Feeding Your Future. Founded in 1964, New-Life Mills delivers proven nutrition for profitable livestock performance. Pullet & Layer Management Guide 1

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2 Feeding Your Future Founded in 1964, New-Life Mills delivers proven nutrition for profitable livestock performance. About Us Since 1964 New-Life Mills has been proud to be a Canadian owned developer and manufacturer of proven livestock nutrition. As a division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited, New-Life Mills is committed to the future of agriculture in Canada. For over 100 years P&H has been operating as part of the Canadian agriculture industry, with interests in grain handling, trading operations, flour milling, poultry farming and New-Life Mills animal feed division. Proven Nutrition New-Life Mills is committed to providing the best possible feed and services to the producers of chicken, eggs, turkey, beef, dairy, swine, goat and sheep. Company owned farms facilitate monitored commercial testing of new and innovative feeds and ingredients to ensure our nutrition programs perform and our customers profit. New-Life Mills is feeding the future through proven nutrition which supports profitable livestock performance. Profitable Performance New-Life Mills nutrition programs promote animal health, optimize genetic potential and aspire to increase producer profitability. Feeding programs are designed to deliver efficient feed conversions and healthier livestock through premium feed and optimal management practices. Proven nutrition starts with the right inputs. Sourced locally when possible, our own nutrition team continuously delivers proven nutrition programs for broiler chickens, laying chickens, turkeys, beef cattle, sheep, goat and dairy cows. Working closely with breeders, producers and nutrition experts, feeding programs are continuously Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited monitored to improve desired results and respond to species genetic changes. Through encouraging modern barn management practices and the strict implementation of Feed Assure (HACCP) programs throughout the manufacturing process, New-Life Mills delivers proven nutrition and profitable performance to livestock farmers across Canada. Knowledgeable People New-Life Mills takes Feeding Your Future very seriously. Our knowledgeable team of agriculture industry professionals is passionate about sharing their knowledge and experience to support the success of Canadian farmers. We develop our people through continuous education, support organizations which promote Canadian farming and its future, and partner with our customers to provide training opportunities designed to deliver the information needed to understand the application of animal nutrition and achieve profitable results. The Pullet & Layer Management Guide The management guide you hold in your hands has the ability to help enhance your production performance, managerial operations and profitability. New-Life Mill's poultry nutritionists and poultry specialists are pleased to have this opportunity to share with you what we have learned through the relationships we have built with you our customers, the ongoing research we conduct and our combined experience. We re looking forward to feeding your future, one flock at a time. Pullet & Layer Management Guide 1

3 Feed Safety... a priority FeedAssure is a comprehensive feed safety management and certification program developed for the Canadian feed industry through the Animal Nutrition Association of Canada (ANAC) in FeedAssure is a feed industry-customized HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) program of processes and controls which sets the highest safety standards for the production of animal feed. Each person in the production chain at New-Life Mills plays an important role in the overall success of the program. Order desk staff must make sure that orders are detailed and correct. Batchers and pellet mill operators double-check sequencing and flush equipment to prevent medication carry over. Receivers conduct inspections and testing of incoming ingredients for quality and reject any that do not meet our criteria. Drivers deliver feed to the correct farms and bins, taking care that medications make it to the prescribed flocks or livestock. With each role, comes a responsibility to stop and question any situation that poses a risk to the HACCP program at New-Life Mills - our employees' dedication to these high standards is what makes this program succeed. All New-Life Mills feed processing facilities in Canada are FeedAssure HACCP certified by ANAC (Animal Nutrition Association of Canada) through third-party auditors SGS Canada. This certificate demonstrates our commitment to the highest standards of feed production and quality.. Table of contents Feeding Your Future...1 Feed Safety...2 Impact of Nutrition...3 Pay Attention to F.L.A.W.S...4 Pullet Feeding Program...6 Pullet Body Weights...7,8 Barn Management For Pullets...9 Brooding Temperatures...10,11 Lighting for Pullets...12 Ventilation...13 Space Requirements (Pullets)...14 Pullet Vaccination & Beak Trimming Layer Feeding Programs...18 Factors Affecting Feed Consumption...19 Layer Feeding Program Matrix...20,21 Egg Size Management...22 Egg Shell Quality Layer Body Weights...25 Performance Objectives...26 Production Graph (Layers)...27 Ventilation (Layers)...28 Lighting (Layers)...29 Space Requirements...30 The information in this manual should be used as a guideline only, and does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of performance in any way. Results will be affected by feeding program, water quality, environmental conditions, flock health and growing density. Please monitor your birds closely and make management decisions based on the observations in your barn and as mandated by law. Water Quality Standards...32,33 Water Soluble Products...34 Common Diseases Biosecurity...38 Industry Directory Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

4 Impact of Nutrition on Today's Pullets and Laying Hens Today s commercial pullets and laying hens are the most efficient egg producers in history. Intensive genetic selection has resulted in strains requiring higher standards of care, health, bio-security and nutrition to realize the benefits of: Improved egg production Improved feed conversion Increased vigour and livability Improved egg-shell quality Nutrition is a primary determinant of the expression of the improved genetic potential on farm. The correct amounts of nutrients supplied and balanced will support growth and egg production. Energy Energy is supplied primarily by carbohydrates from grain sources, fats, and oils. It is required for the growth of tissues and maintenance of normal body functions. Protein Protein is supplied primarily by grains, oilseed meals, and animal byproduct meals. Protein is broken down into amino acids during digestion. Protein quality is determined by its balance of essential amino acids, which are the amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the chicken and must be sourced from the diet. Macro Minerals Bone and egg-shell formulation need calcium and phosphorus. These minerals are also needed for nervous and immune system function. Osmotic balance is maintained with the help of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. Mineral deficiencies can affect feed intake and growth, while excesses will encourage water intake resulting in wet litter. Vitamins and Minerals To maintain normal metabolic functions, vitamins and trace minerals are essential. Trace amounts of vitamins and minerals are needed for growth, egg production, shell quality and health. The Role Nutrition Plays Since the genetic potential of each flock continuously improves, regularly evaluating nutrient requirements for your flock is the most profitable approach to feeding pullets and laying hens. Today s commercial layer strains will do best when fed rations providing the correct balance of energy, essential amino acids, and minerals. Marginal or deficient nutrient levels in the ration can compromise growth and flock uniformity, as well as feed conversion, egg production, egg weight, and quality. Nutritionists check, formulate and put in place optimal nutrition programs for your operation with the goal of achieving healthy birds, ideal body weights/production, efficient feed conversion, and ultimately maximizing profitability for producers. Points to Remember There are many biological and environmental factors that may interact with genetics to influence growth, feed consumption, egg production, and overall performance of laying hens. Responses to improved nutrition are only achieved when such factors are not limiting performance. Factors that influence performance include: Pullet brooding Stocking density Feeder space Feed availability Lighting programs Lighting intensity Air quality Temperature Humidity Heat/cold stress Health status and gut health Water quality Water availability Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 3

5 Pay Attention to F.L.A.W.S. for Optimal Performance FO EED O IGHT L IR AO Feed - Proper nutrition promotes good body weights and flock uniformity Light - Suitable lighting programs will contribute to good pullet development and will support high production in the laying hen Air - Optimum ventilation maintains good air quality and positively affects bird growth WOATER SO ANITATION Water - Good quality drinking water is necessary for bird health and growth Sanitation - Thorough equipment and barn sanitation is necessary to ensure there is no disease challenge in your facility 4 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

6 Pullets Feeding Program Body Weights Barn Management Brooding Temperatures Lighting & Ventilation Space Requirements Vaccination & Beak Trimming Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 5

7 Pullet Feeding Program FO EED The New-Life Mills Pullet Feeding Program is formulated to maximize growth and optimize feed conversion. When properly implemented in a well-managed barn, these feeds promote attainment of target body weights, while delivering the proper body composition for egg production in the layer barn. Product # Name Age (days) Age (weeks) White Pullet Consumption (kg) Brown Pullet Consumption (kg) NLM 21% Chick Prestarter NLM 20% Chick Starter # NLM 19% Chick Starter # NLM 18% Pullet Grower # NLM 17% Pullet Grower # NLM 16% Pullet Grower # NLM 15% Pullet Grower # NLM 14% Pullet Grower # NLM 17% Pullet Pre-lay # NLM Precision Layer # Total Feed NLM 21% Chick Prestarter is optional. If not feeding prestarter, add prestarter feed amount to NLM 21% Chick Starter #1. Note: These feeding amounts are only guidelines. Feed consumption may be influenced by factors such as the barn environment, housing system, the breed of the birds, and the season. Starters: New-Life Mills Pullet Starter feeds give the pullet the nutrients required for initial rapid growth and development of the digestive tract, skeletal system, and muscles. The well-balanced New-Life Mills Pullet Starter feeds support rapid growth and development, as well as maximizing early growth and uniformity of the pullet flock during the brooding period. Growers: New-Life Mills Pullet Grower feeds consist of four flexible rations that allow for changing energy and protein demands and are formulated to stimulate appetite and make sure that the body frame is developing correctly. The flexibility of this feed program allows the producer to respond to any changes which might be needed to reach body weight targets. New-Life Mills Pullet Grower feeds encourage body weight gains, while still supporting the growth of the skeletal frame required to support the bird during her laying cycle. Pre-lay: Approximately 21 days before the first egg, hormonal changes in the pullet promote the development of medullary bone, which acts as a calcium reservoir to supplement dietary calcium during egg-shell formation. At the same time, the reproductive tract is rapidly growing and developing. New-Life Mills Pre-lay rations are formulated to 17% protein and are available to give 2.0% or 2.5% calcium, as well as providing high phosphorus to support the development of the medullary bone. Incorporating Hy-D and phytase into these feeds maximizes calcium absorption in the pullet, while minimizing phosphorus excretion, helping support the pullet as she matures and prepares to lay eggs. 6 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

8 Monitoring Pullet Body Weights Goals The pullet flock uniformity should be 85% or better. This means that a minimum of 85% of the birds in the flock are within 10% of the average weight of the flock. It is important to start taking body weights by the time the pullet flock is five weeks of age and then every two weeks thereafter. The sooner adjustments are made to correct any body weight problems, the easier it will be to support flock uniformity. Whenever feed changes are pending, it is recommended to weigh the birds first. Consult your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist with body weight information and for feeding program advice. Points to Remember There are many biological and environmental factors that may interact with genetics to influence growth, feed consumption, egg production, and overall performance of laying hens. Responses to improved nutrition are only achieved when such factors are not limiting performance. Factors that stimulate body weight gain: Decreasing the barn temperature gradually by 1 C or 2 C when birds are old enough to handle cooler temperatures Increasing the number of times that the feeders run and ensure stimulation stirs are being used Increasing crumb size when birds are big enough to handle a larger crumb size Increasing the depth of feed in the trough Making sure the barn is properly ventilated Dietary protein level Factors that inhibit body weight gain: Crowding Poor beak trimming Disease challenges Hot temperatures Poor ventilation Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 7

9 Pullet Body Weight Guidelines Pullet Body Weight Guidelines (grams) Age (wks) Bovan White Hy-Line Brown ISA Brown Lohmann Brown-Lite Lohmann LSL-Lite Shaver White Sources: ISA White Rearing Report, Hy-Line Brown Commerical Layer Management Guide 2015, ISA Brown Rearing Report, Lohmann Brown-Lite Management Guide, Lohmann LSL-Lite Management Guide 8 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

10 Barn Management for Pullets SO ANITATION Successful pullet rearing is critical for optimum egg production as challenges during rearing are difficult to overcome in the lay house. Proper set-up of the pullet barn is necessary to get the chicks off to a good start. Producers need to create and maintain a protocol for their operation which conforms to governing regulations and optimizes the development of the pullet. Barns that are thoroughly sanitized and set up correctly will contribute to successful pullet rearing. Sanitation Dry clean your barn as soon as possible after a mature flock leaves the pullet barn. Follow this with a thorough wash with high pressure, hot water, and an approved surfactant containing detergent. Following washing, sanitize the barn and equipment using an approved poultry barn sanitizing agent. Water lines should be disinfected and thoroughly flushed. Finally, inspect the facility for rodent, insect, and wild bird activity. Take steps to eradicate and prevent future infestations. Isolation and down time are key to minimizing the threat of disease organisms. Record all activity in your HACCP/Start Clean Stay Clean log. Be sure to follow strict biosecurity protocols before, during, and after cleaning. Brooding Recommendations Make sure the pullet barn is up to the desired temperature at least 24 hours before chick delivery. This helps make sure that the air in the barn, as well as the cages or floor, are up to temperature. The temperature at placement must be between 31 C and 33 C (88 Fto 92 F) and the relative humidity from 60% to 85%. Check the pressure in the water lines and set the pressure low enough that the chicks can easily trigger the drinkers. Once the birds have arrived, encourage them to drink as soon as possible. Provide bright light (30-50 lux) for the first 7 days to help chicks find feed and water. Make sure the feed is easily accessible, preferably on paper in the cages. Getting the chicks eating and drinking as quickly as possible is essential to getting these birds off to a good start. Impact of Humidity It's important to control relative humidity Low Relative Humidity Decreases bird comfort Increases incidence of dehydration May increase incidence of pasty vents May increase agitation and risk of pecking Increases dust in the house Impairs normal feather development and cover High Relative Humidity Contributes to risk of wet litter Increases ammonia levels in barn Contributes to poor air quality AO IR Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 9

11 Brooding Temperatures ( C) Breed Comparison WHITE To convert to F=( C*9/5)+32 Age (weeks) Age (days) Brooder edge (floor barn) Bovan & Shaver White 2 3 m from brooder (floor barn) Lohmann LSL-Lite Room Cage Floor Relative Humidity (%) Sources: ISA Management Guide (Cage Production Systems), Lohmann LSL-Lite Management Guide (North American Edition Cage Housing) 10 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

12 Brooding Temperatures ( C) Breed Comparison BROWN To convert to F=( C*9/5)+32 Age (weeks) Age (days) Brooder Edge (floor barn) ISA Brown 2-3 m from brooder (floor barn) Sources: ISA Brown Commercial Management Guide, Hy-Line Brown Commercial Layers Management Guide (2015), Lohmann Brown-Lite Management Guide (North American Edition Cage Housing) Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Hy-Line Brown Lohmann Brown Lite Room Cage Floor Cage Floor Relative Humidity (%) Pullet & Layer Management Guide 11

13 Lighting for the Pullet Barn O L IGHT Dark- 2 hrs Light - 4 hrs Block Lighting (for a 24 hour period) Light - 4 hrs Dark- 2 hrs Dark- 2 hrs Light - 4 hrs Light - 4 hrs Dark- 2 hrs A block lighting program can be used for 7 to 10 days after chick arrival, after which the lighting should be switched to a regular step down lighting program. There are several advantages of using a block lighting program. These advantages include synchronizing the behavior of the chicks (as they are resting at the same time), stimulating the weak and strong chicks at the same time - encouraging more uniform behavior, and decreasing mortality. Consider brighter lights and/or drop lighting (where the light bulbs are lowered to provide light closer to the floor) for the first two weeks, especially when starting brown chicks. It is important to note that the pullets will quickly learn the lighting program and will anticipate when the lights go off. The pullets will react to this by increasing feed and water consumption before the lights will go off. Because of this, it is important that the off time of the lights should not change. If you are increasing or decreasing day length in the pullet barn, do so by adjusting only the on time. Age (weeks) Age (days) Hours of Light Light Intensity (lux) Block lighting or 22 hours of light Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

14 Barn Ventilation For Pullets Optimize the barn environment and bird health AO IR The purpose of ventilation in a pullet barn is to optimize the barn environment and bird health, thereby maximizing production. This removes carbon dioxide (CO2) and controls humidity levels and temperatures. Controlling CO2 starts before the birds even get to the barn. Pre-heating and bringing the barn and concrete temperature up reduces the cycling time of the heaters. By doing this, we will be able to exhaust the highest levels of CO2 before the birds arrive. If the floor concrete is not heated enough, cold will radiate from the concrete reducing the air temperature in the barn, forcing heaters to cycle more often, and increasing CO2 levels. This will result in more fan power required to exhaust the CO2, causing temperature to decrease, and forcing the heaters to cycle even more often, which may cause stress to the birds. In floor barns, achieving a concrete temperature of 30.5 to 33 C (87 to 92 F) and a litter temperature of 32 to 35 C (90 to 95 F) before birds are placed will reduce heater cycling and CO2 levels. Keep CO2 levels between 2500 and 3000 ppm for the best start for pullets. Wet litter and caking on the floor is managed by controlling humidity in a floor barn. If wet litter and caking occurs, there will be an increase in the ammonia levels in the barn, decreasing air quality. When litter absorbs too much moisture, bacteria will grow, leading to disease pressure and compromising the birds immune system. In a cage housing system, the purpose of ventilation is to remove moisture and ammonia from the litter on the manure belts and in any in-barn manure storage areas. Ventilation fans, circulation fans, and inlets are most commonly used to lower humidity and temperature. The air speed entering the barn from the inlet is dependent on the static pressure within the barn. Fans running create a negative pressure in the barn. Different barn designs and fan stages require different static pressures, which will change the air path in the barn. We want a low enough static pressure that the air comes in the barn far enough to mix with the warm air, then flows across the floor removing and suspending moisture in the air for the exhaust fans to remove from the barn. If there is not enough static pressure, cool air will fall and will not have enough air speed to lift and suspend moisture. Today s controls will adjust inlets and fan speeds based on humidity to maintain a desired humidity level. A good rule of thumb to follow is: at 50% RH, humidity is decreasing and at 70% RH, it is increasing. Our circulation fans also play a part in our ventilation as they are used to mix air, balancing the temperature throughout the barn, when we are in minimum ventilation, as well as lifting moisture from the litter and suspending that moisture in the air until the exhaust fans remove it. When we consider temperature, we must understand what the controller is trying to do. If the ambient temperature is below our set point, we are in minimum ventilation mode and the heaters will most likely be cycling on and off. Minimum ventilation fans will be running at a slow speed or on a timer cycling on and off to remove CO2 and humidity. If the ambient temperature is above the set point, other fans will come on and speed up to try to lower the ambient temperature down to the set point. As the temperature of the barn continues to rise, the fan stages will continue to come on. We want maximum ventilation to be achieved at 4 to 5 C (7 to 9 F) above our set point. This will depend on the bird age and density. Pay close attention to your birds behaviour. This will help indicate if there is a problem that needs to be addressed. Fan Diameter (inches) Average Airflow Capacity (CFM) 12" " " " " " " " Note: All temperature, fan speed, and CFM charts are guidelines for operating your barn. Collecting as much data as possible in your barn will give you the information that you need to ventilate your barn efficiently and adequately. Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 13

15 Minimum Space Requirements - Pullets The Impact of Space With the evolution of domestication of livestock by humans, it has now become our responsibility to check and maintain their environment to lower any stress that may be caused by the difference between their natural traits and our need for efficiency. It is important to understand the needs of a bird at every stage of growth and make sure their surroundings meet their requirements to support steady growth and development. Cage Floor Space When rearing a layer pullet from day old to 19 weeks, the bird and the producer will benefit from the ability to shift the amount of cage floor space available as the need increases. There are many efficiencies created by starting the chicks at a high density in fewer cages. As the flock ages, the increase in space lends itself to the natural behaviors of the bird and allows it all the freedoms of nature and benefits of a controlled, protected environment. Age (weeks) Age (weeks) Max. Body Weight (grams) Max. Body Weight (grams) Minimum Cage Floor Space (square) Inches 2 Centimeters / Barn Floor Space Floor rearing of pullets follows some of the same principles as cage rearing. At day old, it is important to house the chicks at a higher density than they will be grown at. The usual practice is to section the facility to one third the size of the total area. If the flock is on a vaccine program for coccidiosis, the environment in this smaller section is easier to keep up and manipulate, ensuring the chick is comfortable and managing humidity. Allowing access to the entire floor at the right time will promote growth and uniformity. Minimum Barn Floor Space (square) All Litter All Wire/Slats Inches 2 Centimeters 2 Inches 2 Centimeters / Feed Trough Space Easy access to feed is one of the keys in growing a strong, uniform pullet. Producers should know the required feed trough space per bird and use this as a tool for determining timely shifting of birds to the other decks. Age (weeks) Max. Body Weight (grams) Inches Centimeters / Water Space As with the requirement of access to feed, the pullet also needs to be able to consume an adequate amount of water for stress-free growth. Providing the right number of nipples or cups er cage at the right age will create a balance between the required amount of water and fresh water supply. Age (weeks) Max Body Weight (grams) Birds per Nipple or Cup / *Space requirement tables are from the Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Animals - Poultry - Layers 14 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

16 Pullet Vaccination Designed in conjunction with veterinarians and vaccine company representatives. The New-Life Mills recommended vaccination program is intended to help prevent diseases that will affect pullets in the rearing stage. This program has been designed in conjunction with veterinarians and vaccine company representatives. If you are choosing to vaccinate your birds with Coccivac-D/ Immucox at the hatchery, be sure to communicate with your feed representative to make sure anti-coccidial medication is not in the feed, as it will kill the vaccine. The Poulvac E. coli vaccine is highly recommended for producers that use free-range or free-run systems. It is applied twice; once at either the hatchery or 10 days of age and then again at 5 weeks of age. When spray vaccinating the pullets, be sure to use only distilled water or add a vaccine stabilizer to normal water. Use a coarse spray when spray vaccinating your pullets up until 10 weeks of age. A fine spray before 10 weeks of age will bring the vaccine deeper into the respiratory system and may have a negative impact on the pullet. Administered at Hatchery Marek s Vaccine Bursal Vaccine (IBDV) Coccivac-D/Immucox Poulvac E. coli (optional) Vaccinations Age Vaccine/Service Notes 10 days Newcastle/Bronchitis #1/Poulvac E. coli (if not done at hatchery) Coarse Spray 4 weeks Weigh birds 5 weeks Newcastle/Bronchitis #2/Poulvac E. coli Coarse Spray 6 weeks Weigh birds 7 weeks ILT1/ Pox and Ae2 Wing web 8 weeks Weigh birds 10 weeks Weigh birds Fine Spray 10 weeks Newcastle/Bronchitis #3 12 weeks Weigh birds 14 weeks Weigh birds 14 weeks Bronchitis #4 Killed vaccine, injection 16 weeks Weigh birds 17 weeks Draw blood samples Evaluate titres if neeeded 18 weeks Weigh birds 19 weeks Move pullets to layer barn 1Infectious laryngotracheitis; 2Fowl pox and avian encephalomyelitis Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 15

17 Pullet Coccidiosis Vaccine Management Coccidiosis is a disease that affects pullets and leads to decreased growth, feed conversion, and uniformity, as well as a temporary decrease in egg production and increased mortality. Due to these consequences, it is important to understand the management practices necessary to use coccidiosis vaccines during pullet rearing in order to successfully develop immunity in the pullet flock. Due to the variety of housing systems used in pullet barns, there are different management factors that are of importance when using coccidiosis vaccine in pullets. Vaccines do work in all housing systems, as long as there is careful management of access to fecal material as this is required for coccidiosis to cycle. Floor Reared Pullets Cage Reared Pullets In a cage reared environment, it is more difficult to ensure coccidiosis is cycling effectively. Use a long-lasting biodegradable material to cover approximately 40% of the cage floor for approximately five weeks. Materials such as thick paper plates, folded chick paper, or newspaper will help increase the access of the bird to the feces and encourage coccidiosis cycling within the flock. If the pullets are moved within the first 35 days, make sure you also move some of this biodegradable material with the pullets to continue contact with the feces. For more information and discussion about properly managing coccidiosis vaccine in your pullets, please contact your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist. Using coccidiosis vaccines in a floor reared environment is fairly simple. Because the pullets already have direct access to the feces, encouraging and managing coccidiosis cycling is as simple as paying attention to stocking densities and litter moisture. Maintaining a relative humidity between 60 and 70% in the barn is necessary to ensure there is enough moisture for the coccidiosis to cycle. Beak Trimming Beak trimming is performed to increase livability, decrease feather pulling, obtain optimum feed conversions, and discourage cannibalism. It is only recommended at one day of age and should be performed at the hatchery by using an infrared treatment of the upper and lower beak. Some alternative housing situations may require beaks to be trimmed at another time in the growing barn. Please consult your local code of practice to ensure the selected age and method is acceptable. 16 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

18 Layers Feeding Programs Production Graph Layer Feeding Program Matrix Egg Size Management Shell Quality Layer Body Weights Performance Objectives Ventilation & Lighting Space Requirements Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 17

19 New-Life Mills Layer Feeding Programs Properly designed feeding programs for layers are able to address both changing feed intake levels and nutrient requirements as a flock progresses in age and rate of production. The egg production profile is divided into five distinct phases: pre-peak, peak, post-peak, mid, and late-lay. These phases represent the diverse nutrients and demands on the bird as she performs to her genetic potential. PRE-PEAK PEAK POST-PEAK MID-LAY In the pre-peak phase, daily feed intake of less than 100 grams per hen per day are common. Hens are still immature and require a diet with the correct balance of energy, protein, and calcium to support her continuing growth and development, particularly of the reproductive system. This phase is from approximately 19 to 20 weeks of age. In peak production, hens have attained sexual maturity. Nutrient levels are designed to keep hens at a high rate of egg production, while supporting an increase in egg size. This phase is from approximately 21 to 42 weeks of age. The flock has peaked and now egg production will begin to slowly decline. Attention should be focused on managing egg size, while providing the nutrients required for maintaining a high production rate. Failure to manage egg size during this phase may lead to excessively large egg size in later phases, lower egg numbers, and a greater proportion of downgrades (cracks). This phase is from approximately 43 to 50 weeks of age. In mid-lay, efforts must be directed to maintaining persistency of lay without provoking excessive egg size and protein levels should be adjusted to match production requirements and feed intake. This phase is from approximately 51 plus weeks of age. Feeding Each Phase Carefully formulated rations are provided in the New-Life Mills XL-P for white layers and XL-Brown feeds for brown layers in order to meet the hen s unique requirements within each phase. The New-Life Mills XL-P and XL-Brown feeds include slowly solubilized large-particle limestone, or shell rock, as a portion of the base 4.3% calcium, as well as providing Hy-D as a component of the vitamin D3. Hy-D is a readily available and highly active form of vitamin D. These features ensure high availability of calcium throughout the lay cycle. Feeding strategies for laying hens are relatively straightforward. When your birds first arrive at 19 weeks, you want to achieve target feed consumption as soon as possible. The goal is to get enough feed into the bird to support increasing egg production, egg size, and body weight. Accurate records on daily feed consumption (grams per hen per day) are essential to making management decisions. The Layer Feeding programs also provide flexibility in designing feeding programs to meet high productivity and financial returns. The New-Life Mills Layer Feeding Program Matrix (pg 22) is a tool to help producers select an appropriate feed, taking into consideration phase, production rate, and feed intake. Overlap between phases allows for smooth transitions. FO EED 18 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

20 About Calcium Limestone and oyster shell have the same approximate chemical composition and contain approximately 40% calcium. Therefore, as a rule of thumb, each 10 kg of limestone (or oyster shell) per tonne of feed will add approximately 0.4% of calcium. A high-producing laying hen requires about 4.3 grams of calcium per day through peak production. If the base feed contains 4.3% calcium and the bird consumed 100 grams of feed per day, no additional limestone is necessary. Retention of coarse-particle limestone in the gizzard provides a slow, steady supply of calcium to the hen throughout the day. For this reason, all the New-Life Layer Feeds contain coarse-particle limestone as a portion of the base calcium level. This is particularly important as the hen s efficiency of calcium utilization diminishes with age. Research has shown that egg production and shell quality can be improved by providing additional calcium, as coarse-particle limestone, to high producing laying hens as they age. Factors Affecting Feed Consumption Heavier birds eat more feed, while lighter birds typically eat less. Closely monitoring feed consumption will help you manage flock body weights to meet the targets Barn temperature is an important factor to help control feed consumption. The warmer the barn, the less a bird will eat. The cooler the barn, the more the bird has to eat to maintain her energy requirements As a hen loses feathers, she will eat more feed to maintain her body temperature. Increased egg mass drives feed consumption - while a hen with lesser egg mass will tend to eat less (Egg mass = egg production x egg size) Feed energy affects consumption. Increased energy in the feed decreases consumption, lower feed energy will escalate consumption. The best economic is typically between these two extremes. Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 19

21 Balanced Nutrition for Layer Performance Layer Feeding Program Matrix Phase Pre-Peak Intake (grams) Product Name Product # Lead- In Lead- In Ration Egg Weight (grams) PRE-PEAK < 90% HD Rate Protein % weeks of age Additional Large Particle Calcium, kg* 5 Calcium %** 4.5 LATE-LAY MID-LAY POST-PEAK PEAK Peak Product Name Product # Layer 1 > 94% HD Rate Protein % weeks of age Peak Additional Large Particle Calcium, kg* Calcium %** 4.5 Product Name Product # 5 Layer 1 Layer 2 > 94% HD Rate Protein % weeks of age Additional Large Particle Calcium, kg* Calcium %** Peak Product Name Product # Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 > 94% HD Rate Protein % weeks of age Additional Large Particle Calcium, kg* Calcium %** Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

22 Layer Feeding Program Matrix FO EED Egg Weight (grams) Phase Intake (grams) Lead- In Ration Peak Product Name Layer Layer Layer Product # > 94% HD Rate Protein % weeks of age Additional Large Particle Calcium, kg* Calcium %** Post-Peak Product Name Product # Layer Layer Layer 6 Layer > 90% HD Rate Protein % weeks of age Additional Large Particle Calcium, kg* Calcium %** Mid-Lay Product Name Product # Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 > 85% HD Rate Protein % weeks of age + Additional Large Particle Calcium, kg* Calcium %** Feed intake during pullet growing, as well as throughout the laying cycle, impacts egg size. Feed intake that is too low will hold back the egg size as the pullets come into lay, while too high of a feed intake in the layer barn will overstimulate egg size, which may lead to decreased shell quality and health concerns. New-Life Mills recommends targeting a consumption of 100 to 110 grams of feed per bird per day. For additional information on strategies to encourage or control feed consumption, please contact your New-Life Mills sales representative or refer to the Pullet and Layer Management Guide. Table Footnotes: * This the amount, in kilograms per tonne, of large particle calcium to add to the feed in order to achieve the target level of calcium needed to meet requirements. All feeds have a base level of 4.3% calcium. **This is the approximate target level of calcium in % that the final ration will contain if the indicated level of additional large particle calcium is added per metric tonne (1000kg) Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 21

23 Egg Size Management The best way to maximize profitability over the lifetime of your flock is to maintain an average egg weight between 56 g to 62 g, as these eggs are classified as large eggs. This requires a high level of attention to bird management. Overfeeding protein can increase egg size too quickly, resulting in higher feed costs and lower eggs numbers. Lowering protein too quickly to control the egg size can hurt production. Control of the egg size is a very important way to optimize financial returns. Early in lay, when consumption is low and birds have just reached sexual maturity, the goal is to stimulate an increase in egg size as production increases. Pre-peak feeds are formulated to accomplish this with increased amino acids that help stimulate egg size. In addition to high quality feed, it is important to monitor water consumption and ensure your birds are being provided with adequate access to clean, fresh water. As the increased egg size response to nutritional changes is often delayed, it may be too late to make changes to egg size without hurting egg numbers once excessive egg size becomes a problem. For this reason, it is necessary to monitor egg size very closely and make changes to the feeding program before size becomes an issue. Moving feeds down in protein content, as well as careful attention to management factors (including barn temperature, feed texture, feed intake, body condition, body weights, etc), is the most effective way to ensure excessive egg size does not become an issue. New-Life Mills recommends you weigh eggs weekly, preferably at the same time and from the same place. To get a realistic trend of your egg size, use a platform scale to weigh a set number of trays at a time. For example, weigh six trays 20 minutes into packing every Wednesday. Do not weigh double yolks. Any changes made must be anticipated and planned with an understanding of the genetic potential of your flock for egg size, feed consumption, and egg numbers. Use the flock feed consumption (grams per bird per day) to determine and understand how much protein your birds are consuming. Barn type is also important in controlling egg size. A barn that can control temperature while maintaining good air quality is a great advantage. As a bird matures and loses feathers, she will consume more feed to maintain body temperature. We can offset this somewhat by increasing barn temperature, as this will lower feed consumption, which lowers protein intake and egg weight. On the other hand, decreasing barn temperatures increases feed consumption, which raises feed consumption and protein intake, as well as increasing egg weight. Egg Grading Standards Size Pee Wee Small Medium Large Extra Large Jumbo Weight (Including Shell) Less than 42 g g g g g Greater than 70 g Factors Affecting Egg Size Pullets Pullet management has a lasting impact on egg size throughout the lay cycle. A low body weight and uniformity when pullets are lit will result in low uniformity of egg weights. Additionally, being under or over target weight at lighting will have an impact on egg size. Finally, many parameters relating to lighting will impact egg size, including the intensity, type of lighting, and age at lighting. Breed All breeds have egg size expectations, which may or may not suit your layer operation. Consult your hatchery and Feed Specialist for assistance in choosing the breed appropriate for your operation. Feed Intake Feed intake during pullet growing, as well as throughout the laying cycle, impacts egg size. Feed intake that is too low will hold back the egg size as the pullets come into lay, while too high of a feed intake in the layer barn will overstimulate egg size, which may lead to decreased shell quality and health concerns. Body Weight Heavier laying hens will lay bigger eggs. Therefore, monitoring body weights throughout the flock will enable you to track your flock weights to the breed s target weights and allow you to make the correct nutritional and management decisions required to control body weight and egg size. Protein (Amino Acids) Increasing protein (amino acid) consumption will increase egg size. Decreasing protein (amino acid) consumption will slow egg size increases. Caution in making decisions on changing protein level in the feed is important as trying to lower protein too aggressively can result in lost egg production. Please ensure you are communicating with your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist when making decisions about changing protein levels. Age As a flock ages, egg size will also increase in all breeds. 22 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

24 Factors Affecting Shell Quality Nutrition Calcium Intake: Calcium supply is critical to support good shell quality. Birds require a minimum of 4.3 to 4.5 grams of calcium per day depending on age, production, body condition, skeletal integrity, and breed. If insufficient calcium is consumed, calcium for shell formation will be taken from bone reserves. In the long-term, this can lead to shell problems and cage layer fatigue. New-Life Mills Layer Feeds are formulated to give the bird the required levels of calcium in the diet. Provision of additional calcium should be discussed with your Layer Feeding Specialist. New-Life Layer Feeds also provide a mixture of particle sizes to make up the calcium component of the layer feeds. The large particle size calcium will be retained in the gizzard and contribute to longer term calcium absorption. The small particle size calcium can be quickly absorbed and utilized for egg shell production. This helps the bird maximize levels of calcium in her blood and minimize the chance of poor egg shell quality. Phosphorus Intake: Phosphorus intake must be balanced against calcium intake to maximize calcium utilization. Too little phosphorus causes problems with bone integrity, while too much phosphorus can lead to excess calcium excretion and poor uptake leading to shell problems. Available phosphorus levels are enhanced in the New-Life Feeds with phytase - an enzyme that increases phosphorus availability. Vitamin D₃: Vitamin D₃ is vital to the formation of high quality egg shells because it plays a crucial role in calcium and phosphorus uptake and bone formation. In addition to vitamin D₃, New-Life Layer Feeds are also formulated with Hy-D, which is a more available form of vitamin D₃. The combination of these two products helps the bird metabolize calcium more efficiently and results in better egg shell quality. Feed Management Timing of Feed: There are many variations and options when it comes to feeder timing. For optimum shell quality, ensure the feeders are run within two hours of lights out and make sure all birds are full before lights out. This maximizes calcium levels in the bird over the long dark period, especially if there is no midnight feeding. Due to the variation in housing styles and the impact that has on feeding times, please consult your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist for more specific recommendations. Midnight Feeding: Midnight feedings will result in improved egg shell quality and increased feed consumption. Egg shell quality is improved with midnight feedings because the calcium consumption is increased and available to the bird during the period of highest calcium demand. Egg shell formation takes place 18 to 20 hours prior to the egg being laid, during which time the bird is depositing 2 to 3 grams of calcium on to the egg. The following table shows how much the location and time required to add each component of the egg. Typically, midnight feedings are implemented as 1 to 2 hours of light inserted into the middle of the dark period in the layer barn light schedule. The dark periods should be at least 3 hours in duration and the first period of darkness should never be shorter than the second period. For example, at 15 hours of light, you are providing the birds with 9 hours of dark. Therefore, a logical time to insert an hour long midnight feeding would be 4 hours into the dark period, as this means the first light period is not longer than the second dark period, as well as ensuring the dark periods are each longer than 3 hours in duration. Light - 15 hrs Dark - 4 hrs Dark- 2 hrs Light- 1 hr Dark - 4 hrs Consult your Layer Feed Specialist for more recommendations on how to implement midnight feedings. Location in Reproductive Tract Length of Time Time of Day 1 Components Being Created Infundibulum 15 minutes 8:00 AM 8:15 AM Receives the yolk from the ovary Magnum 3 hours 8:15 AM 11:15 AM Shell membranes laid on the yolk Isthmus 1 hour 11:15 AM 12:15 PM Albumen deposited on egg Shell and pigments (brown eggs Shell Gland Approx. 21 hours 12:15 PM until egg laid only) deposited 1These time estimates are based on an egg being laid at 8 AM each morning Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 23

25 Factors Affecting Shell Quality Mechanical Damage Many eggs are lost each year due to simple mechanical damage to the shell. Egg transfers, packers, escalators, and egg saver wires should all be regularly checked for timing and adjusted and maintained as necessary. Careful handling should be used at all times and more frequent collections can help to reduce cracks in some situations. If necessary, a mechanical egg can be used to help uncover trouble spots. This mechanical egg will travel the same path an egg will take from the cage all the way through the packer and will indicate where the greatest crack potential exists. Consult regularly with your Layer Feeding Specialist and with your grading station representative to ensure that every possible measure is taken to reduce costly cracks. Heat Stress Above: Star Crack Heat stress leads to decreased shell quality, due to thinner and weaker shells. High temperatures in the barn will cause a hen to pant, leading to a change in blood gas levels, which in turn reduces the amount of calcium that the blood is able to deliver to the uterus for egg shell formation. Increasing the amount of calcium intake does not correct this, as the blood simply does not have the capacity to transfer that calcium to the uterus. Flushing waterlines, ensuring adequate, cool water is available, increasing air movement in the barn, and making nutritional adjustments will help the hen through a high temperature and humidity situation. For more specific recommendations on nutritional adjustments, consult your Layer Feed Specialist. Age The New-Life Mills Layer Feed programs are set up to optimize egg shell quality as your flock ages. Our Layer Feeding Specialists have been trained and equipped with the tools to help you maintain optimal egg shell quality. Above: Hairline Crack 24 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

26 Monitoring Layer Body Weights Maintaining a schedule of weighing laying hens, starting in the first week after transfer and every second week through peak production, is one of the keys to fine-tuning several variables in the laying cycle. Information gleaned from these services can be used to make adjustments to barn temperature, feeding times, and feed protein changes as necessary. Files kept on farm can show trends in that particular facility and improve the timeliness of decisions being made in the future. Once the flock has peaked, the key decisions being made will be driven by egg weights and grades. Feed consumption will remain reasonably constant and body weight will continue to increase slightly. Points to Remember There are many biological and environmental factors that can interact with genetics to influence growth, feed consumption, egg production, and overall performance of laying hens. Responses to improved nutrition are only achieved when such factors are not limiting performance. Factors that stimulate body weight gain in laying hens: Decreasing the barn temperature gradually by 1.5 C (3 F) Increasing the frequency of feeder run times Increasing the feed crumb size Increasing the depth of feed in the trough Good static pressure and adequate ventilation Factors that limit body weight gain in laying hens: Increasing the barn temperature gradually by up to 1.5 C (3 F) Decreasing the frequency of feeder run times Peak production Hot weather Poor ventilation Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 25

27 Performance Objectives PRE-PEAK PEAK POST-PEAK MID-LAY Feed Intake (g/ Cumulative Cumulative % Age (wks) % Lay Egg Weight (g) Body Weight (g) hen/day) Egg # Mortality Source: Bovans White Production Chart. This information is based on many actual flock results obtained under good environmental and management conditions. It is presented as a service and should be used as a guide only. This does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of performance in any way. 26 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

28 Production Graph Production Rate Mortality PRE-PEAK PEAK Egg Weight POST- PEAK MID-LAY Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 27

29 Barn Ventilation for Layers Optimize the barn environment and bird health AO IR The purpose of ventilation in layer barns is to optimize the barn environment and bird health, thereby maximizing production. This is done through removal of carbon dioxide (C02), as well as the control of humidity levels and temperatures. CO2 levels in layer barns need to be kept at 5,000 ppm or lower. Research shows that at this level there is no detrimental effect for layers. To ensure that CO2 does not exceed 5,000 ppm, a minimum ventilation rate of approximately 35,000 cfm would be required in a 100,000 bird house (0.35 cfm/bird). This ventilation rate provides nearly 100 times what is needed to supply the required level of oxygen to these birds. During cold weather, we are primarily ventilating to control moisture. In cage free barns, humidity in the barn must be controlled to reduce wet litter and caking on the barn floor; in cage barns the focus is on reducing moisture in the manure on the belts. When wet litter and caking occurs (in any barn style) there will be an increase in the ammonia level in the barn. If moisture is allowed to be absorbed in the litter, this provides a place for bacteria to grow, increasing disease pressure and compromising the bird's immune system, as well as contributing to dirty eggs. ventilation fans will be running at a slow speed or on a timer cycling on and off to remove C02 and humidity. If the ambient temperature is above the set point, additional fans will come on and speed up to try to lower the ambient temperature down to the set point. As the temperature of the barn continues to rise, the fan stages will continue to come on. We want maximum ventilation to be achieved by 4 C to 5 C (7 F to 9 F) above our set point. Misting systems and cool cells may be used to reduce temperature, and this will cool the barn by evaporation. When the air comes in contact with the water molecules, the warm air evaporates the water molecules, resulting in a decrease in air temperature due to the loss of heat during evaporation. The smaller the water droplet or more surface area of the water exposed to the air, the more air contact and evaporative cooling. On days with higher levels of humidity, there is a reduction in evaporation and a reduction in cooling of the air. It is important to note that evaporative cooling will raise the humidity. Pay close attention to your bird's behaviour. This will help indicate if there is a problem that needs to be addressed. Ventilation fans, circulation fans, and inlets are the most commonly used equipment to reduce humidity and temperature. The minimum distance between ceiling and equipment (in both aviaries and cage systems) should be at least 2 feet, so there is space to allow for air mixing, as well as the installation of small mixing fans. The air speed entering the barn from the inlet is dependent on the static pressure within the barn. The fans running create a negative pressure in the barn. Different barn designs and fan stages require different static pressures, which will change the air path in the barn. We want a low enough static pressure that the air comes in the barn far enough to mix with the warm air, then flows across the manure removing and suspending moisture in the air for the exhaust fans to remove from the barn. If there is not enough static pressure, cool air will fall and will not have enough air speed to lift and suspend moisture. Today s controls will adjust inlets and fan speeds based on humidity to maintain a desired humidity level. A good rule of thumb to follow is: at 50% RH, humidity is decreasing and at 70% RH, it is increasing. The circulation fans also play a part in ventilation, as they are used to mix air, balancing the temperature throughout the barn when we are in minimum ventilation, as well as to lift moisture from the litter and suspend that moisture in the air until the exhaust fans remove it. When we consider temperature, we must understand what the controller is trying to do. If the ambient temperature is below our set point, we are in minimum ventilation mode. Minimum Fan Diameter (inches) Average Airflow Capacity (CFM) 12" " " " " " " " Note: All temperature, fan speed, and CFM charts are guidelines for operating your barn. Collecting as much data as possible in your barn will give you the information that you need to ventilate your barn efficiently and adequately. 28 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

30 Lighting in the Layer Barn O L IGHT Lighting programs are set up to help bring your flock into maturity, achieve adequate body weight, and optimize egg production and egg size in the lay barn. Harmonizing the lighting program in the layer barn to what was done in the pullet barn is very important and this should be discussed prior to the birds moving from the pullet barn. Once you place your birds in your barn, the day length should increase 15 to 30 minutes per week until the desired hours of light are achieved for your barn and breed of bird. Making sure that the lights in the lay barn are as bright or brighter than what was in the pullet barn is important. A lesser light intensity will stall the maturity goals you are trying to achieve. A light meter is an important tool to help you know what light levels you are working with. In a light controlled barn, the intensity should be lux (1.5-3 foot candles) at housing. It is also important to know what time the lights went off in the pullet barn so that you can match that in the layer barn. The birds will be accustomed to the lights going off and anticipate the timing and will react by increasing feed and water consumption, followed by settling down in anticipation of the lights going off. The time off of the lights should never change. When the day length needs to be changed, do so by adjusting the on time of the lights. In situations where lights are pushed too early in a flock, you will get earlier eggs, but risk a lower egg weight. A later light stimulation will bring a few less eggs, but you will get a better egg size. Once a flock is established (at peak production), you can begin to gradually reduce the light intensity. This can help with bird activity, pecking, and possibly undergrades. A gradual decrease in light intensity is important, because if it is reduced too quickly the egg production will drop off. If you have fluorescent tube lights in your barn, red sleeves can gradually be put on or, if you have a dimmer, use a light meter to help gauge where to set the light intensity. In certain situations a midnight feeding (MNF) can be added early to your lighting program. MNF is when the lights come on part way through the dark period, allowing the birds to eat. The benefits to a MNF include increased feed consumption and adding calcium into the birds system as the shell is being formed on the egg. The MNF can be taken out if and when you have reached the goals you wanted without ill effect on the hens. (See page 23 for information on MNF). Communication with your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist prior to your pullets arriving in your barn and while your birds peak will help you reach the performance goals you have set. Basic Lighting Program for Standard Housing in the Layer Barn Age (weeks) Age (days) Hours of Light end of flock 15 Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 29

31 Minimum Space Requirements - Layers The Impact of Space With the evolution of domestication of livestock by humans, it has now become our responsibility to monitor and maintain their environment to minimize any stress that may be caused by the difference between their natural traits and our need for efficiency. It is important to understand the needs of a bird throughout production and ensure their surroundings meet their requirements. Cage Floor Space (Cage Layers) Layers housed in cage systems need enough space to express natural behaviours. Understanding the floor space requirements for each bird will allow the layers to express natural behaviours, as well as allowing it the freedoms of nature with the protection of a controlled environment. Bird Colour Max. Body Weight (grams) Minimum Cage Floor Space (square) Inches 2 Centimeters 2 White Brown Barn Floor Space (Free Run) Like layers housed in cage systems, birds housed on the floor also need enough space to express natural behaviours as well as enjoy the freedoms of nature within the protection of a controlled environment. Bird Colour Bird Colour Max. Body Weight (grams) Feed Trough Space Easy access to feed is one of the keys in maintaining a strong, uniform layer. Producers should know the required feed trough space per bird and use this as a tool to ensure each bird has the feed access required to support bird health and production. Max. Body Weight (grams) Minimum Barn Floor Space (square) Inches 2 Centimeters 2 White Brown Inches Centimeters White Brown Water Space As with the requirement of access to feed, the layer also needs to be able to consume an adequate amount of water to support health and production. Providing the right number of nipples or cups per cage will create a balance between the required amount of water and a fresh water supply. Bird Colour Max Body Weight (grams) Birds per Nipple or Cup White Brown *Space requirement tables are from the Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Animals - Poultry - Layers 30 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

32 Health Water Quality Standards Water Soluble Products Common Diseases Biosecurity Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 31

33 WOATER Water-The Essential Nutrient Water is an essential nutrient. It is crucial for hens to have plenty of good quality drinking water - at all times. Water provided to birds should be clear, tasteless, and free from contaminants. In addition to being a nutrient, water also softens food and carries it through the body, aids in digestion and absorption, and cools the body as it evaporates through the bird s lungs and air sacs. Water helps remove waste, lubricates joints, is a major component of blood, and is necessary medium for many chemical reactions which help form meat and eggs. Water and feed intake are linked. Limiting water access will cut feed intake and leads to reduced growth and egg production. The water: feed ratio normally ranges from 1.5:1 to 2:1, however; hot weather can increase that ratio to as high at 5:1. For example, a bird consuming 100 grams of feed per day will drink 150 to 200 ml of water per day. This is L/1000 birds/day. Monitor and record water consumption daily with a reliable water meter. A variation in water intake can indicate problems with the flock. By recording the water consumption daily, as well as checking the water nipples regularly, you can make sure that the flock has access to enough water to support optimal health and performance - water requirements can vary and depend on age, body weight, breed, and barn temperature. Poor quality water can have an impact on gut health, digestion, nutrient use, growth, and egg production. Check water quality (mineral and biological) at the source at least once per year. Assess water quality within the barn at least every four months and disinfect as necessary. Water line flushing should also be part of a regular routine to flush out any sediment in the lines and to keep the water fresh. Several water treatment options are available today. These include chlorination, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, acidification, filtration, ultra-violet, and electrical descalers. No one treatment is suitable for all applications. Consult with a water treatment expert or your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist for more information on water quality for your flock. 32 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

34 Water Quality Standards (Pullets & Layers) WOATER Criteria Concentration (ppm) Comments Total Dissolved Solids Good Satisfactory: Possible laxative effect Over 3000 Unacceptable; mortality, laxative effect, wet droppings, reduced water intake, poor growth Hardness 0-60 Soft; Water hardness on its own does not impact poultry performance Satisfactory Over 180 ph Acceptable range Over 8 Sulphates Over 125 Hard; Possible interference with effectiveness of disinfectants and medications May have bitter taste, may reduce effectiveness of water sanitizer Usually not a problem but levels greater than 50 ppm may have laxative effect if magnesium and/or chloride are high Laxative effect; may interfere with copper absorption Chloride Levels as low as 14 ppm may be a problem if sodium or sulphate are high. Over 250 May cause metabolic problems Sodium 0-50 Greater levels may be acceptable if chloride, potassium and/or sulphates are low Levels above 50 mg/l may affect performance if the sulfate or chloride level is high Over 800 Potassium 25 Over 500 Antidiuretic; source may be road run-off or water softener; consider total sodium intake in ration balance Higher levels may be acceptable depending on sodium concentration, alkalinity and ph Laxative effect Magnesium Generally not a problem, but if sulphates are high, may contribute to laxative effect Calcium Over 200 may create laxative effect 600 Maximum desired level Iron Acceptable Over 0.3 Unacceptable. Causes odour, bad taste and precipitate. May support bacterial growth. Fluoride Over 4 Unacceptable. May negatively affect egg production and bone calcification. Manganese 0.05 Maximum desired; Higher levels may be laxative Copper 0.6 Maximum desired; Higher levels may impart bitter taste to water; causes liver damage Lead 0.02 Maximum desired; Higher levels are toxic Mercury Maximum desired; Higher levels are toxic Zinc 1.5 Maximum desired; Higher levels are toxic Nitrates 25 Maximum desired Nitrate Nitrogen 6 Maximum desired; Older birds are more tolerant; Stressed or disease challenged poultry may be more sensitive Nitrites 4 Maximum desired; more toxic than Nitrate N, especially for young birds Nitrite Nitrogen 1 Maximum desired; more toxic than Nitrate N, especially for young birds Total Coliforms 15 Maximum desired Fecal Coliforms 0 Maximum desired; Levels above zero indicate fecal contamination and unfit for poultry Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 33

35 Water Soluble Products (Pullets & Layers) Product Supplier Reason for Use Rate Vet Script Withdrawal Electrolytes Plus Vetoquinol To stimulate appetite during stress caused by disease, moving, crowding or hot weather 400 grams per 750 litres 5 days no none Neo-Chlor Vetoquinol To aid in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to tetracycline and neomycin Do not use during lay 100 grams per 225 litres yes 7 days Pot-Pen Vetoquinol To reduce the symptoms associated with Necrotic Enteritis caused by Penicillin susceptible Clostridium Perfringens Use only in rearing period Do not use during lay 1 Jar per 1682 litres for 5 days yes 1 day Amprol 9.60% BAM To aid in the treatment of caecal coccidiosis in chickens 500 ml per 200 litres yes 7 days Vital Jefo A,D+E Vitamin supplement to be used when birds are off feed due to stress 100 ml per 1000 litres no none Aqua-Dee Dawe's Concentrated Vitamin "D" used to improve egg shell quality or prevent rickets in growing birds 14 ml per 484 litres no none Hy-D WS DSM Concentrated Vitamin "D" used to improve egg shell quality or prevent rickets in growing birds 100 grams per 1011 litres no none 34 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

36 Common Diseases (Pullets & Laying Hens) Avian Influenza Avian influenza is known informally as avian flu or bird flu. Bird Flu refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to the specific host. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is of greatest concern. Cage Fatigue (Calcium Depletion) Cage Fatigue results from the depletion of calcium from the bones and starts as soon as egg production begins. Its progress is minimized when birds have the correct balance of calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D. High egg production, low feed intake, disease or other stresses can lead to sudden bone loss, especially in less aggressive birds in the flock. Affected hens become unable to stand in the cages and the birds will typically die from dehydration or from suffocation when their rib cage collapses. Coccidiosis Coccodiosis is caused by a unicellular parasite, coccidiosis does not usually affect layers in cages. However, there have been more diagnoses of this problem over the last few years. Fatty Liver (Haemorrhagic Syndrome) This is a metabolic disease which occurs when excess fat is deposited in the liver of affected hens. This causes the liver to become soft and more susceptible to damage. Affected birds die suddenly when the liver ruptures, resulting in massive internal haemorrhage. The dead birds are often larger, healthy birds with high production. Coccidiosis photo provided by Dr. Mike Joyce Symptoms Sudden high mortality Decreased feed consumption, excessive thirst Respiratory distress (coughing, sneezing) Depression and ruffled feathers Sudden drop in egg production Increased mortality Birds down in cages Keel bone soft and pliable Drop in egg production Mortality increase at 22 to 24 weeks of age Mortality often starts in one row or level Evidence of bloody droppings Egg production can be affected Increased mortality Birds going out of production, but not showing signs of any sickness Treatment Consult your veterinarian immediately There is no treatment This is a reportable disease and strict biosecurity protocols must be followed Add Vitamin D3 in the water for 3-5 days Consult your veterinarian immediately Add additional large particle calcium Check daily feed consumption (as it often decreases) and adjust the feed density accordingly Consider implementing a midnight feeding Consider stacked feedings Consult your veterinarian immediately. A veterinarian diagnosis is essential as treatment can vary from doing nothing in mild cases to adding products in both feed and water in severe cases. Consult your veterinarian immediately. Add fatty liver pack to feed order for three weeks. This is a diet supplement, and although not always successful, can help birds in some cases. Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 35

37 Common Diseases (Pullets & Laying Hens) Focal Duodenal Necrosis (FDN) This intestinal disease typically appears in flocks in early lay, with the only visible sign being the production of smaller eggs. The cause of this disease is not well understood. Infectious Bronchitis Infectious bronchitis is caused by a virus and is generally well controlled by vaccination during the pullet growing phase. However, the virus is unstable and tends to mutate into new forms against which the vaccines may be less effective. This disease does not typically cause mortality in the flock, however it can impair growth and do permanent damage to the reproduction organs in the pullet phase and it causes a drastic drop in production in the laying phase. Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) ILT is caused by a virus and most outbreaks are traced back to transmission by contaminated people or equipment. The incubation period varies from 4 to 12 days. Birds are usually vaccinated for ILT with an eye-drop vaccine and control of this disease has been very good. Marek s Disease Marek s Disease is caused by a virus and is usually controlled by vaccination of day old chicks at the hatchery. Occasional outbreaks occur when the vaccine either fails or is improperly administered, or when a particularly hostile virus infects the flock. FDN & Marek's Disease photos provided by Dr. Mike Petrik Symptoms Small eggs Slight decrease in production Potential failure to peak Pale combs Treatment Sudden rise in mortality, which persists for weeks or months Decrease in flock uniformity caused by inability of affected birds to reach feed and water due to some degree of paralysis Delayed feathering Flat sided eggs Respiratory distress, which results from blockage of the trachea Depression Extreme difficulty breathing, leading to death from suffocation Drop in egg production in laying hens Mortality increase at 22 to 24 weeks of age Mortality often starts in one row or level Evidence of bloody droppings Egg production can be affected Consult your veterinarian immediately Extended in-feed administration of antibiotics until production and egg size have returned to normal Consult your veterinarian immediately Take blood samples immediately, as well as days after that to determine if the flock is recovering Adjust calcium intake to coincide with drop in feed intake Consult your veterinarian Vaccinating the flock as soon as a diagnosis is made may help as this is a slower moving disease Consult your veterinarian immediately as a professional diagnosis must be obtains No effective treatment, however steps can be taken to eliminate the virus from the premises prior to the placement of the next flock 36 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

38 Common Diseases (Pullets & Laying Hens) Newcastle Disease (ND) Northern Fowl Mites Parasites/Worms ND is caused by a virus and this virus has many strains (mild, medium and virulent or strong). Transmission is usually from spreading infected manure or nasal discharge, between farms by people or equipment, wild birds or wind. The incubation period is usually between 3 to 6 days. Birds are usually vaccinated in the pullet barn and control of this disease has been very good. Symptoms Respiratory distress (gasping, coughing) Decreased feed intake Nervous signs, such as twisted necks Decreased egg production Fowl mites are regarded as the primary and most serious parasite in poultry. They are common on wild birds and rodents. Can lead to major infestation of commercial poultry operations. The entire life cycle is spent on the host where it feeds on blood and causes major irritations. Prevention is key and it is important that all measures are taken to ensure no wild birds or rodents can enter the barn, as well as cleaning up any spilled feed which may attract insects and rodents. Reduced feed intake Weight loss Pale comb Decreased egg production Roundworms Cecal worms Hens become infected with worms by picking up worm eggs from litter, soil, or droppings. Once infected, worms have a negative effect on the hen s intestines. There are three main types of worms found in laying hens Roundworms: large, very common. White and up to 5 cm in length. Hairworms: Smaller worms. They can cause major damage, even with moderate infestations. Cecal worms: Fairly harmless worms - can host another parasite called Histomonoas meleagridis (cause of Blackhead Disease) Decreased shell quality Decreased yolk colour Drop in egg size and production Decreased body weight gains Stunted or uneven birds Increased vent pecking Vent Trauma / Cannibalism / Prolapse This condition may be caused by over-crowding and high temperature and is often exacerbated by calcium insufficiency. Increased mortality Bloody eggs Drop in production Cage Fatigue, ILT, Fowl Mites, Parasites, Vent Trauma & Fatty Liver Photos by Hy-Line International. Treatment There is no treatment for ND Consult your veterinarian Treatment options are very limited during the life of the flock Good sanitation will help control an outbreak If hens have access to outside, good drainage and rotation is required Consult with your veterinarian for possible management solutions if the percentage becomes abnormally high. Slowly decrease light intensity or install red sleeves over fluorescent tubes - Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 37

39 Disease Prevention Meets Biosecurity Good biosecurity protocols are essential to reducing the risk of poultry disease on your farm. Having good biosecurity protocols in place will help prevent the financial and emotional toll that happens during a disease outbreak. The time and economic impact a disease has on a farm can be substantial and recovering from such an event is a slow process. It is important that all producers establish and maintain their own biosecurity protocols and ensure all visitors are aware of and follow these procedures. Producers need to communicate these protocols with their industry representatives and any visitors. Understanding and maintaining good biosecurity protocols throughout the entire industry will help prevent the spread of poultry disease and ensure everyone can do their jobs effectively. For advice on effective disinfectants, please contact your New-Life Mills Feed Specialist. Points to Remember Have a gate in the farm entrance Disinfect vehicle tires before entering the driveway Have a biosecurity area in the entrance of the farm Have spare coveralls, hairnets, boots, and gloves available for visitors Wear a different pair of boots and clothes and/or coveralls in the barn Have a foot bath station Limit/minimize visitors Be sure to have visitors sign the Visitor's Log Have visitors leave disposable coveralls on farm for you to dispose of Disinfect vehicle tires when leaving the driveway Emergency Disease Response Plan To minimize the threat of infectious diseases to poultry and livestock producers and to agri-business, New-Life Mills has taken a leadership role in developing emergency disease response plans to minimize the risk and spread of infectious diseases. Components of this plan involve procedures for feed personnel visiting farms, a communication module, and clearly defined procedures for when a disease outbreak is suspected or confirmed. 38 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

40 Poultry Industry Directory Poultry Veterinarians Saskatchewan & Western Canada Dr. Jenny Fricke Poultry Extension Veterinarian University of Saskatchewan Dept. of Veterinary Pathology 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Poultry Health Services Ltd. 97 East Lake Ramp Rd. NE Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3 Phone: Fax: Ontario Animal Health Laboratory Laboratory Services University of Guelph General Inquiries Phone: Dr. Elizabeth Black Elfrida Poultry Diagnostic Services 1354 Regional Road #66 Caledonia, ON N3W 1R2 Phone: Dr. Mike Joyce, D.V.M. Dip Path., Diplomate A.C.P.V. R.R. #1 Hillsburgh, ON N0B 1Z0 Phone: Kemptville Lab 79 Shearer Street Kemptville, ON K0G 1J0 Phone: Lakeside Poultry Veterinary Services: Shahbaz Haw M.Sc. (Vet Pathology), D.V.M., Dip A.C.P.V. Unit A, 240 Graff Ave. Stratford, ON N5A 6Y2 Phone: Dr. Mike Petrik Box 1900 St Marys, ON N4X 1C2 Phone: Dr. Joanne B. Rafuse, D.V.M. Zorra Veterinary Services R.R. #2 Thamesford, ON N0M 2M0 Phone: Smith & Weisz Poultry Veterinary Services Professional Corp 519 Maltby Road West Guelph, ON N1L 1G3 Phone: Dr. Lloyd J. Weber, D.V.M.A.C.P.V. Poultry Heath Consultant 519 Malty Road West Guelph, ON N1L 1G3 Phone: Quebec Dr. Michel Desroches 260 rue Principale St.Cleophas-de-Brandon, QC J0K 2A0 Phone: Poultry Industry Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 1341 Baseline Road Ottawa, ON K1A 0C5 Phone: Toll Free: Egg Farmers of Canada 21 Florence Street Ottawa, ON K2P 0W6 Phone: Poultry Industry Council 483 Arkell Road Guelph, ON N1H 6H8 Phone: Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Egg Producers 496 Hoffer Dr. Regina, SK S4N 7A1 Phone: Fax: Chicken Farmers of Saskatchewan 224 Pacific Ave. Suite 201 Saskatoon, SK S7K 1N9 Phone: Fax: Ontario Egg Farmers of Ontario 7195 Millcreek Drive Mississauga, ON L5N 4H1 Phone: The Ontario Agri Business Association Research Lane Guelph, ON N1G 5B2 Phone: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 1 Stone Road West Guelph, ON N1G 4Y2 Phone: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca Quebec Fédération des producteurs d'oeufs du Québec Maison de l'upa 555 boul. Roland-Therrien, bureau 320 Longueuil, QC J4H 4E7 Phone: Fax: Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited Pullet & Layer Management Guide 39

41 Notes 40 Pullet & Layer Management Guide Copyright 2016 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

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