TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

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1 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE SUPERVISOR DECLARATION AUTHOR DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF SYMBOL LIST OF APPENDICES Ii Iii Iv V Vi Vii Viii Xi Xii Xv Xvi Xvii 1 INTRODUCTION Background of Study Problem Statement Scope of Study Objectives of Research Significance of The Study Hypothesis Statement 3

2 ix 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Mammal Hair Hair Morphology Cuticle Cortex Medulla Hair Growth Cycle Cats Types of Cats Persian Cat Norwegian Forest Cat Siamese Cat Domestic Shorthair Cat African Wild Cat Turkish Angora Cat Tiffany Cat Cat's Coat Pattern Tabbies Pattern Pointed Pattern Torties Pattern Dogs Golden Retriever Dog Maltese Dog Pomeranian Dog Poodle Dog Shih Tzu Dog German Shepherd Dog Bull Terrier Dog Pug Dog Pit Bull Dog Dachshund Cross Dog 33

3 x American Cocker Spaniel Dog Siberian Husky Dog Saint Bernard Dog 35 3 METHODOLOGY Materials and Apparatus Collection of Hair Samples Sample Preparation Numerical Morphology Microscopic Observation Statistical Evaluation Comparative Study Summary of Research Methodology 40 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Statistical Evaluation of Numerical Morphologies Relationships of between Cat and Dog Morphological Features Examination Root and Tip appearance Color of Hair Samples Medulla Structures Examination Medullary Index (MI) Cuticle Pattern Observation 52 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Recommendations 58 REFERENCES 59 Appendices A - B 63-64

4 xi LIST OF TABLE TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 3.1 Morphology features characteristic to be observed in this study Numerical morphology of cat and dog hairs Hypothesis statement for variables tested in this study Summary of statistical analysis test. 43

5 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Diagram of cross section of the skin showing hair follicles in skin Cross section of a hair shaft Types of cuticular margins of hair Types of scales pattern; (a) Coronal scales, (b) Spinous scales and (c) Imbricate scales Medulla patterns of hair Medulla patterns of cats hair The growth cycle of hair; (a) Anagen phase, (b) Catagen phase, and (c) Telogen phase A Persian cat Appearance of Norwegian Forest cat Two types of Siamese cat; (a) Traditional, (b) Apple-head Appearance of African wild cat Tiffany cats Cats with Tabby coat pattern; (a) Mackerel pattern, (b) Classic pattern, (c) Spotted pattern and (d) Ticked pattern. 21

6 xiii 2.14 Cat with colorpoint pattern Cat with tortoise coat pattern A Golden Retriever dog A Maltese dog Pomeranian dogs A poodle dog with continental clip pattern A Shih Tzu dog A German Shepherd dog Appearance of Bull Terrier dog A Pug dog A Pit Bull dog Types of Dachshund cross dog coat (a) short haired, (b) long-haired, and (c) wire-haired An American Cocker Spaniel dog with a black nose A Siberian Husky dog A Saint Bernard dog Measurements and index to be calculated in this study Flow chart of research activity Telogen phase under different magnification; (a) 50x and (b) (400x) 4.2 Hair samples in anagen phase viewed under 50x magnification 4.3 Medulla structure of six types of cat breed viewed under 200x magnification

7 xiv 4.4 Medulla structure of six types of dog breeds viewed under 200x magnification. 4.5 Medulla pattern of hair for. (a) Cat, (b) rabbit, (c) 'Lotong Cenaka', (d) monkey, (e) horse and (f) dog ; all viewed under 400x magnification MI value within breeds for; (a) cat and (b) dog MI of six different types of animals SEM micrographs of scale pattern of different breeds of cat. (a) Tiffany, (b) TA, (c) AWC, (d) DSH, (e) ASH and (f) NWF viewed under 2000x magnification 4.9 The scale pattern of different types of dog; a) SH, (b) GR, (c) Pug, (d) DC, (e) BT and (f) PB under 2000x magnification SEM micrographs of scale pattern of different animal species. (a) rabbit, (b) monkey, (c) horse, (d) donkey, (e) cat and (f) dog viewed under 2000x magnification

8 xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA - Analysis of Variance Len - Length MaxWid - Maximum width MedWid - Medulla width prowid - Width at the one third of proximal hair shaft HWI - Hair width index MI - Medullary index SEM - Scanning electron microscope DSH - Domestic short hair cat ASH - American short hair cat AWC - African wild cat TA - Turkish angora NWF - Norwegian forest cat PB - Pit bull dog BT - Bull terrier ACS - American cocker spaniel dog SH - Siberian husky dog GR - Golden retriever dog DC Dachshund Cross

9 xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS p - Significant confidence level - Registered mark - Less than or equal to

10 xvii LIST OF APENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Output of Student t-test of two samples mean between cat and dog hairs 63 B Output of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between cat and dog hairs 64