AUG SEPT UPCOMING EVENTS CHANGES TO PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DATES

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1 Number 48 -july 2014 newsletter newsletter of of the the native native animal animal trust trust fund fund inc inc - Hunter Hunter Wildlife Wildlife Rescue Rescue. EVENTS CALENDAR 1 DRAW PORTFOLIO POSITIONS 3 SNIPPETS AND INFO 4 NEWBIES NOTES 5 RAT BAIT UPDATE 6-8 TRAINING CALENDAR 9 MEMBER SUPPORT 10 CODE OF PRACTICE 11 UPCOMING EVENTS MONTH EVENT DATE DETAILS AUG Basic Rescue Training Saturday 2 See Updated Training Calender MC Meeting Monday 4 Basic & Advanced Raptors Sat & Sun 30 & 31 See Updated Training Calender p 9 SEPT MC Meeting Monday 1 Snake Handling Sat and Sun 13 & 14 See Updated Training Calender p 9 Possum Workshop Sunday 21 See Updated Training Calender p 9 Flying Fox/Microbat Workshop Sunday 28 See Updated Training Calender p 9 CHANGES TO PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DATES EVENT OLD DATE NEW DATE DETAILS Possum Workshop July 20 September 21 See Updated Training Calender p 9 Raptor Course Aug Sat 28 & Sun 29 August 30 & 31 See Updated Training Calender p 9

2 DRAW 24 ell done, Teresa and the other students from the Natural History Illustration Programme at the University of Newcastle for 24 hours of drawing to raise funds for NATF. The quality of students work was exceptional. Each student drew aspects of a range of insects (this years theme) and at the end, pieced them together in a large mural that extended over the Link Gallery. The artwork was on display at the Newcastle Museum for ten days. If you were not fortunate enough to see the students at work, you can still show your support by donating online at

3 Portfolio Role Disaster Coordinator Education Officer Fauna Database Food Bank Coordinator Media Officer Membership Officer New Members Support Coordinator Phone Coordinator Training Officer Assistant Training Officer Wildside Coordinator Webmaster NWC Representative NWC Alternative Representative Anne Williams Peter Jones Anne Williams Jill Dean Bev Marsh Judy Hopper Judith Hopper Linda Marr Jill Dean Jill Dean SPECIES COORDINATOR AREA Birds General Judith Fielsen Maitland Birds General Michelle Wilkinson-Beard Port Stephens (east) Birds General Anne Williams Port Stephens (west) Sea Birds Raptors Jill Dean All areas Reptiles Anne Williams Reptiles Jason Hodges Sea Turtles Koalas Wombats Elizabeth Neville Possums Lake Macquarie & Newcastle Possums Judith Hopper Cessnock Possums Nicole Eadie Port Stephens (East) Gliders Quolls Anne Williams Macropods Margaret Howley Lake Macquarie & Newcastle Macropods Chrissy Cabot Maitland/ Paterson Macropods Anne Williams Port Stephens Macropods Bev Marsh Cessnock Adult Flying foxes Sandy Penman Orphaned Flying foxes Anne Williams Microbats Anne Williams Monotremes Echidnas / Platypus Bandicoots, Dasyurids, Native rodents Jill Dean

4 There are still quite a few members who have had fauna throughout the year and have not returned data to Peter at faunadata@hunterwildlife. org.au. The date for fauna data returns is this week as Peter will need time to write up data for members not using the e-data sheets and then collate the information required by NPWS. If you are having trouble with the e-form, please let me know. If you are just having trouble with time availability in transcribing your data from your notebook to the forms, also let me know and I can organise someone to assist. If you have another excuse on why you have not submitted you data, I would also like to hear from you so we can problem solve each issue. As a mandatory part of our NPWS licence, this data must be submitted. NATF has been offered a range of tree hollows from the Maitland area, currently stored at Quorroboloong in the tree lopper s yard. We need someone to volunteer the use of a trailer to assist in moving them. If anyone is available to help, or would like any of these hollows for their fauna, can you please contact Judith Fielsen on Unfortunately we have had to postpone the July 20th Possum Workshop to September 21st This cannot be helped due to issues surrounding booking events at the Hunter Wetlands Centre. Please note the new date in your diary or fridge calendar. Last month we were so glad to hear the news of the release of Richardson Jane, one of two koalas rescued from last years devastating bushfires. Recently, very sadly, she was found by a member of the public after being hit by a car only 500 metres from her release site and didn t survive. Do you love passing on your wildlife knowledge and encouraging new people? Then call New Members Officer Bev Marsh on about becoming a Mentor for new members! A Basic and Advanced Raptor Course has now been rescheduled for Saturday and Sunday, August 30th 31st at Hunter Wetlands. Dr Mark Simpson from Sugarloaf Vets and myself as Raptor Coordinator, will be conducting this course and it will cover an overview of the biodiversity of birds of prey in the Hunter area, ; safe rescue techniques, legal obligations associated with raptor rehabilitation; identification (species, age and sex); common injuries & diseases; advanced rehabilitation techniques including stabilisation, assessment, husbandry, housing, hacking chicks and release considerations. Please bring along a Raptor Field Guide or a General Bird Field Guide. It is suitable for members without raptor experience, who would like to complete a Basic Raptor Rehabilitation certification and assist with rescues as well as past authorised raptor rehabilitators requiring refresher certification or to consolidate one-on-one raptor species specific training over a period of two years or more, who will receive Advance Raptor Rehabilitation certification.

5 Alan, the young Tawny Frogmouth, has been in residence here for a couple of weeks now. We have a mutual understanding: I wait on him like a loyal servant, he glares, swears, refuses to fly, looks constantly disgruntled and occasionally squirts poo in my general direction to express his displeasure. (I bet that the removal of squished mouse from a shoe is not a design feature Jimmy Choo s ever had to contemplate.) Funny, the things that become part of our bizarre routine Alan is free range in my garage overnight. He has the space and opportunity to fly; but where do I find him every morning? Wherever I left him. One recent callout was for a pied currawong with a suspected broken wing. My (sometimes-trusty) satnav screamed at me until I found the place: (I swear she was muttering Rerouting AGAIN at each of my wrong turns.) I was met by a charming MOP who appeared to be intensely concerned for the bird and asked what he could do to help. Throwing caution to the wind, I didn t think twice about following him into the shadows. We had a cunning plan! Determined MOP would continue to look through the undergrowth, trees and shrubs with his flashlight (at least I think that s what he was doing) as I hovered about on the pavement side ready with my net, box and towels. The busy dual carriageway right behind me (Friday evening rush hour traffic) slowed, stopped, hooted or, like the wary pedestrians, pretended not to notice in case I made eye contact with them as I crouched poised with the white netting in my hands. Mental image: Yvonne Goolagongat the net, Wimbledon ; but I probably looked more like an old friend s cousin who had episodes and was last seen running naked along a highway, wearing nothing but a shower curtain and with just a cigar for company. Whatever floats your boat, sister Another TFM came to stay for a while this month: she was nicknamed Deirdre of the Sorrows and a very troubled young soul she was too. I must admit that when she was released my relief at not having to handle her anymore outweighed the joy of watching her fly away. Sorry, Deirdre, you were definitely One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Holly Polly on the other hand (my left hand, that is, covered in scratches and nicks from her fast-growing talons) is an absolute delight! She is a 6-7 week-old orphaned Rainbow Lorikeet who is teaching me so much. Her specialties include: steam train noises, strangled squawk and reverse, the side-step funk, break-dancing on the kitchen floor and an incredible face-planting/carpet- pushing routine to wipe banana from her beak. Holly rocks. Then there were the cute fluffy, but apparently suicidal, chicks: who d have thought? Two fledgling masked lapwings were playing chicken with the cars in Coles car park, not the best playground for tiny, feathered folk. MOP had taken them home in his pockets because they appeared to be in imminent danger of being squished. The parent birds were, understandably, not impressed with the abduction of their offspring. Fortunately, the parents were still patrolling when we returned the two fluff balls to their rightful home (albeit on the other side of the fence, away from any further temptation to play chicken.) Possums have recently begun to feature more frequently on my call-outs. One little ringy joey was brought to me around 10:30 pm on a cold, blustery night. The MOP who drove her here was rather an exotic creature: an artist with an air of crystal ball and leopard print about her. Her neighbour s cat had killed the little ringy s mother. Said neighbor then apparently kept little Ewok for an hour or so, fed her a milkshake (what the..?) and decided she should go to her exotic neighbor, who put the orphaned Ewok on a heat pad and took her to the vet. Great job. It was a night of discovery. 11:30 little Ewok was re-hydrated, warm and as comfortable as she could be, without her mum, so I went to bed. I was up 3 hours later, worried that the little one might be getting cold and lonely. She cuddled up and climbed on me as I prepared her next feed. A sudden excruciating pain in my neck, that I didn t dare react to for fear of distressing Ewok, revealed that the little ringy s powerful instinct to survive had led her to a mole on my neck. It was perfect possum teat size. She latched on and suckled with a mixture of frustration and determination, until I managed to distract her with the prepared warm feed she was supposed to be enjoying. It was a huge relief for us both. I wore a scarf at her next feed time, and for the following two days, to cover the possum love bite on my neck. Alan update: Great news! I m happy to report that Alan, the TFM, made huge progress this week and was released yesterday evening. Yay! Good luck, my fellow rescuers!

6 A carer s recent experience with second generation rat bait poisoning of a BT possum. Winter is peak rat baiting time as feral and native rodents seek warmer conditions inside homes. There are many different types of rat bait that can be used by householders to rid their homes and garages of mice and rats but the anticoagulant types make up the vast majority available locally. These work by depleting the amount of vitamin K available to the animal, which is necessary for blood clotting, resulting in massive internal haemorrage and eventually death. Above: Early in care Anticoagulants are further divided intro first generation multi-dose baits and second generation single dose baits, the latter comprising 75% of supermarket available rodenticides in a brief audit recently conducted by the writer. The increasing use of these convenient-to-humans but very inhumane one feed rodenticides, which were developed in response to resistance in rats to multi-dose poisons, may soon change how carers and rescuers need to assess some incoming suburban small mammals during winter. Unlike first generation/multi-dose anticolagulant rat baits that require a longer ingestion time (ie several feeds to build up enough toxin) and have a short duration of action (2-4 days to visible toxicity symptoms), the second generation/single dose baits require only one ingestion of poison and have a much longer duration of action (8 days until internal bleeding starts, 14 days to visible signs of toxicity and approximately 20 days to kill an untreated possum). Treatment with vitamin K1 can be effective if commenced early enough, however, second generation rodenticides that work on the abovementioned different time frame also cause victims to exhibit different early toxicity symptoms to the first generation baits to which wildlife rescuers and carers are more accustomed. Above: Drying mucous in faeces, becoming stringy but originally covered some pellets like a white sac Recently a young female brushtail possum with pinkie (possibly her first) was rescued from under a surburban house, a vet check revealed nothing unusual and the animal was transferred to a possum carer for observation. Within 36 hours she was eating well and very active again having overcome the initial stress of capture, transport and settling in. Observation over the following week revealed nothing unusual except occasional very small traces of blood on some faecal pellets towards the end of the first week and a white mucous covering to some pellets which dried to a stringy appearance, which was referred to the possum coordinator and a vet and was considered reason for further observation as it may have been the result of an undetected internal injury. Above: Day 14 Saturday Changed appearance - facial swelling

7 After the initial week of observation, no further pellets with blood were found, the faecal mucous cleared up and it was decided that the possum should be considered for release, particularly as further captivity may endanger the approximately 60 gram pinkie should the mother find captivity stressful. It was decided to wait for the current inclement and very windy weather to pass, which lasted several days. The possum had been in care for 12 days when very subtle facial changes were noticed (late Friday night) and the next morning the possum had very noticeable facial swelling. It was also noted that the possum had developed some bruising to a forepaw. This was referred to a vet on Saturday morning who suspected the cause of the swelling to be an allergic reaction (something on browse or a bite) and the possum was immediately removed to a hospital box and treated with an OTC antihistamine. The bruising was thought to possibly be a result of the possum s paw being caught in the cage structure at some point overnight. Rat bait toxicity was considered however the possum showed no normal symptoms of poisoning such as pale gums and nose, lethargy and in particular it was well past the accepted 2 to 4 day time frame for emergence of rat bait toxicity symptoms in possums. The antihistamine had no effect over the next few hours and facial swelling continued. Around midday Saturday the possum began bleeding from her nose at which point she was referred immediately again to a vet and it was decided to commence oral vitamin K1 treatment for rat bait poisoning in case the possum had somehow ingested it within the recent few days, as well as continue the antihistamine in case it was an allergic reaction. Vitamin K takes approximately 18 to 24 hours to produce clotting factors so we waited for results and monitored her carefully. That evening the possum became noticably lethargic and disinterested in food. At that point the carer began researching rat bait toxicity and found that there are numerous types of rodenticides and the most locally available anticoagulant types broadly fitted into 2 sub groups, being Above: Day 14 Bruising that turned out to be haemorraging from normal movement around large cage Above: Day 14 Feeling very sick. In a warmed hospital box where she stayed for several days to limit further haemorraging caused by normal movement. Started oral vitamin K (fat soluable vitamin so give with milk to aid absorbtion). Active ingredient WARFARIN - the first generation/multi-dose anticoagulants, that produce visible symptoms in 2 to 4 days and represent a quarter of available baits on local supermarket shelves, and Active ingredient BRODIFACOUM - second generation/single dose anticoagulants, that produce visible symptoms much later (from 14 days) and are now up to 75% of locally available supermarket rat baits. Fortunately, there was plenty of credible research available online, as unfortunately, brodifacoum, (which is 40 times more potent than warfarin and more likely to kill target species as well as non-target wildlife and pets through both primary and secondary poisoning) has been widely used for over a decade in New Zealand for feral possum control. Above: Day 15 Swollen face, subcutaneous haemorrage starting under skin around eye, note that nose still pink. Further vet assessment and vitamin K1 injection at this point.

8 Numerous studies and papers on its use with BT possums exist from sources including CSIRO and NZ universities and forestry in relation to both its efficacy and ethical use in possum control as it is both a slow and painful method of control, making it extremely inhumane even for rodents, but for larger animals such as possums with a slower metabolism than the toxins original intended victims, the time to death is extended and extremely distressing and painful. According to Behaviour, coagulopathy and pathology of brushtail possums poisoned with brodifacoum (Wildlife Research Vol 29) Blood-clotting time was prolonged 8 days after possums first began ingesting brodifacoum and time to death was 20.7 ± 1.7 days. Clinical signs of poisoning, including changed appearance, pale noses and external bleeding, appeared from 14 days after initial poisoning (7 days before death). So, assuming the day our possum showed clear symptoms was Day 14, we worked backward from that date and worked out that it would likely have ingested the poison the day before rescue (possibly under the MOP s house where it was found), then arrived into care on Day 3 post ingestion. Internal bleeding would have started on Day 8 and the possum remained largely asymptomatic for nearly 6 days days (except for occasional traces of faecal blood and mucous) until the night of Day 13 when the possums changing appearance was noticed and the following day (Saturday, Day 14) when swelling was obvious and she started bleeding from her nose and became lethargic. By Sunday mid morning the possum had started bleeding from her mouth and she was taken to NAEC for assessment as the vitamin K had not yet become effective and the possums eyes were becoming surrounded by small areas of sub cutaneous haemorrage. At this point it was apparent that it was brodifacoum poisoning. A PCV test revealed severe but borderline treatable anaemia due to to internal blood loss. A vitamin K injection was given in addition to the daily oral vitamin K commenced the previous day and it was decided to reassess the possum again in several hours time with the expectation that the vitamin K should be producing clotting factors by then. Now for the good news - Mum brushie started to recover mid-afternoon Sunday (Day 15) - bleeding from nose and mouth stopped and she and her pinkie over the next few days returned to health so much so that one very relieved carer has had to very quickly lift her game with keeping fingers out of her way! The image above was taken approximately Day 17 post ingestion and facial swelling gone, skin colour normal around eyes, eating well. Although this toxin can cross into milk the pinkie has survived with a good chance as the vitamin K also crosses to it in mother s milk. Vitamin K therapy will continue for 6 weeks as the toxin remains in tha animal s tissues for some time, then she will be assessed for release. Some questions remain; why was the possum needing rescue while still in the asymptomatic phase, and will any secondary poisoning of the pinkie at this stage of development have a future negative impact. Thank you to Jasmin Kable, rescuer, Rachel King, transporter to Kulnura and vets Tracy from NAEC, Robin Crisman and Cathy O Neill. Linda Marr If a BT possum or other small mammal arrives into care without physical trauma and in general good condition, especially in winter, consider the possibility of brodifacoum poisoning. Advise Possum Coordinator Check with MOP if they have used brodifacoum rat baits, ask them to ask their neighbours Hold any potentially asymptomatic BTP from suburban rescue for around one week if possible and monitor ALL faeces for small amounts of blood or unusual mucous If blood or mucous is detected or facial changes noticed consult a vet immediately (the early symptoms of first generation bait toxicity - pale nose and gums, lethargy - may not be present)

9 NB - NO REGISTRATIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED AFTER THE CLOSING DATE FOR EACH COURSE, Thank You AUGUST SAT & SUN 30th and 31st 9.00am to 3.00 pm Wetlands Centre, Shortland Conference Room (downstairs) BASIC & ADVANCED RAPTORS Presented by Jill Dean and Dr Mark Simpson The course will cover an overview of raptor rehabilitation in the Hunter, ; Safe rescue techniques, legal obligations associated with raptor rehabilitation; identification (species, age and sex); common injuries & diseases; advanced rehabilitation techniques including stabilisation, assessment, husbandry, housing, hacking chicks and release considerations. Please bring Raptor Field Guide or a General Bird Field Guide. $22 PER PERSON REGISTRATIONS CLOSE 25 AUGUST BYO lunch OR buy from the Spoonbill Café on site. Morning and afternoon tea provided. SEPTEMBER SAT 13th & SUN 14th * 8.30am to 4.00 pm VRA Centre 55 South Ave, Cessnock (across from Cessnock TAFE) SUNDAY 21st (Revised date) 9.00am to 3.00 pm Wetlands Centre, Shortland Conference Room (downstairs) SUNDAY 28th 9.00am to 3.00 pm Wetlands Centre, Shortland Conference Room (downstairs) OCTOBER SNAKE HANDLING Presented by John Mostyn Handling of venomous and non-venomous snakes and reptiles. For beginners and advanced rescuers. Snake Hoop Bags and Hooks will be on sale on day at cost of $55 and books on reptiles will also be on sale over the weekend. *Must attend both days to receive accreditation $22 PER PERSON COVERS BOTH DAYS REGISTRATIONS CLOSE 8 SEPTEMBER Lunch cost for both days is $10 per person, please send in with your registration fee if you wish to order lunch POSSUM & GLIDER WORKSHOP Presented by Covers rescue, hand rearing, feeding, diet, husbandry, housing, release. For beginners and advanced members. $22 PER PERSON REGISTRATIONS CLOSE 15 SEPT FLYING FOXES AND MICROBATS Presented by NATF Bat Team Rescue, hand rearing, injuries, illness, husbandry, housing and release. For beginners and advanced members. $22 PER PERSON REGISTRATIONS CLOSE 22 SEPT Catering for weekend OR you can bring your own. Please advise if Special Dietary needs BYO lunch OR buy from the Spoonbill Café on site. Morning and afternoon tea provided. BYO lunch OR buy from the Spoonbill Café on site. Morning and afternoon tea provided. OCTOBER SATURDAY 11th 9.00am to 3.00 pm Wetlands Centre, Shortland Conference Room (downstairs) AUGUST Saturday 2nd OCTOBER Saturday 4th DECEMBER Saturday 6th Wetlands Centre, Shortland Conference Room (downstairs) CARE, TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT OF SICK, INJURED AND DISEASED REPTILES Presented by Dr David Vella The course is designed for beginners as well as advanced members covering diseases and illness found in reptiles, also injures that are seen, housing of sick and injured reptiles, treatment of such animals. It is many years since NATF has held such a course so all members approved to hold and rehab reptiles should please attended this course to renew your skills. $22 PER PERSON REGISTRATIONS CLOSE 6 OCT INTRODUCTORY & BASIC RESCUE COURSE An interesting and informative one day course equipping members with the skills needed to safely rescue and transport a wide range of wildlife. New Members - membership fee covers the cost of this course, otherwise $22 PER PERSON REGISTRATIONS CLOSE 1 week prior to Course Date BYO lunch OR buy from the Spoonbill Café on site. Morning and afternoon tea provided. BYO lunch OR buy from the Spoonbill Café on site. Morning and afternoon tea provided. Revised Training Calendar current at time of publication

10 New Carers and Rescuers - contact your Food Bank Coordinator to discuss your wildlife feeding needs! From March this year the subsidy was increased to 50% and fish for seabirds as well as mealworms and crickets were added to the usual range of milks, mixes and mice! Lectade, Spark and other first aid and rehab items may also be available - check with your Foodbank Coordinator. Don t forget to keep your Fauna Data up to date to be able to access the Foodbank! Lisa Lowe Valentine Biolac-m100 for possums only Biolac GOS M100 for unfurred joeys Rescuers and transporters sometimes face a financial burden in their commitment to help injured and orphaned wildlife in the service of Hunter Wildlife Rescue. NATF has made a commitment to our volunteers to assist them where needed by reimbursing a percentage of fuel costs. While the Management Committee asks members who struggle to meet their commitments to take advantage of this offer, we at the same time ask members to realise that as an organisation that relies on public donations to operate we cannot accept unreasonable fuel claims as this will quickly exhaust available funds. Each claim will be evaluated on its merits and we will endeavour to assist members when appropriate. For more information and to download a claim form go to the website (or lick on the link below), log in to the Member Login page and click on Member Info. Charmian Eckersley Eraring Insectivore; Lorikeet mix; Granivore mix; Passwell Hand-rearing food; etc. Jan Hughes Cessnock Wombaroo Kangaroo Milk Judy Valler Medowie Wombaroo Kangaroo & Possum milk; lorikeet mix, Granivore Mix, Passwell Bird Hand Rearing food, Insectivore Anne Williams Medowie Divetelac; High Protein Mix Every time we conduct a rescue or act in our capacity as a NATF member we have the opportunity to educate the public on wildlife and also about NATF/Hunter Widlife Rescue. Jan Hughes at Cessnock is our Uniform Coordinator so to acquire uniform items that will help promote our organization to the public please contact Jan to discuss your needs. Jan Hughes Cessnock More info on uniforms in the next issue of Wildside. Frozen rats and mice are provided by the University of Newcastle. There is only one Coordinator for collection/liaison with the UoN. Catherine Wroe Coal Point

11 This excerpt from the Code of Practice, under which we are all required to work, is included here to assist Members to become acquainted with its requirements, breaking down what is a large, daunting document into digestable sections. 12. Release considerations Timing of release Objectives To ensure that fauna is released as soon as it is ready and at a time that minimises stress and maximises its chances of survival in its natural habitat Standards Once fauna is deemed ready for release, it must be released as soon as conditions are suitable (see below for what suitable conditions are) Fauna must be released at a time of year that facilitates survival and reintegration into the wild population. For example: reptiles must be released during the warmer months (e.g. spring and summer) juvenile animals must be released during their natural dispersal period insectivorous species must be released during periods of high insect abundance (e.g. spring and summer) migratory species must be released at least one month prior to their typical departure period Fauna must be released when weather conditions encourage high activity levels (e.g. reptiles must be released on warm days or when water temperatures are high). Release during extremes of temperature and storms must be avoided Fauna must be released at a time of day that enables it to immediately investigate its environment. The optimal release time for most diurnal animals is approximately one hour after dawn and for most nocturnal animals is approximately one hour after dusk Guidelines Territorial species may have occupied a territory prior to coming into care. Such species should be released before their territory is likely to be re-occupied. The average time for this to occur varies between species If a social species is absent from its family group for too long it may not be recognised when it returns and be treated as an intruder (i.e. attacked). Such species should be released before their group is likely to forget them. The average time for this to occur varies between species.

12 Download a Membership form from Then complete and to membership@hunterwildlife.org.au Or, Membership Officer membership@hunterwildlife.org.au Or, Phone: Hunter Wildlife Rescue Hotline (0418 NATIVE) Please visit our website at Hi Members Please feel welcome to share your wildlife experiences by submitting articles of interest to your fellow Carers, Rescuers, Phonies and other Members as well as photos of your wildlife in care. Articles in either Word document, pdf format or as an are fine and images as jpgs attached to s are great (please avoid embedding in a Word document if you can, thanks!). I m always happy to discuss any constructive recommendations that any Member may have so please feel welcome to contact me. Looking forward to contributing together to the wellbeing of our unique wildlife, Linda Marr Mob E: lindasletterbox@hotmail.com The views presented in this publication are not necessarily those of NATF Hunter Wildlife Rescue