The Taming of the Cat Stephen J. O Brien. August 7, 2017 Some Pictures and Some Stories

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1 The Taming of the Cat Stephen J. O Brien August 7, 2017 Some Pictures and Some Stories

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5 Beauceron Berger Allemand Borders Collies Westie Yorkshire Bouviers Bernois D.Bordeaux Whippet Epagneul Breton Cocker Anglais As stated many times A cat is not a dog Boxer Pointer Caniche moyen Coton de Tuléar Labrador Lhassa-Apso Shih Tzu Setter Gordon

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8 A lingerring question 'where did the domestic cat come from????'

9 A * Outbred Domestic Cat Maine Coon Cat Norwegian Forest Cat Manx Selkirk Rex Scottish Fold Himalayan Persian Exotic Chartreux British Shorthair American Shorthair American Wirehair Egyptian Mau Bobtail Turkish Van Russian Blue Turkish Angora 100 Abyssinian Somali Sphynx Devon Rex Cornish Rex Ragdoll American Curl Ocicat Bengal Singapura 77 Tonkinese Burmese Bombay Birman Korat Havana Brown Oriental Shorthair Siamese Colorpoint Shorthair Javanese Balinese B (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (4) (5) (8) (9) (10) (12) (8) (11) (19) (13) (15) (16) (20) (21) (6) (7) (14) (17) (18) (22)

10 African wild cat Felis libyca Chinese mountain cat, Felis bieti Sand cat, Felis margarita uropean wild cat Felis silvestris Domestic cat Felis catus Black-footed cat Felis nigripes DOMESTIC CAT Jungle cat, Felis chaus

11 European F. silvestris silvestris African/Mid East F. s. libyca Asiatic F. s. ornata Chinese F. s. bieti So African F. s. caffra

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15 6 Felis bieti

16 Mitochondrial DNA-Phylogeny ND5 & ND total characters 186 variable, informative Mr. Bayes, NJ, MP, ML result in identical tree topology Coalescent dating estimates Microsatellite Loci 36 loci mapped to 16 chromosomes STRUCTURE Population genetic analyses Phyogenetic Analyses Dkf, Dps result in identical tree topology

17 What Carlos saw

18 Detail s

19 PLUS Dom Cats from every populations MitoDNA genotype of wildcats across the world 2606 bp; 245 PI sites 176 genotypes

20 Subspecies distribution and and mtdna Haplogroup

21 PLUS Dom. Cats from every population Microsatellite genotypes (36 loci) of wildcats and domestic cats Symbols are cyto -nucle discordant cats

22 80% 60% 50% 0% FBI-4 FBI-6 FBI-3 FBI-5 FBI-1 FBI-2 FSX-347 FSI-219 FSI-217 FSI-215 FSI-109 FSI-155 FSI-250 FSX-348 FSI-241 FSI-144 FSX-335 FSI-45 FSX-337 FSI-172 FSI-171 FSI-176 FSI-29 FSI-163 FSI-164 FSI-130 FSI-149 FSI-160 FSI-139 FSX-331 FSI-162 FSI-89 FSI-127 FCA-2631 FSI-136 FSI-225 FSX-330 FSI-86 FSI-110 FSI-119 FSX-336 FSI-85 FSI-82 FSI-161 FSI-106 FSI-166 FSI-252 FSI-118 FSI-253 FSI-180 FSI-146 FSI-28 FSI-26 FSI-84 FSI-108 FSI-151 FSI-93 FSI-179 FSX-345 FSI-90 FSI-262 FSI-123 FSI-165 FSI-92 FSI-150 FSI-104 FSI-97 FSI-137 FSI-238 FSI-96 FSI-103 FSI-245 FSI-101 FSI-83 FSI-98 FSI-87 FSI-131 FSI-88 FCA-4240 FLI-45 FLI-39 FLI-44 FLI-47 FLI-54 FLI-43 FLI-38 FLI-51 FLI-36 FLI-40 FLI-50 FLI-52 FLI-49 FLI-19 FLI-37 FLI-41 FSI-22 FLI-46 FCA-4326 FLI-23 FLI-48 FLI-24 FLI-22 FLI-27 FLI-53 FLI-64 FLI-25 FCA-4864 FSI-190 FSI-199 FSI-193 FSI-198 FSI-201 FSI-212 FSI-191 FSI-196 FLI-3 FSI-211 FSI-189 FSI-213 FSI-27 FSI-24 FSI-25 FLI-5 FSI-194 FSI-214 FLI-4 FSI-205 FSI-23 FSI-186 FSI-228 FSI-234 FSI-208 FSI-233 FSI-202 FSI-235 FSI-192 FSI-20 FSI-5 FSI-48 FSI-4 FSI-46 FCA-4868 FSI-49 FSI-47 FSI-6 FCA-2637 FSI-51 FCA-4854 FCA-4855 FCA-2639 FCA-2633 FCA-4279 FSI-50 FCA-2638 FCA-4856 FCA-2640 FLI-32 FCA-64 FCA-4851 FCA-4849 FCA-4247 FSI-210 FSI-44 FSI-209 FSI-206 FCA-4331 FCA-4696 FCA-4419 FCA-4416 FCA-4422 FCA-4421 FCA-4418 FCA-4071 FCA-4072 FCA-4417 FSI-207 FCA-4420 FCA-4070 FCA-4073 FCA-4067 FCA-4078 FCA-4074 FSI-230 FCA-4077 FSI-231 FSI-227 FCA-4069 FCA-4068 FSI-229 FCA-4990 FSI-181 FSI-143 FCA-3060 FCA-4207 FCA-4431 FCA-4145 FSI-114 FLI-67 FCA-4906 FSI-117 FCA-4135 FSI-132 FSI-232 FSI-43 FCA-4863 FSI-156 FSI-145 FCA-4374 FCA-607 FCA-4927 FSI-102 FSI-170 FSI-178 FSI-266 FSI-147 FSI-107 FSI-91 FSI-30 FSI-141 FSI-94 FSI-105 FCA-4215 FCA-4324 FSI-124 FSI-42 FCA-4259 FSI-95 FSI-99 FSX-341 FCA-4853 FCA-4286 FCA-4867 Wildcats 70% European WC 40% 30% Domestic cats 100% 90% F.s. bieti Southern African WC Near East WC & DC Asian WC STRUCTURE ( LD and HWE based for microsatellites) Mongolian DC Asiatic DC European DC 20% 10%

23 Some Archaeology

24 CHILD Human burial in Cyprus with cat skeleton, bottom, that is estimated to be 9,500 years old. Jen-Denis Vigne Museum Nat Hist. Paris 2004 CAT

25 The research team of National Museum of Natural History in Paris uncovered the carefully buried cat on Cyprus, placed just inches from a human burial that also contained polished stones, shells, tools and jewelry

26 EGYPT

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28 On the Origin of CATS!! Five Felis silvestris continental subspecies form a closely related five-way radiation that dates to 230,000 years ago: Felis silvestris sylvestris European wildcat Felis silvestris cafra African wildcat Felis silvestris ornata Central Asian wildcat Felis silvestris bieti East Asian wildcat Felis silvestris lybica Near Eastern wildcat Domestic cats & Near East Asia cats fall in one clade originating and living today in the NEAR EAST Asia First archaeological record of cat and people was ~10,000 years ago in Middle east ( Cyprus). Cats were domesticated along with plants and farm animals in the early agricultural villages in the Near East > 5 matrilinial events dating to 130,000 yrs No geographic structure to 5 mtdna lineages

29 So How did cat domesticatin happen?

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33 Wild Einkorn Wheat Wild Emmer Wheat 12,000 Wild Barley

34 Wild Einkorn Wheat SHEEP 11,000 PIGS 10,500 CATTLE 10,000 Wild Emmer Wheat GOATS 11,000 12,000 Wild Barley

35 Wild Einkorn Wheat SHEEP 11,000 PIGS 10,500 CATTLE 10,000 Wild Emmer Wheat GOATS 11,000 12,000 Fertile Crescent 9,500 9,000 BP Wild Barley

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39 A closing thought Was cat domestication sympatric speciation? Perhaps!

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45 How far we have come

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47 G Cinnamon - The Genomics Cat.!! Expansion of the feline chemosensory system for detecting pheromones at the expense of odorant detection.

48 20,343 Genome Annotation Resource-FIELD- A Cat Genome Browser TM & Paws, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Used by Permission. Jim Davis

49 Selected genes in 5 regions candidates for cat domestication behavior

50 ` And now I really would like to say "Thanks" to

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53 Laboratory of Genomic Diversity Annual Retreat Boardwalk Ocean City October 2005

54 STEPHEN J.OBRIEN For Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics St. Petersburg State University The Promise of Genome Bioinformatics i biomedical and environmental health scienc South African Genetics Society September 21, 2016

55 Thanks!!

56 The Evolutionary History of Felidae 10.8 MYA

57 Special Thanks to : Al Roca Eduardo Eizirik Warren Johnson Bill Murphy Bill Nash Joan Menninger Marilyn Menotti-Raymond Victor David John Page Emma Teeling John Arthur Stan Cevario Amy Klar & Valerie Beason

58 2003 TEARS OF THE CHEETAH is told by O Brien with such literary mastery that one can hardly lay the book down.. O Brien has succeeded in telling his stories in a simple language that can be understood even by the nonexpert. There is no other book I have read in recent years from which I have learned and enjoyed more Chapter 1 - A Mouse that Roared Chapter 2 - Cheetahs Never Win Chapter 3 - Prides and Prejudice Chapter 4 - A Run for its Life - The Florida Panther Chapter 5 - Bureaucratic Mischief Chapter 6 - A Whale of a Tale Chapter 7 - The Lion Plague Chapter 8 - The Wild Man of Borneo- Chapter 9 -- The Panda's Roots Chapter 10- The Way We Were- Chapter Snowball's Chance-Pawprints Chapter 12 - Genetic Guardians Chapter 13 Origins Chapter 14 - A Silver Bullet

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62 A * Outbred Domestic Cat Maine Coon Cat Norwegian Forest Cat Manx Selkirk Rex Scottish Fold Himalayan Persian Exotic Chartreux British Shorthair American Shorthair American Wirehair Egyptian Mau Bobtail Turkish Van Russian Blue Turkish Angora 100 Abyssinian Somali Sphynx Devon Rex Cornish Rex Ragdoll American Curl Ocicat Bengal Singapura 77 Tonkinese Burmese Bombay Birman Korat Havana Brown Oriental Shorthair Siamese Colorpoint Shorthair Javanese Balinese B (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (4) (5) (8) (9) (10) (12) (8) (11) (19) (13) (15) (16) (20) (21) (6) (7) (14) (17) (18) (22)

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65 The Felidae Family is made up of 37 species that all arose in the last ten million years So where did all these cat species come from??

66 Our Strategy Sampling of all 37 felid species and seven outgroup species Test of 35 genes for phylogenetic congruence

67 A comprehensive gene sampling 37 Felidae species & outgroups 5 X-linked (3,230 bp): ALAS,ATP-7A,IL2RG,PLP,ZFX 4 Y-linked (4,457 bp): SMCY,SRY,UBEY,ZFY 6 mtdna gene fragments (3,936 bp): ND2, ND4, ND5, ATP8,CYTB,16S 20 autosomal gene fragments (11,166 bp): APP,CALB1,CHRNA1,CLU,CMA1 DGKG2,FES,GATA3,GHR,GNAZ,GNB1,HK1,NCL PNOC,RAG2,RASA2,SIL,TCP1,TTR 22,789 bp (total) Timing calibrated with 16 Felidae species' fossils Johnson et al Science 311:74 January, 2006

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69 Prionailurus Suppose we combine Phylogeny, dates, geography,geology and paleontology? Sea Levels

70 ONE AMAZING JOURNEY On the Origins of Cat Species Prof.Taras Oleksyk It all started in Asia.

71 Miocene Migrations Asia M2 8-9 MYA Precursor of Puma, Lynx, Ocelot lineages Europe M1 8-9 MYA Precursor of Caracal lineage North America Africa Equator 2.7 MYA Ocelot lineages M3 Australia South America

72 Late Pliocene Migrations Europe Lions M7 M5 M6 Asia Cheetah 1-3 MYA Lynx and cheetah M8 M9 M4 Lions and jaguars North America Puma Blackfooted cat M10 M12 Africa Australia Equator M11 Puma lineage and Jaguars 8-10,000 MYA South America

73 Coalescence of modern Panthera species Tiger: 72, ,000 yrs ago Leopard: VIR 470, ,000 yrs ago Asian leopard: 170, ,000 yrs ago Jaguar: 280, ,000 yrs ago ALT AMO TIG COR 73,500 yr Isthmus of Kra Code Subspecies Common Name ALT P.t.altaica Amur AMO P.t.amoyensis South China COR P.t.corbetti Indochinese JAX P.t.jacksoni Malayan TIG P.t.tigris Bengal SUM P.t.sumatrae Sumatran SON P.t.sondaica Javan(extinct) BAL P.t.balica Bali(extinct) VIR P.t.virgata Caspian(extinct) SUM JAX Toba Super-eruption

74 And that's How we believe the modern cats came to be

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