Mr. Bouchard Summer Assignment AP Biology. Name: Block: Score: / 20. Topic: Chemistry Review and Evolution Intro Packet Due: 9/4/18

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1 Name: Block: Score: / 20 Topic: Chemistry Review and Evolution Intro Packet Due: 9/4/18 Week Schedule Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday In class discussion/activity NONE NONE NONE Syllabus and Course Intro NONE Textbook reading This packet covers chapters 1, 2 and 19 in Campbell s Biology in Focus Important upcoming assignments: Quiz on summer packet on 9/4 Quiz on packet 1.1 on 9/10 Quiz on packet 1.2 on 9/17 Test in class on 9/20 Phylogeny lab report due on 9/24 The following videos will be available via the schoology page, and will supplement the material covered in these chapters: Natural Selection Examples of Natural Selection Behavior and Natural Selection Stickleback evolution Evidence for evolution Evolution continues

2 Systems biology (1.1) Key Vocabulary: define the following terms in your own words: Natural selection (1.2) Inquiry (1.3) Controlled experiment (1.3) Chemical bond (2.3) Chemical equilibrium (2.4) Hydration shell (2.5) ph (2.5) Buffer (2.5) Evolution (19.1) Adaptation (19.2) Homology (19.3) Convergent evolution (19.3)

3 Compare: describe the similarities and differences between the following terms in your own words. Succinct answers should only be one to two sentences. Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell (1.1) Gene and Genome (1.1) Inductive reasoning and Deductive reasoning (1.3) Hypothesis and Theory (1.3) Element and Compound (2.1) Covalent bond and Ionic bond (2.3) Reactant and Product (2.4) Cohesion and Adhesion (2.5)

4 Solute and Solvent (2.5) Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic (2.5) Acid and Base (2.5) Natural selection and Artificial Selection (19.2) Homologous structure and Vestigial structure (19.3) Homologous structure and Analagous structure (19.3)

5 Short Answer: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Describe one example of the correlation between the structure and function of an organism. (1.1) Analyze the three domains of life (1.2) Explain how the number of valence electrons influences the chemical properties of an element. (2.2) Describe the relationship between electronegativity and polarity (2.3) Explain why double bonds form between some elements and not others (2.3)

6 Justify the claim that water has properties that are critical to supporting life on earth (2.5) Describe the biological significance of buffers (2.5) Summarize Lamarck s hypothesis of evolution (19.1) Describe the concept of natural selection (19.2) Summarize the observations and resulting inferences that led Darwin to develop his theory of natural selection (19.2)

7 Justify the claim that populations evolve but individuals do not (19.2) Analyze the evolution of the soapberry bug in Florida (19.3) Analyze the evolution of the MRSA bacteria (19.3) Describe the significance of a branch point in an evolutionary tree (19.3) Explain how the fossil record supports the theory of evolution (19.3)

8 Sample multiple choice questions: Circle the response that you think best answers the question. A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. Which of the following procedures was most likely followed to determine the change in beak size? (A) A few finches were trapped in 1981 and again in 1987, and their beak sizes were compared. (B) The beak size in fifteen finches was measured in 1987, and the beak size in the original finches was determined by estimation. (C) The beak size in a large number of inches was measured every year from 1981 to (D) Finches were captured and bred in 1981, and the beak size of the offspring was measured Which of the following statements might best explain the increase in average beak size in the finch population during the drought? (A) Finches with bigger beaks are better able to crack thick-walled seeds and produce more surviving offspring. (B) Finches with bigger beaks can attack and kill finches with smaller beaks. (C) Finches with bigger beaks possess more powerful flight muscles and are able to find more food. (D) Finches that crack large seeds develop larger beaks over time Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind the change in beak size in the finch population? (A) The formation of two new finch species from a single parent species (B) A change in gene frequencies in the finch population due to selective pressure from the environmental change (C) A new allele appearing in the finch population as a result of mutation (D) The achievement of dynamic equilibrium in the finch population as a result of homeostasis The biologist discovered that from 1988 to 1993, the average beak size declined to pre-1981 levels. The reversal in beak size from 1988 to 1993 was most likely related to which of the following events? (A) A loss of food supply for the finches (B) The end of the drought (C) An increase in drought conditions (D) An increase in predators consuming finches

9 Sample free response question: answer the following question in as much detail as necessary: Adult male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exhibit genetically determined spots, while juvenile and adult female guppies lack spots. In a study of selection, male and female guppies from genetically diverse populations were collected from different mountain streams and placed together in an isolated environment containing no predators. The study population was maintained for several generations in the isolated area before being separated into two groups. One group was moved to an artificial pond containing a fish predator, while a second group was moved to an artificial pond containing no predators. The two groups went through several generations in their new environments. At different times during the experiment, the mean number of spots per adult male guppy was determined as shown in the figure below. Vertical bars in the figure represent two standard errors of the mean (SEM). (a) Describe the change in genetic variation in the population between 0 and 6 months and provide reasoning for your description based on the means and SEM. (b) Propose ONE type of mating behavior that could have resulted in the observed change in the number of spots per adult male guppy between 6 and 20 months in the absence of the predator. (c) Propose an evolutionary mechanism that explains the change in average number of spots between 6 and 20 months in the presence of the predator.