For a foreign patient who has little or no knowledge of Japanese, seeking

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2 For a foreign patient who has little or no knowledge of Japanese, seeking medical treatment in Japan can be both frustrating and frightening. Medical professionals need to be sensitive to this and should always try to keep in mind what it would be like to need medical attention without being able to communicate well with the people who are taking care of you. Medical care workers also need to be aware of cultural differences which may cause misunderstandings. It is easy to offend a person from a different cultural background even though you would never intend to do so. Below are a few examples of cultural differences that you should be aware of. Eye Contact In many cultures, making direct eye contact is considered rude or inappropriate, especially between members of the opposite sex. Avoiding eye contact is thought to be a sign of respect. In some Western countries, on the other hand, not making direct eye contact is often seen as rude, or a sign of disinterest, embarrassment, or even depression. Gestures Certain gestures have different meanings in different cultures. In many countries, using your index finger to ask someone to come to you is considered very rude or insulting. Making an OK sign with the thumb and the index finger forming a circle is a rude gesture in the former USSR*, Germany, and Brazil. Nodding your head for yes or shaking your head for no has the meaning for people from Turkey, Yugoslavia, or Iran. opposite Touching For some Jews* and Muslims, casual touching of a member of the opposite sex is forbidden. For patients of these faiths, healthcare that involves touching must be done by a member of the same sex as the patient. Food Food restrictions and customs are another important cultural difference and possible source of trouble. Hindus, for example, cannot eat beef, while many Muslims and Jews are forbidden to eat pork or eel. Jews and some Christians don t eat shellfish, lobster, or shrimp. Some people in parts of Africa don t eat fish.

3 Some Buddhists avoid onions, while some cultures forbid garlic, black pepper, lettuce, and butter beans. Always find out what your foreign patients ideas are about food. (Source: Vivian Morooka/Terri Sugiura, Vital Signs, Nan Un-Do 2015) the former USSR* Jews* encouraging annoying exciting fascinating be afraid of expand be ignorant of notice unsuitable inspired integrated unknown shock decrease hopelessness comfort respecting offensive delicate moderate making fixing breaking erasing a similar a compatible asensitive a differing suspects minds beliefs parts regulations procedures habits permission According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is true? Foreign patients should be cared for with cross-cultural understanding. Both foreign patients and medical care workers are divided into two rooms due to their cultural differences. Foreign patients need to adapt to the Japanese medical system. It is necessary for medical professionals to improve their language skills to avoid misunderstandings.

4 According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true? Men should not make direct eye contact with women in all Western countries. In many cultures, people often regard making eye contact as a sign of fear. Making direct eye contact in the West is embarrassing for most people. It is ill-mannered to avoid direct eye contact in some Western countries. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT true? In Yugoslavia, shaking your head is interpreted to mean yes. In Brazil, it is polite to make an OK sign with the thumb and the index finger. In many countries, you should avoid using your index finger when asking someone to come. In Turkey, if you nod your head, it means no. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, which of the following is true? Jewish people don t eat meat or seafood except for shellfish. Some Jews and Muslims are forbidden to touch fish. Hindus and Muslims cannot eat certain foods because of their religious limitations. Health care workers should directly touch Jewish and Muslim patients. According to the passage, which of the following is true? Medical professionals need to take precautions about food allergies. Medical professionals should recognize people s cultural differences. Food restrictions in religions should be forbidden in a hospital. It is a good idea to use as many gestures as possible with foreign patients.

5 Someone stolen my cellphone when I was on the train this morning. may be should is might have If we had enough time, we tomorrow. would go went gone will go Do you mind me with my homework? help to help helped helping We have a lot of work before completing our reports. doing to do done do He decided to postpone his cousins due to his illness. visit having visited visiting to visit My boss tried to persuade me not my current job. to leave leaving leave left I baseball with my friends every Saturday when I was a junior high school student, but now I don t. have played was used to play used to play was used to playing You can see many famous buildings you re staying in France. after during for while The assignment was so that it took a lot of time to finish it. demanding demand requiring require Could you give me a call when you back? will be are be have been

6 to? complicated the answer you have found problem the The man to my car there it a traffic accident. me cause might not because asked park,. our team not you have won without the game would The the last ten years. over has been people of visiting Japan number increasing a high school student, company. owns being a as as well she design

7 Customer: Driver: Excuse me, could you drive me to Neyagawa University? Sure. It only takes about 10 minutes. Customer: All right. And, It s really cold outside today. Driver: No problem. would you please turn the heater on? I wonder if you could drop me off at the next station. would you like to turn the heater off? could you pick me up on time? Tom: We should talk more about this issue. Will you be available tomorrow morning? William: Tom: William: Let me see. I have an appointment with one of my customers. Well, That s all right with me, Tom. I m afraid I won t be available tomorrow. you shouldn t have discussed the issue. why not? You can attend the meeting tomorrow. why don t we meet up again tomorrow afternoon? Ken: Have you seen my glasses? Lisa: When did you use them last? Ken: Lisa: Hey! They re on top of your head! I had them on when I was reading the paper. Are you sure about that? I had some orange juice. Iboughtthemlastspring.

8 Nancy: How did your presentation go? Bob: I was very nervous, but I was able to say what I had to say. Nancy: Bob: Yeah, but I don t want to do it again for a while. What questions did they ask? That s too bad, isn t it? How did you try to relax? Well done! You must be very relieved. Sam: Look at all this beautiful food! Patrick: Sam: Alice got into college. So, we are celebrating. That s fantastic! When did you buy it? What s the occasion? When does school start? What s the matter with her?

9 45.6 million households in the U.S. have pet dogs, while 38.2 million families have cats. Horses are the least popular with only 3.9 million households having them. Although the number of households with dogs is greater than the number of households with cats, the number of total cats is larger than the number of dogs. There are about 86.4 million cats compared to 78.2 million dogs. The same goes for fish. There are million pet fish owned by only 13.3 million families. Cat and fish owners tend to have more than one, which is not the case with dog owners. In addition, there are 4.3 million horses owned by 3.9 million families. U.S. Households with Pets DOGS 45.6 CATS 38.2 FISH 13.3 BIRDS SMALL MAMMALS REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS HORSES (MILLION) (:

10 According to the passage, what does the number 45.6 million indicate? The number of dogs owned by U.S. households. The number of cats owned by U.S. households. The number of households that own dogs. The number of households that own cats. In terms of the total number, which is the second largest among the following pets? Dogs. Cats. Fish. Horses. According to the passage, which statement is true? Fish and cat owners both tend to have more than one fish or cat. Dog owners are likely to have three dogs in the same household. Unlike dog owners, fish owners only have one fish as a pet. Horses are becoming more and more popular. According to the graph, which statement is true? Small mammals are less liked than horses as pets in the U.S. Fish rank above birds as a popular pet. This graph shows the total number of wild animals in the U.S. Nearly forty-five percent of U.S. households own dogs.