PROPOSAL Version 2 VISAVET. Universidad Complutense de Madrid EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate D Animal Health and Welfare Unit D1- Animal health and Standing Committees EUROPEAN REFERENCE LABORATORY (EU-RL) FOR BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

More information

ACCEPTED. Edward B. Breitschwerdt, DVM,* Ricardo G. Maggi, MS, PhD,* Betsy Sigmon, DVM,*

ACCEPTED. Edward B. Breitschwerdt, DVM,* Ricardo G. Maggi, MS, PhD,* Betsy Sigmon, DVM,* JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on November 00 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:./jcm.0-0 Copyright 00, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

More information

Seroprevalences to Viral Pathogens in Free-Ranging and Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian Farmland

Seroprevalences to Viral Pathogens in Free-Ranging and Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian Farmland CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY, Feb. 2010, p. 232 238 Vol. 17, No. 2 1556-6811/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/cvi.00345-09 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Seroprevalences

More information

Bovine Brucellosis Control of indirect ELISA kits

Bovine Brucellosis Control of indirect ELISA kits Bovine Brucellosis Control of indirect ELISA kits (Pooled milk samples) Standard Operating Procedure Control of Bovine brucellosis Milk ELISA kits SOP Page 1 / 6 02 February 2012 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS The

More information

A2-year-old neutered. Diagnosing FHM in anemic patients

A2-year-old neutered. Diagnosing FHM in anemic patients Diagnosing FHM in anemic patients Feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis can be a difficult disease to pinpoint, but there are ways to make a successful diagnosis. By Jennifer Jellison, DVM Contributing Author

More information

ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Purevax RCPCh lyophilisate and solvent for suspension for injection 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

More information

Identification, Molecular Characterization, and Experimental Transmission of a New Hemoplasma Isolate from a Cat with Hemolytic Anemia in Switzerland

Identification, Molecular Characterization, and Experimental Transmission of a New Hemoplasma Isolate from a Cat with Hemolytic Anemia in Switzerland JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 2005, p. 2581 2585 Vol. 43, No. 6 0095-1137/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.43.6.2581 2585.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

More information

SEROPREVALENCE TO CATTLE BABESIA SPP. INFECTION IN NORTHERN SAMAR ABSTRACT

SEROPREVALENCE TO CATTLE BABESIA SPP. INFECTION IN NORTHERN SAMAR ABSTRACT SEROPREVALENCE TO CATTLE BABESIA SPP. INFECTION IN NORTHERN SAMAR A. Amit College of Ve terina ry Me dicine, U niversi ty of East ern P hi lii ppi nes Cata rman, Nort hern Sam ar ABSTRACT Babesiosis is

More information

////////////////////////////////////////// Shelter Medicine

////////////////////////////////////////// Shelter Medicine ////////////////////////////////////////// Shelter Medicine To Test or Not to Test Confronting feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus By Lila Miller, D.V.M. Just because a cat tests positive

More information

Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Pequeñas Especies

Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Pequeñas Especies Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Pequeñas Especies XXXI CONGRESO NACIONAL DE LA ASOCIACIÓN MEXICANA DE MÉDICOS VETERINARIOS ESPECIALISTAS EN PEQUEÑAS ESPECIES, A.C. DRA. IRENE

More information

Feline Coronavirus Serotypes 1 and 2: Seroprevalence and Association with Disease in Switzerland

Feline Coronavirus Serotypes 1 and 2: Seroprevalence and Association with Disease in Switzerland CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, Oct. 2005, p. 1209 1215 Vol. 12, No. 10 1071-412X/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/cdli.12.10.1209 1215.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All

More information

Difficulties in demonstrating long term immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing agerelated resistance to infection

Difficulties in demonstrating long term immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing agerelated resistance to infection Wilson et al. BMC Veterinary Research 2012, 8:125 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Difficulties in demonstrating long term immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing agerelated resistance to infection

More information

Real-Time PCR Investigation of Potential Vectors, Reservoirs, and Shedding Patterns of Feline Hemotropic Mycoplasmas

Real-Time PCR Investigation of Potential Vectors, Reservoirs, and Shedding Patterns of Feline Hemotropic Mycoplasmas APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 2007, p. 3798 3802 Vol. 73, No. 12 0099-2240/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aem.02977-06 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Real-Time

More information

Comparison of three blood transfusion guidelines applied to 31 feline donors to

Comparison of three blood transfusion guidelines applied to 31 feline donors to 1 2 Comparison of three blood transfusion guidelines applied to 31 feline donors to minimise the risk of transfusion transmissible infections. 3 4 5 Marenzoni M. L. 1 *, Lauzi S. 2,3, Miglio A. 4, Coletti

More information

DOG AND CAT VACCINE ANTIGEN SELECTION GUIDELINES

DOG AND CAT VACCINE ANTIGEN SELECTION GUIDELINES DOG AND CAT VACCINE ANTIGEN SELECTION GUIDELINES (approved by the CVMA Board of Directors January 18, 2004) The Colorado Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) recognizes that each animal s adult basic

More information

Data were analysed by SPSS, version 10 and the chi-squared test was used to assess statistical differences. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Data were analysed by SPSS, version 10 and the chi-squared test was used to assess statistical differences. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Toxocara canis is one of the commonest nematodes of the dog and most often this nematode is the cause of toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) [1]. People become infected by ingestion of eggs from soil,

More information

Tick-borne Disease Testing in Shelters What Does that Blue Dot Really Mean?

Tick-borne Disease Testing in Shelters What Does that Blue Dot Really Mean? Tick-borne Disease Testing in Shelters What Does that Blue Dot Really Mean? 2017 ASPCA. All Rights Reserved. Your Presenter Stephanie Janeczko, DVM, MS, DABVP, CAWA Senior Director of Shelter Medical Programs

More information

Is pathogen exposure spatially autocorrelated? Patterns of pathogens in puma (Puma concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus)

Is pathogen exposure spatially autocorrelated? Patterns of pathogens in puma (Puma concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus) Is pathogen exposure spatially autocorrelated? Patterns of pathogens in puma (Puma concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus) Marie L. J. Gilbertson, 1, Scott Carver, 2 Sue VandeWoude, 3 Kevin R. Crooks, 4 Michael

More information

SEROSURVEY OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN FREE-RANGING NAMIBIAN CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS)

SEROSURVEY OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN FREE-RANGING NAMIBIAN CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS) Munson L, Marker L, Dubovi E, Spencer JA. 2004. Serosurvey of viral infections in free-ranging Namibian cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). J Wildl Dis 40(1):23-31. Keywords: 1NA/Acinonyx jubatus/antibodies/canine

More information

Annual Screening for Vector-borne Disease. The SNAP 4Dx Plus Test Clinical Reference Guide

Annual Screening for Vector-borne Disease. The SNAP 4Dx Plus Test Clinical Reference Guide Annual Screening for Vector-borne Disease The SNAP Dx Plus Test Clinical Reference Guide Every dog, every year For healthier pets and so much more. The benefits of vector-borne disease screening go far

More information

for selected viral pathogens among sympatric species of the African large predator guild in northern

for selected viral pathogens among sympatric species of the African large predator guild in northern Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Serosurvey for selected viral pathogens among sympatric species of the

More information

A Simply Smart Choice for Point-of-Care Testing

A Simply Smart Choice for Point-of-Care Testing A Simply Smart Choice for Point-of-Care Testing The entire WITNESS line of canine and feline diagnostics tests are accurate, affordable, and easy to use WITNESS HEARTWORM WITNESS LH WITNESS RELAXIN Canine

More information

Sera from 2,500 animals from three different groups were analysed:

Sera from 2,500 animals from three different groups were analysed: FIELD TRIAL OF A BRUCELLOSIS COMPETITIVE ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOABSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) L.E. SAMARTINO, R.J. GREGORET, G. SIGAL INTA-CICV Instituto Patobiología Area Bacteriología, Buenos Aires, Argentina

More information

PREVALENCE OF BORDER DISEASE VIRUS ANTIBODIES AMONG NATIVE AND IMPORTED SHEEP HERDS IN ZABOL. Sari-Iran.

PREVALENCE OF BORDER DISEASE VIRUS ANTIBODIES AMONG NATIVE AND IMPORTED SHEEP HERDS IN ZABOL. Sari-Iran. PREVALENCE OF BORDER DISEASE VIRUS ANTIBODIES AMONG NATIVE AND IMPORTED SHEEP HERDS IN ZABOL B. Shohreh 1, M.R. Hajinejad 2, S. Yousefi 1 1 Department of Animal Sciences Sari University of Agricultural

More information

Outline 4/25/2009. Cytauxzoonosis: A tick-transmitted parasite of domestic and wild cats in the southeastern U.S. What is Cytauxzoonosis?

Outline 4/25/2009. Cytauxzoonosis: A tick-transmitted parasite of domestic and wild cats in the southeastern U.S. What is Cytauxzoonosis? Cytauxzoonosis: A tick-transmitted parasite of domestic and wild cats in the southeastern U.S. Michelle Rosen Center for Wildlife Health Department of Forestry, Wildlife, & Fisheries What is Cytauxzoonosis?

More information

Prevalence of infectious diseases in cats and dogs rescued following Hurricane Katrina

Prevalence of infectious diseases in cats and dogs rescued following Hurricane Katrina Prevalence of infectious diseases in cats and dogs rescued following Hurricane Katrina Julie K. Levy, dvm, phd, dacvim; Michael R. Lappin, dvm, phd, dacvim; Amy L. Glaser, dvm, phd; Adam J. Birkenheuer,

More information

Screening for vector-borne disease. SNAP 4Dx Plus Test clinical reference guide

Screening for vector-borne disease. SNAP 4Dx Plus Test clinical reference guide Screening for vector-borne disease SNAP 4Dx Plus Test clinical reference guide Every dog, every year The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) Guidelines recommend annual comprehensive screening for

More information

Epizootiologic investigations of selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging Eurasian lynx from Sweden

Epizootiologic investigations of selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging Eurasian lynx from Sweden Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2005 Epizootiologic investigations of selected infectious disease agents in

More information

How to stop the snotty noses: Preventing feline upper respiratory infections. Staci Cannon, DVM, MPH, DACVPM, DABVP (Shelter Medicine Practice)

How to stop the snotty noses: Preventing feline upper respiratory infections. Staci Cannon, DVM, MPH, DACVPM, DABVP (Shelter Medicine Practice) How to stop the snotty noses: Preventing feline upper respiratory infections Staci Cannon, DVM, MPH, DACVPM, DABVP (Shelter Medicine Practice) Why is URI so hard to control? Multiple pathogens Chronic

More information

Canine Distemper Virus

Canine Distemper Virus Photo: LE Carmichael, MJ Appel Photo: LE Carmichael, MJ Appel Photo: LE Carmichael, MJ Appel Canine Distemper Virus Canine Distemper (CD) is a highly contagious infectious disease of dogs worldwide caused

More information

Feline Vaccines: Benefits and Risks

Feline Vaccines: Benefits and Risks Feline Vaccines: Benefits and Risks Deciding which vaccines your cat should receive requires that you have a complete understanding of the benefits and risks of the procedure. For this reason, it is extremely

More information

RESEARCH NOTE BARTONELLA SPECIES IN DOGS AND THEIR ECTOPARASITES FROM KHON KAEN PROVINCE, THAILAND

RESEARCH NOTE BARTONELLA SPECIES IN DOGS AND THEIR ECTOPARASITES FROM KHON KAEN PROVINCE, THAILAND RESEARCH NOTE BARTONELLA SPECIES IN DOGS AND THEIR ECTOPARASITES FROM KHON KAEN PROVINCE, THAILAND Sarah A Billeter 1, Somboon Sangmaneedet 2, Rebecca C Kosakewich 1 and Michael Y Kosoy 1 1 Division of

More information

Bartonella and Haemobartonella in cats and dogs: current knowledge

Bartonella and Haemobartonella in cats and dogs: current knowledge Michael R. Lappin, DVM, Ph.D., DACVIM Professor Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado, USA After graduating from Oklahoma State University in 1981, Dr. Lappin

More information

Topics. Ticks on dogs in North America. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: emerging problems? Andrew S. Peregrine

Topics. Ticks on dogs in North America. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: emerging problems? Andrew S. Peregrine Ticks and tick-borne diseases: emerging problems? Andrew S. Peregrine E-mail: aperegri@ovc.uoguelph.ca Topics Ticks on dogs in Ontario and the pathogens they transmit? Should dogs be routinely screened

More information

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in livestock

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in livestock Seroprevalence of antibodies to Schmallenberg virus in livestock Armin R.W. Elbers Dept. Epidemiology, Crisis organisation and Diagnostics Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) part of Wageningen UR armin.elbers@wur.nl

More information

SURVEILLANCE IN ACTION: Introduction, Techniques and Strategies

SURVEILLANCE IN ACTION: Introduction, Techniques and Strategies SURVEILLANCE IN ACTION: Introduction, Techniques and Strategies Dr. Scott McBurney Wildlife Pathologist, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Training Workshop for OIE National Focal Points for

More information

Diurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of

Diurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of Hayasaki et al., Page 1 Short Communication Diurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of Dirofilaria immitis M. Hayasaki a,*, J. Okajima b, K.H. Song a, K. Shiramizu

More information

INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS, PARVOVIRUS & DISTEMPER

INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS, PARVOVIRUS & DISTEMPER Canine VacciCheck INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS, PARVOVIRUS & DISTEMPER IgG ANTIBODY TEST KIT INSTRUCTION MANUAL Sufficient for 12/120 assays 13 JUL 2015 Biogal Galed Laboratories Acs. Ltd., tel: 972-4-9898605.

More information

PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS CATALOGUE OF SERVICES AND PRICE LIST

PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS CATALOGUE OF SERVICES AND PRICE LIST INSTITUTE OF PARASITOLOGY Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg Justus Liebig University Giessen Schubertstrasse 81 35392 Giessen Germany Office: +49 (0) 641 99 38461 Fax: +49 (0) 641 99 38469 Coprological

More information

INDEX ACTH, 27, 41 adoption of cats, 76, 135, 137, 150 adrenocorticotropic hormone. See ACTH affiliative behaviours, 2, 5, 7, 18, 66 African wild cat,

INDEX ACTH, 27, 41 adoption of cats, 76, 135, 137, 150 adrenocorticotropic hormone. See ACTH affiliative behaviours, 2, 5, 7, 18, 66 African wild cat, INDEX ACTH, 27, 41 adoption of cats, 76, 135, 137, 150 adrenocorticotropic hormone. See ACTH affiliative s, 2, 5, 7, 18, 66 African wild cat, 1, 27, 47, 181 aggression, 2, 4, 12, 16, 18, 29, 30, 66, 76,

More information

Screening for vector-borne disease. SNAP 4Dx Plus Test clinical reference guide

Screening for vector-borne disease. SNAP 4Dx Plus Test clinical reference guide Screening for vector-borne disease SNAP 4Dx Plus Test clinical reference guide Every dog, every year The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) Guidelines recommend annual comprehensive screening for

More information

FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS Visions Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg!

FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS Visions Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg! FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS Visions Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg! Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVIM Professor of Medicine North Carolina State University Richard_Ford@ncsu.edu As long as we've known

More information

Bacteria associated with Circulartory System and Septic Shock

Bacteria associated with Circulartory System and Septic Shock Bacteria associated with Circulartory System and Septic Shock VETERINARY BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY (3142-304) 1 st semester 2012 Assistant Prof. Dr. Channarong Rodkhum Department of Veterinary Microbiology

More information

Surveillance of animal brucellosis

Surveillance of animal brucellosis Surveillance of animal brucellosis Assoc.Prof.Dr. Theera Rukkwamsuk Department of large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Review of the epidemiology

More information

Canine and Feline Parvovirus in Animal Shelters

Canine and Feline Parvovirus in Animal Shelters Maddie s Shelter Medicine Program 2015 SW 16 th Avenue College of Veterinary Medicine PO Box 100126 Gainesville, FL 32610 352-273-8660 352-392-6125 Fax Overview Canine and Feline Parvovirus in Animal Shelters

More information

Multiplex real-time PCR for the passive surveillance of ticks, tick-bites, and tick-borne pathogens

Multiplex real-time PCR for the passive surveillance of ticks, tick-bites, and tick-borne pathogens Multiplex real-time PCR for the passive surveillance of ticks, tick-bites, and tick-borne pathogens Guang Xu, Stephen Rich Laboratory of Medical Zoology University of Massachusetts Amherst TICKS ARE VECTORS

More information

The surveillance programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) in Norway 2016

The surveillance programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) in Norway 2016 Annual Report The surveillance programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) in Norway 2016 Norwegian Veterinary Institute The surveillance programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) in Norway 2016 Content

More information

Prevalence, Risk Factor Analysis, and Follow-Up of Infections Caused by Three Feline Hemoplasma Species in Cats in Switzerland

Prevalence, Risk Factor Analysis, and Follow-Up of Infections Caused by Three Feline Hemoplasma Species in Cats in Switzerland JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 2006, p. 961 969 Vol. 44, No. 3 0095-1137/06/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.44.3.961 969.2006 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Prevalence,

More information

Clinical relationship of FCoV/FIPV infections

Clinical relationship of FCoV/FIPV infections Clinical relationship of FCoV/FIPV infections Assoc. Professor Parnchitt Nilkumhang KVAC 2015 One Health Workforces : Best Practices in Thailand Venue: Centara and Convention Center Hotel,Khonkaen, July

More information

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis: Milk Screening and Verification ELISA: VF-P02210 & VF-P02220

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis: Milk Screening and Verification ELISA: VF-P02210 & VF-P02220 Enzootic Bovine Leukosis: Milk Screening and Verification ELISA: VF-P02210 & VF-P02220 Introduction Enzootic Bovine Leukosis is a transmissible disease caused by the Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV)

More information

Update in Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta

Update in Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta Update in Veterinary Medicine Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta Overview of Discussion Medical management of captive orangutans Preventative Medicine Anesthesia Protocols Vaccinations TB testing Current Health

More information

A flea and tick collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin prevents flea transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats

A flea and tick collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin prevents flea transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats Lappin et al. Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:26 RESEARCH Open Access A flea and tick collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin prevents flea transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats Michael

More information

PARTIAL REPORT. Juvenile hybrid turtles along the Brazilian coast RIO GRANDE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

PARTIAL REPORT. Juvenile hybrid turtles along the Brazilian coast RIO GRANDE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY RIO GRANDE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OCEANOGRAPHY INSTITUTE MARINE MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LABORATORY PARTIAL REPORT Juvenile hybrid turtles along the Brazilian coast PROJECT LEADER: MAIRA PROIETTI PROFESSOR, OCEANOGRAPHY

More information

Salmonella Dublin: Clinical Challenges and Control

Salmonella Dublin: Clinical Challenges and Control Salmonella Dublin: Clinical Challenges and Control Simon Peek BVSc, MRCVS PhD, DACVIM, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine Advancing animal and human health with science and compassion

More information

Feline Respiratory Infections in Animal Shelters

Feline Respiratory Infections in Animal Shelters Maddie s Shelter Medicine Program 2015 SW 16 th Avenue College of Veterinary Medicine PO Box 100126 Gainesville, FL 32610 352-273-8660 352-392-6125 Fax Overview Feline Respiratory Infections in Animal

More information

Title. Author(s)WANG, Chun-Tshen. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 39(2-4): 10. Issue Date DOI. Doc URL.

Title. Author(s)WANG, Chun-Tshen. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 39(2-4): 10. Issue Date DOI. Doc URL. Title BOVINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS INFECTION IN TAIWAN : EVALUATI IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY AND AGAR GEL IMMUNODIFFUSION TES Author(s)WANG, Chun-Tshen CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 39(2-4): 10 Issue

More information

of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Wildlife Trade in Lao

of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Wildlife Trade in Lao 10th APEIR Regional Meeting: The New Wave of Regional EID Research Partnership" Bali, Indonesia, 13-14 October 2016 Wildlife trade project in Lao PDR Progress of the project implementation on Surveillance

More information

The detection of Cytauxzoon felis in apparently healthy free-roaming cats in the USA

The detection of Cytauxzoon felis in apparently healthy free-roaming cats in the USA Veterinary Parasitology 146 (2007) 316 320 www.elsevier.com/locate/vetpar The detection of Cytauxzoon felis in apparently healthy free-roaming cats in the USA Marion D. Haber a, Melissa D. Tucker a, Henry

More information

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Virus (FeLV) FIV and FeLV are both viruses within the same family of retroviruses, but they are in different groups within that family: FIV is in one group called lentiviruses these cause lifelong infections

More information

Seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in hunting dogs from Campania region, southern Italy

Seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in hunting dogs from Campania region, southern Italy Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS doi: http://folia.paru.cas.cz Research Article Seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in hunting dogs from

More information

Classificatie: intern

Classificatie: intern Classificatie: intern Animal Health Service Deventer Jet Mars part 1: Paratuberculosis ParaTB approach In the NL: control program, not an eradication program Quality of dairy products as starting point

More information

University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research

University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research Tasker, S. (2018). Prevalence and risk factor analysis for feline haemoplasmas in cats from Northern Serbia, with molecular subtyping of feline immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

More information

The Rufford Foundation Final Report

The Rufford Foundation Final Report The Rufford Foundation Final Report Congratulations on the completion of your project that was supported by The Rufford Foundation. We ask all grant recipients to complete a Final Report Form that helps

More information

VACCINATION: IS IT WORTHWHILE?

VACCINATION: IS IT WORTHWHILE? Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk VACCINATION: IS IT WORTHWHILE? Author : JENNY MOFFETT Categories : Vets Date : March 2, 2009 JENNY MOFFETT assesses the pros

More information

Veterinary Microbiology

Veterinary Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology 149 (2011) 367 373 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Microbiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vetmic First morphological characterization of Candidatus

More information

Serological and microbiological evaluation of the health status of free-ranging and captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian farmland

Serological and microbiological evaluation of the health status of free-ranging and captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian farmland Aus dem Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e. V. eingereicht über den Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Serological and microbiological

More information

RICKETTSIA SPECIES AMONG TICKS IN AN AREA OF JAPAN ENDEMIC FOR JAPANESE SPOTTED FEVER

RICKETTSIA SPECIES AMONG TICKS IN AN AREA OF JAPAN ENDEMIC FOR JAPANESE SPOTTED FEVER RICKETTSIA SPECIES AMONG TICKS IN AN AREA OF JAPAN ENDEMIC FOR JAPANESE SPOTTED FEVER Makoto Kondo 1, Katsuhiko Ando 2, Keiichi Yamanaka 1 and Hitoshi Mizutani 1 1 Department of Dermatology, 2 Department

More information

Point Prevalence Survey for Tick-Borne Pathogens in Military Working Dogs, Shelter Animals, and Pet Populations in Northern Colombia

Point Prevalence Survey for Tick-Borne Pathogens in Military Working Dogs, Shelter Animals, and Pet Populations in Northern Colombia Point Prevalence Survey for Tick-Borne Pathogens in Military Working Dogs, Shelter Animals, and Pet Populations in Northern Colombia M. E. McCown, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; A. Alleman, DVM, PhD, DABVP, DACVP;

More information

Seroprevalence and Genomic Divergence of Circulating Strains of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus among Felidae and Hyaenidae Species

Seroprevalence and Genomic Divergence of Circulating Strains of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus among Felidae and Hyaenidae Species JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, July 2005, p. 8282 8294 Vol. 79, No. 13 0022-538X/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jvi.79.13.8282 8294.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Seroprevalence

More information