Action Plan for North America. Sustainable Trade in Parrots

Transcription

1 Actio Pla for North America Sustaiable Trade i Parrots Sustaiablefor Trade i Parrots:Cooperatio Actio Pla for North America Commissio Evirometal a

2 Please cite as: CEC Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America. Motreal, Caada: Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio. 52 pp. This report was prepared by Sarah Busch ad Erest W.T. Cooper, of E. Cooper Evirometal Cosultig, for the Secretariat of the Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio (CEC). The iformatio cotaied herei is the resposibility of the authors ad does ot ecessarily reflect the views of the govermets of Caada, Mexico or the Uited States of America. Reproductio of this documet i whole or i part ad i ay form for educatioal or o-profit purposes may be made without special permissio from the CEC Secretariat, provided ackowledgmet of the source is made. The CEC would appreciate receivig a copy of ay publicatio or material that uses this documet as a source. Except where otherwise oted, this work is protected uder a Creative Commos Attributio Nocommercial NoDerivative Works Licese. Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio, 2017 Publicatio Details Publicatio type: Project Publicatio Publicatio date: May 2017 Origial laguage: Eglish Review ad quality assurace procedures: Fial Party review: April 2017 QA286 Project: /Stregtheig coservatio ad sustaiable productio of selected CITES Appedix II species i North America ISBN: (e-versio); (prit) Dispoible e fraçais (sommaire de rapport) ISBN: (e-versio) Dispoible e español ISBN: (e-versio); (prit) Legal deposit Bibliothèque et Archives atioales du Québec, 2017 Legal deposit Library ad Archives Caada, 2017 Cover photo: Brow-hooded parrot (Pyrilia haematotis) by Tim Zurowski For more iformatio: Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio 393, rue St-Jacques Ouest, bureau 200 Motreal (Quebec) H2Y 1N9 Caada t f ifo@cec.org /

3 Actio Pla for North America Sustaiable Trade i Parrots

4 Nelso de Witt Orage-chied parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) ii Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

5 Table of Cotets List of Abbreviatios ad Acroyms Glossary of Terms Abstract Executive Summary iv v vii viii Backgroud 1 Overview of the Priority Parrot Species 2 North America Govermet Authorities ad Legislatio 3 Trade i Priority Parrots 7 Challeges to CITES Implemetatio 10 Priority Parrot Species 13 Amazoa albifros 14 Amazoa autumalis 15 Amazoa xatholora 16 Bolborhychus lieola 17 Brotogeris jugularis 18 Eupsittula caicularis 19 Forpus cyaopygius 21 Pious seilis 22 Psittacara holochlorus 23 Pyrilia haematotis 24 Recommeded Actios 25 Ackowledgmets 28 Bibliography 29 Persoal Commuicatios 34 Appedix A: Categories of Risk 35

6 List of Abbreviatios ad Acroyms CBSA CEC CFIA CITES Coabio Coap DGVS DNA ECCC ESA EU IUCN LGVS NAWEG NDF NOM-059 PEP Profepa Semarat SUMA UMA UNEP-WCMC US USDA-APHIS USFWS WAPPRIITA WAPTR WBCA WED Caada Border Services Agecy Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio Caadia Food Ispectio Agecy Covetio o Iteratioal Trade i Edagered Species of Wild Faua ad Flora Comisió Nacioal para el Coocimieto y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Natioal Commissio for the Kowledge ad Use of Biodiversity) Comisió Nacioal de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (Natioal Commissio of Natural Protected Areas; Mexico) Direccio Geeral de Vida Silvestre (Geeral Directorate for Wildlife; Mexico) deoxyriboucleic acid Eviromet ad Climate Chage Caada (formerly Eviromet Caada) Edagered Species Act (Uited States) Europea Uio Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature Ley Geeral de Vida Silvestre (Geeral Law of Wildlife; Mexico) North America Wildlife Eforcemet Workig Group o-detrimet fidig Official Mexica Stadard NOM059-SEMARNAT-2010 (Mexico) Program de Especies Prioritarias (Priority Species Program Mexico) Procuraduría Federal de Protecció al Ambiete (Office of the Federal Attorey for Evirometal Protectio; Mexico) Secretaría de Medio Ambiete y Recursos Naturales (Secretariat of Eviromet ad Natural Resources, Mexico) Sistema Nacioal de Uidades de Maejo para la Coservació de la Vida Silvestre (Natioal System of Maagemet Uits for the Coservatio of Wildlife; Mexico) Uidades de Maejo y Aprovechamieto Sustetable de Vida Silvestre (Uits for Maagemet ad Sustaiable Exploitatio of Wildlife; Mexico) Uited Natios Eviromet Programme World Coservatio Moitorig Cetre Uited States of America Uited States Departmet of Agriculture, Aimal ad Plat Health Ispectio Service Uited States Fish ad Wildlife Service Wild Aimal ad Plat Protectio ad Regulatio of Iteratioal ad Iterprovicial Trade Act (Caada) Wild Aimal ad Plat Trade Regulatios (Caada) Wild Bird Coservatio Act (of 1992) (Uited States) Wildlife Eforcemet Directorate (of ECCC) iv Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

7 Glossary of Terms The followig defiitios were adapted from Merriam-Webster (2016), Oxford Eglish Dictioary (2016), Peterso (1961), ad USFWS (2015a), with assistace from Jorda ad Reuter (i litt.). Alula Axilla Axillaries Barrig Breast Cere Cheeks Coverts Crow Ear coverts Eye rig Forecrow Forehead Foreeck Frotal bad Hidcrow Lore Lower madible Nape Plumage Primaries Primary coverts Rump Secodaries Secodary coverts Udertail coverts Uderwig-coverts Upper madible Uppertail coverts Upper wig-coverts The group of feathers growig o the first digit (thumb) of a bird s wig. The armpit of a bird. The feathers i the axilla that fill the space betwee the flight feathers ad body of a bird. Bads of pigmet o a bird s feathers. The frot of a bird s body betwee the eck ad abdome; the chest. Featherless patch of ski where the beak attaches to the head. The sides of a bird s face, betwee the eye ad the jaw. Ay of the feathers coverig the bases of a bird s mai flight or tail feathers. The topmost part of a bird s head. A patch of small feathers, ofte of a distictive color, coverig a bird s ear. A distict rig aroud a bird s eye that may be colored feathers that cotrast with adjacet plumage, or a circular patch of bare ski. The frot of a bird s head, above the eyes. See forecrow. The frot of a bird s eck; the throat. The feathers immediately above a bird s cere. The back of a bird s head, above the ape ad behid the crow. The space betwee a bird s eye ad the upper madible. The lower half of a bird s bill. The back of a bird s head. The feathers of a bird. The logest ad arrowest of a bird s flight feathers; the outer flight feathers. The covert feathers that cover the bases of a bird s primary flight or tail feathers. The sacral or dorsal part of the posterior ed of a bird. The shorter ad broader flight feathers of a bird; the ier flight feathers. The covert feathers that cover the bases of a bird s secodary flight feathers. The covert feathers that cover the base of a bird s tail feathers, uder the tail. The covert feathers located o the uderside of a bird s wig. The upper half of a bird s bill. The covert feathers that cover the base of a bird s tail feathers, above the tail. The covert feathers located o the upper side of a bird s wig. Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America v

8 Figure 1. Basic aatomy of a parrot Margial coverts Scapulars Secodary coverts Secodaries Primaries Tail Crow Eye rig Cheek Nape Breast Primary coverts Lore Forecrow Cere Upper madible Lower madible Chi Foreeck Throat Mikael Damkier Note: Side view of a live adult specime of Amazoa autumalis. Figure 2. Arragemet of feathers o a parrot s wig Primary coverts Secodary coverts Alula Margial coverts Scapulars Head Primaries Secodaries Tail Note: Geeralized illustratio of differet feathers o the upper side of a parrots wig (courtesy of Erie Cooper, 2016). The colors used are meat to distiguish the differet feather groups ad do ot represet ay particular species of bird. vi Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

9 Abstract This documet is oe of a set of five actio plas that were prepared as part of a project by the Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio (CEC) to promote legal, sustaiable ad traceable trade i selected North America species that are listed i Appedix II of the Covetio o Iteratioal Trade i Edagered Species of Wild Faua ad Flora (CITES). The five actio plas were produced uder the guidace of the CITES Authorities of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States. Eleve parrot species, from seve geera, were origially selected for this project. However, a taxoomic review foud that two of the selected species had bee reamed ad were ow cosidered to be the same species. The te species thus remaiig were desigated priority parrot species ad are the subject of this actio pla. Iformatio was compiled for the species as a group, icludig the impact of trade o coservatio ad livelihoods; makig CITES o-detrimet fidigs (NDFs); ad species-idetificatio challeges for CITES eforcemet. The te species were also assessed as to their distributio, coservatio status, trade ad commercial value. A total of 19 recommeded actios are proposed, to: improve cooperatio amog North America stakeholders; review govermet policies o captive breedig ad trade; promote i-situ coservatio; reduce the threat of itroduced species; ad build eforcemet capacity. These actios were developed based o the iformatio compiled for this documet ad from cosultatio with stakeholders. Cosultatio icluded a stakeholder workshop held o October 2016 i Mexico City. Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America vii

10 Executive Summary This actio pla presets 19 recommeded actios for promotig sustaiable trade i the priority parrot species ad provides a overview of their distributio, coservatio status, trade, ad iformatio relevat to their maagemet. These actios focus o improvig cooperatio amog North America stakeholders; developig ad implemetig policies that promote captive-breedig ad sustaiable trade; icreasig isitu coservatio efforts for wild populatios; reducig the threat of ivasive species i Mexico; ad buildig eforcemet capacity. The iformatio foud i this actio pla was compiled via literature review, data aalysis ad cosultatio with experts ad stakeholders from Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States. A stakeholder workshop was held i Mexico City o October This actio pla is oe of a set of five actio plas that were prepared as part of a project by the Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio (CEC) to promote legal, sustaiable ad traceable trade i selected North America species that are listed i Appedix II of the Covetio o Iteratioal Trade i Edagered Species of Wild Faua ad Flora (CITES). The five actio plas were produced uder the guidace of the CITES Authorities of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States. Priority Species Te priority parrot species were selected for this project. These species are ative to Mexico, with oe species (Psittacara holochlorus) possibly ragig ito souther Texas i the Uited States. Noe of these species aturally occurs i Caada. The North America trade i parrots almost exclusively ivolves live birds as pets. Oe of the priority parrot species (Forpus cyaopygius) has bee assessed by the Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature (IUCN) as Near Threateed. The other ie species have bee assessed as Least Cocer. I Mexico, five of the priority parrot species (Amazoa xatholora, Bolborhychus lieola, Brotogeris jugularis, Pious seilis, ad Psittacara holochlorus) are cosidered Threateed; three (Amazoa albifros, Eupsittula caicularis ad Forpus cyaopygius) are Subject to Special Protectio; ad oe species (Pyrilia haematotis) ad oe subspecies (F.c. isularis) are cosidered Edagered. viii Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

11 Maagemet ad Coservatio Overview I Caada, the importatio of parrots must meet the requiremets of the Covetio o Iteratioal Trade i Edagered Species of Wild Faua ad Flora (CITES) i additio to the restrictios imposed uder the Health of Aimals Act. Caada allows commercial imports of live parrots from few coutries; commercial imports are ot permitted from Mexico but are allowed from the Uited States. Pet parrots may be imported ito Caada if they are travellig with their owers, ad if the import requiremets set by the Health of Aimals Act are met. I the Uited States, the importatio of parrots is restricted by the Edagered Species Act (ESA), which implemets CITES, ad the Wild Bird Coservatio Act (WBCA). The WBCA has sigificatly reduced the umber of wild parrots (ad other birds) imported ito the Uited States. Most imported birds are ow either captive-bred or exempted species. The importatio of parrots ito the Uited States is also regulated by the Uited States Departmet of Agriculture s Aimal ad Plat Health Ispectio Service (USDA-APHIS). I Mexico, Article 60 Bis 2 of the Geeral Law of Wildlife (Ley Geeral de Vida Silvestre LGVS) specifically prohibits the take, import, export or sale of ative species of parrots i the family Psittacidae. Exceptios ca oly be made by certified academic istitutios, for coservatio or scietific research purposes. Despite the prohibitio o collectig, breedig or tradig ative parrots, illegal take ad trade apparetly cotiues i Mexico. Surveys have foud that parrots were abset from regios alog the Pacific coast of Mexico that cotaied suitable forest, suggestig that the absece was due to capture of birds for trade rather tha habitat loss. Breeders suggest that if idividuals could legally breed Mexica parrots ad sell the offsprig, it would reduce the illegal collectio of wild specimes. Trade Overview The Mexica domestic market demad for pet birds is curretly met with exotic species. Because of birds escapig or beig released from captivity, ivasive o-ative parrot species such as Myiopsitta moachus have become established i Mexico ad are likely to cause ecological problems by competig with ative species. Oe US parrot breeder opied that the the Uited States Fish ad Wildlife Service (USFWS) permit system presets a sigificat challege to US breeders ad exporters. Some breeders feel that iteratioal sales are lost to breeders i coutries that ca acquire permits more quickly. Oe breeder from Caada suggested that the import restrictios imposed uder the Health of Aimals Act were too oerous. The breeder recommeded a review of the curret policy, to fid ways to simplify the importatio process while maitaiig strict cotrol of disease trasmissio. Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America ix

12 Recommeded Actios The followig table provides a summary of the actios recommeded for promotig the coservatio of priority parrot species i Mexico, ad their legal, sustaiable trade throughout North America. Completio of the recommeded actios is subject to available fudig. No. Goals 1 Esure that progress o the recommedatios i this actio pla is reported ad measurable. 2 Support collaborative North America efforts directed at promotig sustaiable, traceable trade ad coservatio of priority CITES Appedix II species. 3 Review ad amed existig Mexica policy o the possessio, breedig ad trade of parrots. 4 Support the coservatio of ative Mexica parrots through collaborative ad cooperative projects by academia, govermet, private breeders ad ogovermetal orgaizatios. 5 Promote the i-situ coservatio of wild parrot populatios i Mexico Actios Measurig progress: The govermets of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States should develop ad implemet a process for trackig ad reportig o efforts to fulfill the recommedatios of this actio pla, such as a dedicated website or other method. (a) Triatioal collaboratio: The govermets of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States should support ad moitor collaborative efforts to promote sustaiable, traceable trade ad coservatio of ative species deemed to be of priority cocer, icludig CITES Appedix II parrots. (b) Fudig strategy: The govermets of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States (to the extet possible, ad i cosideratio of domestic priorities) should develop a log-term strategy for fudig this actio pla, emphasizig realizatio of the high-priority actios. (a) LGVS review: The Govermet of Mexico should hire a cotractor to: review the impact of Article 60 bis 2 of the LGVS, ad the associated regulatios o parrot coservatio ad livelihoods; evaluate possible restrictios o the import of potetially ivasive exotic parrot species; ad provide recommedatios for regulatios pertaiig to captive breedig operatios. (b) LGVS amedmet: The Govermet of Mexico should cosider amedig Article 60 bis 2 of the LGVS, so as to remove the prohibitio o breedig, ad domestic ad iteratioal trade of ative parrot species. (c) Captive-breedig policy: If the legal restrictio o breedig ative parrot species is ameded, ad captive breedig of ative parrots is permitted, the govermet of Mexico, i collaboratio with academia, ogovermetal orgaizatios, ad private breeders, should develop ad implemet regulatios ad procedures to prevet wild-caught birds from beig laudered through breedig facilities. Aual Mexica workshop: The Govermet of Mexico, i collaboratio with the CEC, private breeders, academia ad ogovermetal orgaizatios, should host a aual workshop that brigs together experts to: share iformatio about Mexica parrot coservatio; establish research ad maagemet goals; establish ad revise a priority species list; ad develop or revise policy for securig parrot coservatio. (a) Eradicatio program: The Govermet of Mexico, i collaboratio with private breeders, academia ad ogovermetal orgaizatios, should review ad evaluate the risks ad beefits of a eradicatio program for itroduced parrot species, or develop alterative strategies for maagig the impact of ivasive parrot species. (b) Commuity-based coservatio: The Govermet of Mexico, i collaboratio with academia ad ogovermetal orgaizatios, should evaluate the potetial for commuity-based efforts to coserve ative parrot species ad create livelihoods through developmet of ecotourism lodges i regios with rich parrot diversity, ad should promote other complemetary o-extractive activities such as hikig, sport fishig, bird-watchig ad wildlife-viewig. (c) Public awareess program: The Govermet of Mexico, i collaboratio with academia, ogovermetal orgaizatios ad private breeders, should develop ad istitute a comprehesive public educatio program to reduce the illegal collectio of ative parrot species. x Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

13 No. Goals 6 Reduce the threat of itroduced ivasive parrot species i Mexico. Actios (a) Regulatig parrot imports: The Govermet of Mexico should cosider eactig regulatios to restrict the import of potetially ivasive o-ative parrot species. (b) Captive breedig ad release: The Govermet of Mexico, i collaboratio with academia, ogovermetal orgaizatios ad private breeders, should review the status of ad threats to ative Mexica parrots; the maagemet of trade ad eforcemet; ad the availability of critical habitat; i order to assess the risks ad beefits of a captive breedig ad release program to icrease wild populatios. (c) Captive release policy: If captive breedig ad release of ative parrot species is determied to be a viable coservatio strategy, the Govermet of Mexico, i collaboratio with academia, ogovermetal orgaizatios ad private breeders, should develop policy ad procedures to esure geetic compatibility, disease-free status, ad survival prospects of captive-bred parrots released to the wild. 7 Review existig Caadia regulatios ad policy for importig parrots. (a) Caadia regulatory review: The Govermet of Caada should review of the Health of Aimals Act i order to better uderstad import of parrots withi the cotext of all imports from the USA ad Mexico ad to determie if there are optios to facilitate the commercial import of parrots from Mexico. 8 Provide eforcemet officers with the iformatio ad resources ecessary to idetify parrot species ad eforce the laws that regulate parrot trade. (a) Parrot trade workshop: The govermets of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States, via the CEC, should hold a triatioal workshop o the trade i parrots, brigig together experts ad eforcemet staff from Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States to: provide hadlig ad idetificatio traiig, build liks betwee differet North America eforcemet authorities, ad stimulate collaborative eforcemet actios to combat traffickig. (b) Digital idetificatio guide: The govermets of Caada ad the Uited States, via the CEC, should support traslatio of the Mexica digital idetificatio guide for commoly traded CITES species, ito Eglish ad Frech. (c) Icreased eforcemet effort: The govermet of Mexico should icrease fudig ad prioritize eforcemet activities to protect wild parrot populatios ad prevet illegal collectio ad trade of ative parrot species. 9 Review existig US policy for importig ad exportig parrots. (a) US CITES permit process: The USFWS should review the policy ad procedures for processig CITES permit applicatios for exportig captive-bred parrots, with the goal of streamliig the process ad reducig the waitig time for obtaiig permits. (b) Foreig captive-breedig facilities rules: The US govermet should fialize ad publish the rules for foreig breeders to qualify as captive-breedig facilities as defied by the WBCA. Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America xi

14 Tim Zurowski Brow-hooded parrot (Pyrilia haematotis) xii Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

15 Backgroud I 2015, the govermets of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States iitiated a collaborative project through the Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio (CEC) to stregthe the coservatio ad sustaiable trade of 56 North America taxa that are icluded i Appedix II of the Covetio o Iteratioal Trade i Edagered Species of Wild Faua ad Flora (CITES). The project, aliged with the CEC strategic priority o sustaiable cosumptio ad productio, aims to provide guidace i the form of five actio plas for reducig illegal ad/ or usustaiable harvest ad trade; improvig biological kowledge to allow sciece-based maagemet decisios; ad promotig traceability, species coservatio, ad livelihoods of stakeholders, throughout trade. CITES came ito force i 1975 ad calls o the cooperatio of the sigatory coutries to esure that iteratioal trade does ot threate vulerable specimes of wild aimals ad plats with extictio, ad that trade is regulated ad maitaied at sustaiable levels. To implemet CITES, each Party to the Covetio must desigate oe or more Maagemet Authorities i charge of admiisterig the permittig system, ad oe or more Scietific Authorities to advise them o the effects of trade o the coservatio of species. Appedix II of CITES icludes more tha 34,000 species for which iteratioal trade is regulated to avoid over-exploitatio ad esure their survival. Process for Developig this Actio Pla The iitial step i developig this actio pla was a review of North America species listed i Appedix II of CITES by the CEC project s Steerig Committee, comprisig CITES Authorities of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States. I total, 55 species ad oe geus were selected as priority species for the project. These species were selected because they are all ative to North Orage-chied parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) America ad traded by more tha oe of the three North America coutries. Furthermore, the Steerig Committee determied that regioal iformatio exchage ad collaboratio would facilitate species coservatio, CITES implemetatio, ad trade legality, traceability ad sustaiability. These 56 taxa were orgaized ito five groups: parrots, sharks, taratulas, timber species (specific cacti ad tropical hardwoods), ad turtles ad tortoises. The, a comprehesive review of the 56 taxa was developed to compile iformatio o each species coservatio status, trade dyamics ad commercial value. I additio, sustaiable-use practices were documeted, as was the impact of the species trade o coservatio, ad the iformatio eeded for completig CITES o-detrimet fidigs (NDFs). 1 Species-idetificatio challeges for CITES eforcemet were reviewed ad opportuities for promotig sustaiable trade ad coservatio were discussed. O October 2016, a stakeholder cosultatio was held i Mexico City to gather iformatio ad recommedatios for actios to promote sustaiable trade ad Alexader Schimmeck 1. Articles III ad IV of the Covetio text state that export permits for species listed i Appedices I ad II may oly be issued after the Scietific Authority of the exportig coutry has cocluded that the export will ot be detrimetal to the survival of the species. Such a result from the evaluatio process is kow as a odetrimet fidig. Resolutio Coferece 10.3 outlies the role of the Scietific Authority, ad Resolutio Coferece 16.7 provides recommedatios for the process of makig o-detrimet fidigs (CITES 1973, 1997a, 2013). Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 1

16 coservatio of the priority parrot species. This documet draws o the iformatio from the comprehesive review, the stakeholder cosultatio, ad cosultatios with CITES Authorities of Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States. This actio pla icludes iformatio o te priority parrot species. The iformatio was compiled for the species as a group, icludig the impact of trade o coservatio ad livelihoods; makig NDFs; ad idetificatio challeges for CITES eforcemet. Iformatio o the distributio, coservatio status, trade ad commercial pricig of the te species was also collected. A total of 19 recommeded actios are proposed to: improve cooperatio amog North America stakeholders; review govermet policies o captive-breedig ad trade; promote i-situ coservatio; reduce the threat of itroduced species; ad build eforcemet capacity. These actios were developed based o the iformatio compiled for this documet ad from cosultatio with stakeholders. Overview of the Priority Parrot Species Parrots (Family Psittacidae) comprise early 400 species of birds distributed across every cotiet except Atarctica (IUCN 2016; World Parrot Trust 2016i). Parrots are reowed for their attractive colors ad ability to imitate huma speech, which has made them popular i may cultures across the world. The aciet Greeks ad Romas were kow to keep parrots i captivity, ad it was a widespread practice amog the Idigeous peoples of Mexico to rear parrots i captivity to obtai their feathers for ceremoial purposes (Syder et al. 2000). Parrots cotiue to be popular i the bird trade. this report as beig for P. holochlorus. As well, Pioopsitta haematotis ad Aratiga caicularis are ow cosidered syoyms of Pyrilia haematotis ad Eupsittula caicularis, respectively. The ames Pyrilia haematotis ad Eupsittula caicularis are, therefore, used i this report. Detailed species accouts, icludig iformatio o appearace, distributio, coservatio status, ad trade, are provided i the Priority Parrot Species sectio. Parrots are oe of the most edagered groups of birds i the world (Syder et al. 2000). Approximately 28% of parrots (111 of 398) are listed i the Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature (IUCN) Red List Idex as Threateed (Olah et al. 2016). Withi Mexico there are 22 species of parrots, of which 5 are edemic (Avibase 2016a). Eleve priority parrot species from seve geera were origially selected for this project, icludig three species of Aratiga. However, Aratiga streua is ow cosidered syoymous with Psittacara holochlorus (BirdLife Iteratioal 2014b), leavig the project with 10 parrot species. Psittacara holochlorus is the ew ame for the species Aratiga holochlora. Therefore, iformatio gathered about A. holochlora ad/or A. streua has bee recorded i Red-lored Amazo (Amazoa autumalis) Odrej Prosicky 2 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

17 North America Govermet Authorities ad Legislatio This sectio provides a short overview of the atioal laws ad regulatios that are specifically refereced i this documet; alog with a review of the govermet agecies or departmets that are charged with their implemetatio. Caada Eviromet ad Climate Chage Caada (ECCC) is the lead federal departmet for implemetig CITES i Caada icludig issuig permits, makig o-detrimet (ad other) fidigs, ad eforcemet. Border eforcemet of CITES is the resposibility of the Wildlife Eforcemet Directorate (WED) of ECCC, uder the authority of the Wild Aimal ad Plat Protectio ad Regulatio of Iteratioal ad Iterprovicial Trade Act (WAPPRIITA) ad the Wild Aimal ad Plat Trade Regulatios (WAPTR). WED works i collaboratio with the Caada Border Services Agecy (CBSA). The purpose of WAPPRIITA is to protect species of aimals ad plats by implemetig CITES ad regulatig the species iteratioal ad iterprovicial trade, resposibilities which iclude the followig (Caada 1992): The importatio of parrots is also regulated uder the Health of Aimals Act ad the Health of Aimals Regulatios, which are implemeted by the Caadia Food Ispectio Agecy (CFIA) (Caada 1990). The purpose of the Health of Aimals Act is to cotrol diseases ad toxic substaces that may affect aimals ad/or be trasmitted from aimals to humas. The Health of Aimals Act prohibits the importatio of aimals (or aythig else) ito Caada, as ecessary, to prevet diseases or toxic substaces from beig itroduced ito, or spread withi the coutry (Caada 1990; CFIA 2011). The Health of Aimals Regulatios implemet the Health of Aimals Act (Caada 2015; CFIA 2011). Mexico The Secretariat of Eviromet ad Natural Resources (Secretaría de Medio Ambiete y Recursos Naturales Semarat) is resposible for protectig, restorig, ad coservig the ecosystems, atural resources ad assets of Mexico; it is also resposible for promotig sustaiable developmet. Semarat is ultimately resposible for coservig ative species ad for implemetig CITES (Reuter, i litt.; Semarat 2017). Prohibitio of the import ad export of CITES specimes except with a permit or where permitted by the regulatios. Prohibitio of the importatio of a aimal or plat that was take i cotravetio of ay foreig law. Prohibitio of the possessio of specimes which have bee imported i cotravetio of the legislatio. WAPTR provides specific defiitios, iterpretatios ad exceptios that are ecessary for implemetig WAPPRIITA (Eviromet Caada 2003). The species of aimals ad plats that are listed i the Appedices of CITES are compiled i Schedule 1 of WAPTR (Caada 1996). Schedule 1 must be ameded after ay chage to the CITES Appedices i order for the provisios of WAPPRIITA to apply to the chage. Semarat meets its madate through the activities of a umber of sub-etities withi the Secretariat, icludig the followig (Reuter, i litt.): The Geeral Directorate for Wildlife (Direccio Geeral de Vida Silvestre DGVS). The Natioal Commissio for the Kowledge ad Use of Biodiversity (Comisió Nacioal para el Coocimieto y Uso de la Biodiversidad Coabio). The Office of the Federal Attorey for Evirometal Protectio (Procuraduría Federal de Protecció al Ambiete Profepa). The Natioal Commissio of Natural Protected Areas (Comisió Nacioal de Áreas Naturales Protegidas Coap). Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 3

18 DGVS is resposible for the maagemet of wildlife i the coutry ad the implemetatio of the Geeral Law of Wildlife (Ley Geeral de Vida Silvestre LGVS). I additio, DGVS acts as the CITES Maagemet Authority i Mexico ad is resposible for issuig permits, keepig records ad liaisig with the CITES Secretariat. DGVS also maages the Natioal System of Maagemet Uits for the Coservatio of Wildlife (Sistema Nacioal de Uidades de Maejo para la Coservació de la Vida Silvestre SUMA), which icludes the approval of plas for the Uits for Maagemet ad Sustaiable Exploitatio of Wildlife (Uidades de Maejo y Aprovechamieto Sustetable de Vida Silvestre UMA). The purposes of UMA are the restoratio, protectio, maiteace, recovery, reproductio, repopulatio, reitroductio, ad rehabilitatio of wildlife; its sustaiable use, recreatioal use ad exhibitio; ad evirometal educatio of the public (DOF 2000). Furthermore, DGVS ca authorize the release of wildlife back ito the wild, whe appropriate (Camarea Osoro, ad Reuter, i litt.). Coabio is resposible for promotig, coordiatig, supportig ad implemetig activities to improve the kowledge of biological diversity, its coservatio ad its sustaiable use. Coabio serves as the CITES Scietific Authority i Mexico ad is resposible for o-detrimet fidigs (NDFs) (Camarea Osoro, ad Reuter, i litt.). Profepa is a decetralized admiistrative body of Semarat that has techical ad operatioal autoomy. Profepa was created to respod to ad cotrol evirometal deterioratio. Oe of its primary tasks is to eforce compliace with evirometal regulatios. Profepa is resposible for eforcig CITES i Mexico, uder the authority of the LGVS (Camarea Osoro, ad Reuter, i litt.). Coap is resposible for coservig species cosidered at risk uder its Priority Species Program (Program de Especies Prioritarias PEP) (Reuter, i litt.), ad for maagig 176 federally protected atural areas icludig atioal parks, biosphere reserves, ature sactuaries ad atural moumets (Semarat 2012). The LGVS regulates the sustaiable use, coservatio ad maagemet of ative wild aimals ad plats. It regulates the protectio of species or populatios that are at risk, icludig both terrestrial ad aquatic species (DOF 2000; Lider ad Kapla 1952; Mexico 2016). The LGVS establishes the atioal policy for wildlife protectio ad sustaiable use, via the SUMA program ad the Official Mexica Stadard NOM059-SEMARNAT-2010 (NOM- 059) o Mexica species at risk (see below). I additio, the LGVS regulates the creatio of UMAs. Article 55 of the LGVS implemets CITES i Mexico. The LGVS also icludes some provisios that are stricter tha is required by the Covetio. Article 60 Bis 2 of the LGVS specifically prohibits the take, import, export or sale of ative species of parrots i the family Psittacidae. Exceptios ca oly be made for coservatio or scietific research purposes by certified academic istitutios (DOF 2000). The Regulatios of the LGVS (Reglameto de la Ley Geeral de Vida Silvestre RLGVS) eable ad implemet the LGVS ad provide the essetial requiremets for the itegratio of SUMA ad the iclusio, establishmet, maagemet ad operatio of the UMAs (DOF 2014). NOM-059 is the referece istrumet of the LGVS. It defies the criteria that must be met for a species to be cosidered at risk, provides the criteria for reviewig the coservatio status of ative Mexica terrestrial ad aquatic species of aimals ad plats, ad categorizes those species that require special protectio (DOF 2010). The exploitatio of NOM-059 species is allowed oly uder a UMA framework, ad hece a maagemet pla approved by DGVS (Camarea Osoro, i litt.). NOM-059 establishes four risk categories: Probably Extict (i the wild), Edagered, Threateed, ad Subject to Special Protectio (DOF 2010). These categories are defied i Appedix A of this report. 4 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

19 The Uited States The US Fish ad Wildlife Service (USFWS) is resposible for implemetig the provisios of CITES icludig permit issuace, makig NDFs ad other fidigs, ad eforcemet. The Uited States implemets CITES via sectio 8A of the Edagered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) (USA 1973). The goal of the ESA is to coserve edagered or threateed species throughout all (or a sigificat portio) of their rage. This icludes the coservatio of the ecosystems o which these species deped (NOAA 2015). Uder the ESA, species listed as Edagered (with limited exceptios) may ot be imported or exported, possessed, sold or trasported. They may ot be take withi the Uited States or o the high seas (USA 1973). Geerally, these same prohibitios ad exceptios also apply to species listed as Threateed. However, for some species desigated as Threateed, a special rule may be implemeted which provides prohibitios ad exceptios that are tailored to the coservatio eeds of the particular species (USA 1971). Not all CITES-listed species are also ESAlisted, ad ot all ESA-listed species are afforded protectio uder CITES. All fish or wildlife that are imported ito or exported from the Uited States must be declared to the USFWS via a special form (USFWS FORM 3-177). 2 I additio, wildlife may ormally oly be imported or exported through specifically desigated ports (USFWS 2016b). Failure to comply with these requiremets is a violatio of the ESA ad its implemetig regulatios. I 1992, the Uited States eacted the Wild Bird Coservatio Act (WBCA). The purpose of the WBCA is to reduce the impact of iteratioal trade o the coservatio of exotic species of birds. WBCA applies to all parrot species that are listed i the CITES Appedices. Permits may be issued to import birds for scietific research, zoological breedig or display; iclusio i approved cooperative breedig programs; or as persoal pets. Permits are ot required for the import of some approved captive-bred birds. Wild-caught birds may also be imported if they are take accordig to approved sustaiable use maagemet plas (USA 1992; USFWS 2016c). I additio to the ESA ad WBCA, the Lacey Act makes it illegal to import, export, trasport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase, i iterstate or foreig commerce, ay fish or wildlife that was take, possessed, trasported, or sold i violatio of ay foreig law. The Lacey Act also prohibits the import, export, trasport, sale, receipt, acquisitio or purchase, i iterstate or foreig commerce, of ay plat take, possessed, trasported or sold i violatio of ay foreig law that protects plats or that regulates certai activities associated with those plats (Corell 2017). Importig parrots ito the Uited States that were take or exported i violatio of a foreig law would be a violatio of the Lacey Act (USA 1900, 1981; USFWS 2015b). The importatio of parrots ito the Uited States is also regulated by the Uited States Departmet of Agriculture s Aimal ad Plat Health Ispectio Service (USDA- APHIS) (USDA 2016a, b). USDA-APHIS prohibits the commercial importatio of parrots (icludig live eggs) from some coutries due to the risk of itroducig highly pathogeic avia iflueza from those coutries. Caada is curretly ot icluded i the list of prohibited coutries. Pet birds may origiate from ay of the prohibited coutries ad ca be imported with a Veteriary Health Certificate ad USDA Import Permit (which specifies additioal import criteria) if they are also i compliace with USFWS requiremets. After beig imported, all parrots must be quaratied for 30 days at a USDA Aimal Import Ceter, at the ower s expese. If the birds are US pet parrots returig from a o-prohibited coutry, they may be quaratied at the importer s home. A exceptio is made for birds imported from Caada. Pet birds from Caada do ot eed to be quaratied, ad if imported via a lad border they do ot require import permits. Birds imported from Caada for commercial purposes do ot eed to be quaratied. Zoo birds from Caada do ot eed to be quaratied uless they are part of a official vacciatio program for avia iflueza subtypes H5 or H7 (USDA 2016a, b; Helm, i litt.). 2. Fish or wildlife is defied i sectio 3 of the ESA as ay member of the aimal kigdom, icludig ay parts, products, eggs, or offsprig, ad icludig dead bodies or parts (USA 1973). Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 5

20 Odrej Prosicky White-froted Amazo (Amazoa albifros) 6 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

21 Trade i Priority Parrots This sectio provides a overview of the impact of trade o coservatio ad livelihoods. The North America trade i priority parrots almost exclusively ivolves live birds as pets. Breeders iterviewed i Caada ad the Uited States stated that, geerally, the market for parrots is icreasig. The America market demad is particularly good for captive-bred, had-fed babies rather tha adult birds (Jorda, ad Koeig, pers. comm.). Oe Caadia breeder voiced cocers that while the market is icreasig, there may ot be eough geetic diversity withi the populatios existig i Caada to sustai breedig past the ext five to te years (Koeig, pers. comm.). With the passage of the WBCA, importig wild CITESlisted parrots ito the Uited States for the pet trade was prohibited (USFWS 2016c). Wild-caught birds may still be imported if they are maaged i accordace with USFWS-approved maagemet plas for sustaiable use. However, as of August 2016, o such maagemet plas had bee approved (USFWS 2016a). The WBCA provides exemptios to allow the importatio of birds, icludig wild-caught birds, for scietific research, zoological breedig or display, ad cooperative breedig programs. Persoally owed pet birds may be imported by idividuals who are returig to the Uited States after beig cotiuously out of the coutry for at least oe year (USA 1992). I additio, there is a approved list of species that may be imported if the specimes are captive-bred. The oly priority parrot species curretly o the approved list is Bolborhychus lieola (LII 2016). As a result of the WBCA, birds sold i the America pet trade idustry are, for the most part, captive-bred. There are some older wild-caught birds still producig i the Uited States, but may species are multiple-geeratioal breedig pairs. The situatio is similar i Caada historically may were wild-caught, but the majority are ow domestically bred, with some beig imported (Koeig, pers. comm.). Breeders ofte trade with other breeders. Withi the Uited States, smaller hobbyist breeders usually sell directly to the public or to aother breeder, for stock. Larger facilities have a greater eed for a broker to sell directly to stores (Jorda, i litt.). Oe breeder estimated that i Caada, 60% of breeders sell directly to the public, while 40% sell through brokers or retailers (Koeig, pers. comm.). As oted previously, i Caada the importatio of birds is regulated via the Health of Aimals Act (Caada 1990). 3 Caada allows commercial imports of live parrots from very few coutries. Commercial imports are ot permitted from Mexico, but are allowed from the Uited States. If Mexica parrots were legally imported ito the Uited States, ad wet through US quaratie procedures, the those birds could be imported ito Caada. Oce i Caada, they would ot eed a additioal quaratie but would eed a ispectio (Rajzma, i litt.). Pet parrots may be imported ito Caada if they are travellig with their owers, ad as log as the import requiremets set out by the Health of Aimals Act are met. Birds comig from the Uited States may be imported as log they are healthy, have bee i the possessio of the ower for at least 90 days, ad are ot beig imported for re-sale. The requiremets for imports from other coutries vary, depedig o the coutry. Importig is prohibited from those coutries i which highly pathogeic avia iflueza is edemic. Mexico is ot curretly icluded o the list of prohibited coutries. A import permit issued by CFIA is required to import pet birds from ay coutry other tha the Uited States. Oce a parrot arrives i Caada it must be quaratied for a miimum of 45 days (Caada 2011, 2014). Caadia retail stores geerally sell oly had-fed babies. The price of a had-fed, weaed baby is about the same as the price of a adult pair, although some buyers are willig to pay premium prices for prove pairs. The prices for sigle Cetral America male ad female birds do ot ted to differ. Caadia prices for birds ted to be higher tha i the Uited States (Koeig, pers. comm.). I the Uited 3. Importatio of parrots ad other CITES-listed species is also regulated by WAPPRIITA ad WAPTR. Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 7

22 States, juveile, had-fed ad tame baby parrots usually sell for more tha a adult of the same species, uless they are hard to fid for breedig purposes. For adult males ad females, prices will vary withi a species whe oe sex is harder to fid for breedig (Jorda, i litt.). 4 Withi Mexico, wild specimes may ot be legally collected, ad the offsprig of captive Mexica parrots caot be sold or traded, as per Article 60 bis 2 of the Geeral Wildlife Act (Ley Geeral de Vida Silvestre LGVS) (Mexico 2016). Oe academic expert stated that, despite this law, the capture of parrots i Mexico for domestic trade is widespread. This expert reported that iterviews were coducted with 339 local people alog the Pacific coast of Mexico. Of the people iterviewed, 75% reported poachig of parrot chicks i their regio, ad 53% reported the capture of parrots with ets (Aoymous, pers. comm.). 5 Oe Mexica breeder stated that the curret law ecourages people to gather birds from the wild for sale i the black market (Costa Lavi, pers. comm.). This same breeder oted that Profepa staff actively eforce the law prohibitig the possessio of Mexica parrots, ad seize birds that are i captivity illegally. Seized birds caot usually be released ito the wild. Istead they are released ito the custody of qualified breeders (like himself) to provide log-term care. The breeder may ot sell, trade or breed the birds, ad receives o fiacial compesatio for their care (Costa Lavi, pers. comm.). Trade ad Coservatio WBCA has sigificatly reduced the umber of wild parrots (ad other birds) imported ito the Uited States (UNODC 2016). By 1994, the majority of imported birds were either captive-bred or exempted species (Armstrog et al. 2001). The trade of priority parrot species that have bee bred i captivity i Caada ad the Uited States has o impact o the i-situ coservatio of those species i Mexico. I Mexico, despite the prohibitio o collectig, breedig or tradig ative parrots, illegal take ad trade apparetly cotiues (Costa Lavi, pers. comm.; Aoymous, pers. comm.). Oe expert felt that trade had a very egative impact o wild parrot populatios. Reports from local people i Soora, Sialoa, Jalisco, ad Michoacá idicated that professioal trappers were comig from Nayarit to their areas to catch parrots. Professioal trappers would set up ets for wild parrots i areas where large flocks gather, such as roostig areas or feedig sites. Locals reported that trappers set up the ets before dusk to catch birds flyig i to the roost, ad would the retur i the morig to collect the flocks of birds caught i the ets (Aoymous, pers. comm.). The average mortality rate for ifat parrots that are removed from their ests is estimated to be betwee 30% ad 40%, with some species averagig 50% or more (UNODC 2016). Surveys also showed that parrots were abset from regios alog the Pacific coast of Mexico that cotaied suitable forest, idicatig that the absece was due to capture of birds for trade rather tha habitat loss (Aoymous, pers. comm.). Oe breeder suggested that if idividuals could legally breed Mexica parrots ad sell the offsprig, it would reduce the illegal collectio of wild specimes (Costa Lavi, pers. comm.). He oted that measures would eed to be put i place to moitor these breedig efforts to esure that they were ot used to lauder wild birds. Oe egative result of the Mexica prohibitio o possessig ative species is that the domestic market for pet birds has tured to exotic species imported or bred i Mexico. Oe study liked trade to the establishmet of ivasive o-ative parrot species i Mexico (MacGregor- Fors et al. 2011). The Argetiia mok parakeet (Myiopsitta moachus) has ow established feral populatios withi Mexico, which are ow icreasig ad are likely to cause ecological problems by competig with ative species. These feral populatios are the result of birds escapig or beig released from captivity (MacGregor- Fors et al. 2011). Trade ad Livelihoods Parrots domiate the pet bird trade i may markets, with a cotiuig demad for wild-caught birds. I Mexico, wild specimes may ot be legally collected. However, evidece shows that illegal trade is occurrig i domestic markets, as is traffickig from Mexico to the Uited States (UNODC 2016). Illegally captured birds that are seized by Profepa staff are haded over to qualified breeders. Carig 4. For example, blue-throated coure (Pyrrhura cruetata) females are harder to fid ad will sell for US$2,000 ad higher. Males are surplus, ad ca be purchased as a pet from a breeder for US$1,000 to US$1, This scietist asked to remai aoymous 8 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

23 for these birds ca place fiacial strai o the breeders, as they receive o fiacial compesatio for their care (Costa Lavi, pers. comm.). The ba o collectio ad trade also has importat implicatios for idigeous peoples, as bird trade may be a importat or oly source of cash icome i times of hardship or to pay for commodities or eeds such as schoolig for childre (Cooey ad Jepso 2006). I the Uited States, the pet trade is a billio-dollar idustry. A survey coducted by the America Pet Products Associatio (APPA 2017) estimates that durig , 6.1 millio Uited States households owed a pet bird, with a total of 14.3 millio pet birds livig throughout the coutry. While the domestic US pet trade idustry is strog, oe parrot breeder from the Uited States opied that the permittig system of the USFWS preseted a sigificat challege to Uited States breeders ad exporters (Jorda, i litt.). This breeder oted that it ca take more tha seve moths to process CITES permit applicatios for captive-bred parrots. He also oted that this log lag time ruis may sales, as customers i other coutries ofte do ot wat to pay for a bird ad the wait six or seve moths for the breeder to get a export permit. He further suggested that may breeders i the Uited States will ot export aymore due to the paperwork issues, lag times, costs, etc., associated with exportig. Therefore, accordig to this breeder, some breeders i the Uited States feel that iteratioal sales are lost to breeders i the Europea Uio (EU) ad other coutries, who ca ofte get a permit i a week or two (Jorda, i litt.). I 2011, there were a reported 2,675 pet birds i Caada (AAFC 2012) ad bird food sales i 2014 reached US$23.6 millio (AAFC 2016). A breeder from Caada expressed frustratio with the oerous import restrictios imposed uder the Health of Aimals Act (Koeig, pers. comm.). He suggested that a review of the curret policy could fid ways to simplify the importatio process, while maitaiig strict cotrol of disease trasmissio. White-froted amazo, white-froted parrot (Amazoa albifros) Yellow-lored Amazo (Amazoa xatholora) Sea Hoyer Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 9

24 Challeges to CITES Implemetatio No-detrimet Fidigs Noe of the priority parrot species aturally occurs i Caada. Therefore, ay specimes that are exported from Caada will either have bee imported or captive-bred i-coutry. Exports would ot be cosidered detrimetal as log as there was o idicatio that the specimes were i the coutry illegally. 6 The situatio is similar for US authorities. Oe species (P. holochlorus) may rage ito souther Texas, but ay specimes that are exported would have bee imported or captive-bred i the Uited States. Geerally speakig, preparig NDFs for o-ative parrot species that have bee captive-bred i the Uited States should be straightforward if the paretal birds are were legally acquired i accordace with CITES Resolutio Cof (CITES 1997b). This may be problematic because of the shared border with Mexico, which makes it more feasible for a bird to be smuggled ito the coutry. However, the risk that specimes had bee either illegally imported ito the coutry, or were the offsprig of illegally imported stock, would appear to be low from established, respected breeders. Uder Mexica law, priority parrot species may oly be exported for scietific or educatioal purposes, by certified academic istitutios. Therefore, to complete a NDF, Mexica authorities first eed to cofirm that ay exports are legitimately for these purposes. If so, ad the use is credible ad reasoable, the a export would ot likely be cosidered detrimetal. If Mexico s prohibitio o the export of priority parrot species were lifted, the the completio of NDFs would be depedet o soud wild populatio data (i the case of wild-caught birds) or cofirmatio that the parets were legally possessed (i the case of captive-bred birds). I the absece of suitable populatio surveys, exports could be cofied to captive-bred parrots, as cofirmed through moitorig of breedig facilities ad through DNA aalysis to cofirm paretage. I 2008, a Iteratioal Expert Workshop o CITES No-detrimet Fidigs was held i Cacú, Mexico, to examie taxo-specific case studies ad aalyze approaches to the NDF decisio-makig process (CITES 2009). At this workshop, the bird workig group developed a decisio tree to guide the process of makig NDFs for birds. The decisio tree cosiders the availability of iformatio, whether the requested harvest is withi sustaiable limits, whether other factors are affectig the populatio, ad coditios that could reder trade acceptable. The birds workig group also established a stadardized framework for assessig risk categories. This framework was tested o several case studies, icludig a parrot case study. Eforcemet The North America trade i priority parrots almost exclusively ivolves live birds as pets. This reduces the difficulty that eforcemet officers face whe tasked with idetifyig specimes i trade. Geerally, the idetificatio of whole aimals, such as live parrots, is easier tha the idetificatio of parts, pieces ad derivatives (Cooper, per. obs.). I additio, may books ad Iteret resources dedicated to parrots are available to assist with idetificatio. However, the idetificatio of Amazoa species ca be tricky, as there are may which look quite similar. If officers eed to distiguish the species that are the subject of this report (A. albifros, A. autumalis ad A. xatholora) from other Amazoa species, it could be quite difficult (Jorda, i litt.). 6. NDF ad legal acquisitio are separate fidigs that must be made by the CITES Maagemet ad Scietific Authorities of a Party. However, legal acquisitio may also be a factor i makig a NDF. 10 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

25 Orage-froted parakeet (Eupsittula caicularis) Idetificatio poses less of a challege for officers whe dealig with imports ad exports, as all parrots are listed i the Appedices of CITES ad must be traded with CITES permits. If o permits accompay a shipmet of parrots, the the birds will be seized ad may be idetified later. A expert may be called i if required. O the other had, if parrots are beig imported/exported with permits, the officers eed oly to cosider whether the birds match the species listed o the permits (for the eforcemet of CITES). The idetificatio of priority parrots may be more of a problem for eforcemet officers i Mexico. Mexica officers must eforce the laws pertaiig to possessio of ative species, i additio to eforcig CITES for imports ad exports. They ot oly eed to idetify ative species but also must be able to distiguish them from o-ative imported species. I 1996, the North America Wildlife Eforcemet Group (NAWEG) of the CEC held a eforcemet workshop o wild bird trade i Xalapa, Mexico. The workshop brought together officers from Caada, Mexico ad the Uited States to lear about the trade, share iformatio ad build relatioships (Cooper, pers. obs.). No similar trilateral workshops o the trade i birds have bee held sice, ad most of the officers who participated i the 1996 workshop are likely o loger workig i eforcemet. Sea Hoyer Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 11

26 Jam.mohd

27 Priority Parrot Species This sectio provides descriptio, distributio, coservatio status ad trade overview of each priority species. The physical descriptios provided below are based o the appearace of a typical specime as foud i its wild state. The morphological terms used for the differet species i the followig descriptios are defied i the Glossary ad show i Figures 1 ad 2. The IUCN Red List Categories, ad categories for species at risk i Mexico ad the Uited States refereced i this sectio are defied i Appedix A. Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 13

28 Davey6585 Amazoa albifros (Sparrma, 1788) Commo ames White-froted amazo, white-froted parrot (Amazoa albifros) White-froted amazo, white-froted parrot (Eglish) Amazoe à frot blac (Frech) Loro frete blaca, cotorra guayabera, amazoa fretialba, perico maglero (Spaish) Descriptio Amazoa albifros is the smallest of the amazo parrots. Adults grow to a legth of 26 cetimeters ad geerally weigh grams (World Parrot Trust 2016h). The three subspecies may be distiguished as follows: Amazoa albifro albifros adults have a gree body, red lores which ecircle the eyes, white forecrow, blue hidcrow ad yellow bill. The eye rig is pale grey ad the eyes are yellow. The alula ad primary-coverts are red o males ad gree o juveiles ad females. Juveiles also differ from adults i that the red coloratio o the lores does ot ecircle the eyes, the white forecrow is tited with yellow, ad the eyes are pale grey (Forshaw 2010; World Parrot Trust 2016h). Amazoa albifro saltuesis adults have gree upperparts that are washed with blue, ad the blue hidcrow exteds to the ape (Forshaw 2010). Amazoa albifro aa adults are similar i coloratio to A.a. albifros, with A.a. aa beig smaller i size (Forshaw 2010). Distributio Amazoa albifros is ative to Mexico ad rages through the states of Soora, Chihuahua, Sialoa, Durago, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Chiapas, Campeche, Tabasco, Quitaa Roo ad Yucatá (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012a; BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016a). There are three subspecies foud i Mexico (Forshaw 2010): Amazoa albifros albifros occurs o the Pacific slope of southwester Mexico, south from Nayarit to southwester Guatemala. Amazoa albifros saltuesis is foud i orthwester Mexico (Soora, Sialoa ad wester Durago). Amazoa albifros aa occurs i souther Mexico. Amazoa albifros does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status Amazoa albifros has bee assessed by the IUCN as Least Cocer (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012a). I Mexico, A. albifros is Subject to Special Protectio (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Amazoa albifros is ot icluded o the ESA list. 14 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

29 Trade I the Uited States, A. albifros is very hard to fid ow i the pet trade. The average wholesale price for this species is US$250 for a sigle bird (Jorda, i litt.). I Caada, the wholesale price for a pair of birds is US$692 $769, ad a hadfed baby goes for US$846 $923 (Koeig, pers. comm). A search i July ad August 2016 foud that retail prices i the Uited States average US$490 for juveiles ad US$200 for adults (Arizoa Parrots 2016; Avia Biotech Iteratioal 2016; Gree Parrot Superstore 2016). Caadia retail prices averaged at US$1,178 (Adpost.com 2016; Cetral Pet 2016). Data dowloaded from the Uited Natios Eviromet Programme World Coservatio Moitorig Cetre (UNEP- WCMC) CITES Trade Database shows that durig , Caada exported three live A. albifros, for persoal purposes, to the Uited States ad a ukow destiatio. I the Uited States, 31 live birds were exported to Caada, for breedig purposes; two were exported to Asia, for persoal purposes; ad 13 were exported to Chile, Japa, Taiwa ad Caada, for commercial purposes. All of the birds were reported as captive-bred. Mexico did ot report exports of A. albifros durig (CITES 2016). Amazoa autumalis (Liaeus, 1758) Daiel Meerick Commo ames Red-lored amazo, red-lored parrot (Eglish) Amazoe à lores rouges jaues, Amazoe diadème (Frech) Loro cachete amarillo, cotorra cucha, loro frete roja, amazoa fretirroja, loro fretirrojo (Spaish) Descriptio A adult A. autumalis grows to a legth of 34 cetimeters ad weighs grams (World Parrot Trust 2016c). Adult A.a. autumalis (both male ad female) have gree with black edgig o the crow to the matle ad breast, red foreheads ad lores, yellow upper cheeks ad ear-coverts, a gree crow to the ape, which becomes mauve or blue towards the tips, ad red at the bases of secodaries 1 5. The bill is grey, with yellow at the base of the upper madible, the eye rig is white ad the eyes are orage (World Parrot Trust 2016f). Juveile A.a. autumalis are duller i color tha adults, with dimiished red o the forehead ad lores. The upper cheeks to ear coverts also display some gree ad yellow coloratio, ad the eyes are brow (World Parrot Trust 2016f). Distributio Amazoa autumalis autumalis is the oly subspecies that occurs i Mexico (Forshaw 2010); it rages from Tamaulipas, Mexico, south to Nicaragua (BirdLife Iteratioal 2014a; Forshaw 2010). This rage icludes the states of Tamaulipas, Sa Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche ad Quitaa Roo (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016b). Amazoa autumalis does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 15

30 Coservatio status Amazoa autumalis has bee assessed by the Iteratioal Uio for Coservatio of Nature (IUCN) as Least Cocer (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012a, b, c, d, e, f, g, 2014a, b). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). (Mexico 2016). Amazoa autumalis is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade I the Uited States, A. autumalis is commoly traded betwee breeders ad is ofte see i the pet trade (Jorda, i litt.) I Caada, A. autumalis was historically imported i large umbers ad a few pairs are still i aviculture (Hage, i litt.). Some breeders feel that other Amazoa species are more suited as pets (Hage, ad Koeig, pers. comm.). The average wholesale price for this species i the Uited States is US$400 per bird (Jorda, i litt.). I Caada, a pair wholesales for US$692 $769 (Koeig, pers. comm). A search i July ad August 2016 foud that retail prices i the Uited States averaged US$500 for a adult male ad US$1,248 for a juveile (BirdsNow 2016; Golde Cockatoo 2016; Gree Parrot Superstore 2016; Hookbills For Sale 2016; JC Aviary 2016). Four listigs were foud from Mexico, with oe pair of A. autumalis listed at US$5,000 ad sigle birds averagig US$3,367 (Aucios ya 2016; Locato 2016; QuéBarato! 2016). No retail prices were foud for Caada. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database showed that durig , Caada exported seve live A. autumalis to Frace, the Bahamas, the Uited States ad ukow destiatios, for persoal purposes. The Uited States exported four live birds to Mexico ad the Philippies, for breedig purposes; seve were exported to Caada, Europe, Argetia ad Paama, for persoal purposes; ad 83 live birds were exported to Italy, Paama ad Asia, for commercial purposes. Oe bird exported from the Uited States to Switzerlad for persoal purposes was reported as beig wild-caught. All of the other A. autumalis were reported as captive-bred. Mexico did ot report exports of this species durig (CITES 2016). Amazoa xatholora (Gray, 1859) Philippe Boissel Commo ames Yellow-lored amazo, yellow-lored parrot, Yucata parrot (Eglish) Amazoe du Yucata (Frech) Loro yucateco, amazoa yucateca (Spaish) Descriptio A adult A. xatholora grows to a legth of 26 cetimeters ad weighs grams (World Parrot Trust 2016d). Males specimes have gree plumage, a white forecrow, black ear-coverts, yellow lores ad red aroud the eyes (Forshaw 2010). They have a dull yellow bill, pale gray eye rigs, ad brow or yellow eyes (World Parrot Trust 2016j). Female A. xatholora have a gree forecrow that is suffused with blue, dark gray ear-coverts, yellow lores that are duller tha those i males, ad a red lie beeath the eye (Forshaw 2010). Juveile A. xatholora are similar i coloratio to adult females, except that the yellow lores are flecked with gree, the upper cheeks are gree with small amouts of red, ad the eyes are grey (World Parrot Trust 2016j). 16 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

31 Distributio Amazoa xatholora is ative to Mexico ad occurs i the states of Yucatá, Campeche ad Quitaa Roo (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012b; BirdLife Iteratioal ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016c; Forshaw 2010). Amazoa xatholora does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status Amazoa xatholora has bee assessed by the IUCN as Least Cocer (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012a, b, c, d, e, f, g, 2014a, b). I Mexico, A. xatholora is listed as Threateed (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Amazoa xatholora is ot listed o the ESA. Trade Amazoa xatholora is rarely see i the US pet trade. As of July 2016, there were a estimated 200 birds i the Uited States (Jorda, i litt.). The wholesale price for these birds i the Uited States is US$350 $500 for a sigle bird (Jorda, i litt.). I July 2016, oe adult pair was foud listed for sale i the Uited States for a retail price of US$1,500 (Bird- Breeders 2016). This species is ot foud i the Caadia pet trade (Koeig, pers. comm.). If the species were available i Caada, oe breeder estimated that birds would commad a wholesale price of US$4,642 $6,190 for a pair (Koeig, pers. comm.). Olie searches i July ad August 2016 foud o retail prices for A. xatholora i Caada or Mexico. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed that the Uited States exported oe live bird to Caada, for scietific purposes, ad 27 live birds to Germay, South Africa ad Taiwa, for commercial purposes. All the birds were captive-bred. No exports were reported from Caada or Mexico (CITES 2016). Bolborhychus lieola (Cassi, 1853) Timo Helgert Commo ames Barred parakeet (Eglish) Toui catherie (Frech) Perico barreteado, perico barrado, perico cataria, periquito serrao, periquito barrado, catita barrada (Spaish) Descriptio 1. A adult B. lieola grows to 16 cetimeters i legth ad weighs grams (World Parrot Trust 2016e). 2. Bolborhychus lieola are small, gree, short-tailed parrots. Subspecies Bolborhychus lieola lieola may be differetiated from B.l. tigrius by the itesity of barrig. The upperparts of B.l. lieola are barred black, the bed of the wig is black, the uderwigs are a blue-gree, ad the cetral tail-feathers are broadly edged black o males ad arrowly edged black o females. The bill is pale hor i color ad is tiged with pik, ad the eyes are dark brow. Juveile B.l. lieola are paler i color ad have faiter barrig tha adult females (Forshaw 2010; World Parrot Trust 2016a). Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 17

32 Distributio Of the two subspecies of B. lieola (B.l. lieola ad B.l. tigrius), oly B.l. lieola occurs i Mexico. It rages through the states of Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas ad Tabasco (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016d; Forshaw 2010). Bolborhychus lieola does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status Bolborhychus lieola has bee assessed by the IUCN as Least Cocer (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012c). I Mexico, B. lieola is listed as Threateed (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Bolborhychus lieola is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade Bolborhychus lieola is commoly foud i both the Caadia ad US pet idustry, likely because it ca be bred i small cages idoors. It is available ow i several color mutatios ad has become a hobby bird for pet owers ad breeders. This species is ofte foud at bird markets i blue, yellow, white, violet or gree colors (Jorda, i litt.). Wholesale prices i the Uited States for B. lieola are US$75 $100 (Jorda, i litt.). Retail prices i the Uited States average US$140 $208, with juveiles fetchig a average of US$208 (BirdBreeders 2016; Hookbills For Sale 2016; Lucky Feathers 2016). Oe breeder reported that wholesale prices i Caada are US$192 for a pair ad US$135 for a hadfed baby (Koeig, pers. comm.). A review of Caadia retail prices i July ad August 2016 foud B. lieola available for a average of US$125 per bird (Adpost.com 2016). Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed that Caada exported six live B. lieola to the Uited States, Europe, ad ukow destiatios, for persoal purposes. The Uited States exported two o-livig specimes to Caada, for scietific purposes, three live birds to Niger ad Caada, for persoal purposes, ad 20 live birds to Paama ad Thailad, for commercial purposes. The two o-livig specimes exported from the Uited States to Caada for scietific purposes were wild-caught. All other birds were captive-bred. No exports were reported from Mexico (CITES 2016). Brotogeris jugularis (Müller, 1776) Alexader Schimmeck Commo ames Orage-chied parakeet (Eglish) Toui à meto d or (Frech) Perico ala amarilla, perico señorita, periquito barbiaraja, catita churica (Spaish) Descriptio A adult B. jugularis grows up to 18 cetimeters i legth ad weighs approximately 58 grams (World Parrot Trust 2016d). Brotogeris jugularis ca be idetified by the orage chi-spot, promiet white eye-rig, ad olive-brow upper wig-coverts that form a shoulder-patch. The two subspecies may be distiguished as follows: Brotogeris jugularis jugularis has a matle that is washed with olive, ad the lower back to rump ad uderparts are tiged with blue (Forshaw 2010). The bill is hor-colored, ad the eyes are dark brow. Juveiles have similar colorizatio as adults (World Parrot Trust 2016f). 18 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

33 Brotogeris jugularis exsul has bright gree thighs; udertail-coverts that lack the blue tige of B.j. jugularis; a paler orage chi-spot; more-oticeable olive suffusio o the matle; ad a darker-brow shoulder-patch (Forshaw 2010). Distributio Of the two subspecies of B. jugularis, Brotogeris jugularis exsul does ot rage ito Mexico. (Forshaw 2010). Brotogeris jugularis jugularis is ative to southwester Mexico, maily o the Pacific slope i the states of Oaxaca ad Chiapas (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016e; Forshaw 2010). Brotogeris jugularis does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status This species has bee assessed by the IUCN as Least Cocer (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012d). I Mexico, B. jugularis is listed as Threateed (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Brotogeris jugularis is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade Brotogeris jugularis is very rarely foud i the US pet trade. I the Uited States, the wholesale price for this species is aroud US$125 per bird (Jorda, i litt.). The wholesale price i Caada is US$384 for a pair ad US$269 $288 for a hadfed baby (Koeig, pers. comm.). A olie search i July ad August 2016 yielded o retail prices for B. jugularis i the Uited States or Caada. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed o reported exports of B. jugularis from Caada, the Uited States or Mexico (CITES 2016). Eupsittula caicularis (Liaeus, 1758) Sea Hoyer Commo ames Orage-froted coure, orage-froted parakeet (Eglish) Coure à frot rouge (Frech) Perico frete araja, aratiga fretiaraja (Spaish) Descriptio A adult E. caicularis grows to a legth of 24 cetimeters ad weighs grams (World Parrot Trust 2016e). Eupsittula caicularis is gree, with a orage frotal bad ad a olive throat. Males ad females are similar i appearace, ad the juveiles look like the adults. The three subspecies may be differetiated maily by the orage frotal bad (Forshaw 2010), as oted below: Eupsittula caicularis caicularis has a broad orage frotal bad that exteds to the lores, a dull blue crow, a pale browish-olive throat ad upper breast, ad a eye-rig that is dull orage-yellow (Forshaw 2010). Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 19

34 Eupsittula caicularis eburirostrum has a arrower orage frotal bad, the blue coloratio is restricted to the forecrow, ad there is a brow spot o each side of the lower madible base (Forshaw 2010). Eupsittula caicularis clarae has a sigificatly reduced orage frotal bad, ad the base of the lower madible is dark gray (Forshaw 2010). Distributio Eupsittula caicularis is ative to Mexico, ad rages through the states of Sialoa, Durago, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacá, México, Guerrero, Oaxaca ad Chiapas (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016f). Three subspecies of E. caicularis occur i Mexico (Forshaw 2010): Eupsittula caicularis caicularis occurs o the Pacific slope i Chiapas. Eupsittula caicularis eburirostrum is foud i eastermost Michoacá south to Oaxaca. Eupsittula caicularis clarae is foud i wester Mexico, from Sialoa south to Colima. Eupsittula caicularis does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status Eupsittula caicularis has bee assessed by the IUCN as Least Cocer (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012a, b, c, d, e, f, g, 2014a, b). I Mexico it is Subject to Special Protectio (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Eupsittula caicularis is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade This species was oce commoly available i the US pet trade idustry ad was bred i fair umbers; however, it is very rare ow (Jorda, i litt.). Oe breeder felt that E. caicularis make good pets, as they ca be devoted birds; i additio, they wea faster tha other species (Koeig, pers. comm.). Wholesale prices for this species i the Uited States are approximately US$100 for a sigle bird (Jorda, i litt.). I Caada, wholesale prices are US$461 for a pair ad US$423 $461 for a hadfed baby (Koeig, pers. comm.). A search coducted i July ad August 2016 foud retail prices i the Uited States averaged US$409 for a juveile bird ad US$450 for a adult (BirdBreeders 2016; Birds Ways 2016; BirdsNow 2016; Rhoda s Aviary 2016). No retail prices were available for Caada. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed two live E. caicularis were exported from Caada to the Uited States, for persoal purposes; oe wild-caught o-livig specime was exported from the Uited States to Polad, for scietific purposes; ad four live birds were exported from the Uited States to Caada ad Guatemala, for persoal purposes. With the exceptio of the specime exported to Polad for scietific purposes, all other birds were captive-bred. No exports of E. caicularis were reported from Mexico (CITES 2016). 20 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

35 Forpus cyaopygius (Souacé, 1856) Nature Vallarta Commo ames Blue-rumped parrotlet, Mexica parrotlet (Eglish) Toui du Mexique (Frech) Cotorrita mexicaa, periquito mexicao, perico cataria (Spaish) Descriptio A adult F. cyaopygius reaches a legth of 13 cetimeters ad weighs about 30 grams (World Parrot Trust 2016c). Forpus cyaopygius is sexually dimorphic. Males ca be idetified by the turquoise-blue rump, secodaries ad uderwigcoverts. O females, these are all gree. Juveiles look similar to adults (Forshaw 2010). The two subspecies may be distiguished as follows: Forpus cyaopygius cyaopygius males have a turquoise-blue lower back, rump, secodaries, ad uderwigcoverts. O females, these are gree. The bill is hor-colored (Forshaw 2010). I juveile males, blue markigs are itermixed with gree (World Parrot Trust 2016c). Forpus cyaopygius isularis has darker-gree upperparts ad glaucous-gree uderparts. I males the lower back to rump is a darker blue (Forshaw 2010). Distributio Forpus cyaopygius is edemic to Mexico (BirdLife Iteratioal 2015), ad occurs i the states of Soora, Chihuahua, Sialoa, Durago, Nayarit, Jalisco ad Colima (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016g). There are two subspecies, as follows (Avibase 2016b; Forshaw 2010; ITIS 2017): Forpus cyaopygius cyaopygius is foud i southeaster Soora, Sialoa, ad wester Durago south to Colima. Forpus cyaopygius isularis is located i the Tres Marías Islads. Forpus cyaopygius does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status Forpus cyaopygius has bee assessed by the IUCN as Near Threateed (BirdLife Iteratioal 2015). Forpus cyaopygius is Subject to Special Protectio i Mexico, ad the subspecies F.c. isularis is Edagered (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Forpus cyaopygius is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade Forpus cyaopygius is commoly foud i the US pet trade, ad the gree form retails for aroud $100. Color mutatios ca fetch a higher price (Jorda, i litt.). Wholesale prices i the Uited States are US$100 per bird, o average (Jorda, i litt.). I Caada, wholesale prices are US$192 $211 for a pair ad US$115 $135 for a hadfed baby (Koeig, pers. comm.). A olie search i July ad August 2016 yielded o retail prices for F. cyaopygius i the Uited States or Caada. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed o reported exports of F. cyaopygius from Caada, the Uited States or Mexico (CITES 2016). Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 21

36 Pious seilis (Spix, 1824) Bria Gratwicke Commo ames White-capped parrot, white-crowed parrot (Eglish) Pioe à couroe blache (Frech) Loro coroa blaca, loro cabeza de viejo, loro viejito, loro seil, loro coroiblaco (Spaish) Descriptio A adult P. seilis grows to a legth of 24 cetimeters ad weighs grams (World Parrot Trust 2016g). Pious seilis are mostly gree, with short, squarish tails; red udertail-coverts; a white crow; a promiet browishpik eye rig; a white patch o the chi ad the ceter of the throat; gree cheeks ad breast that are suffused with dark blue; ad upper wig-coverts that are golde-brow (Forshaw 2010). The bill is gree or yellow, with gray at the base, ad the eyes are brow (World Parrot Trust 2016g). I juveiles, the forehead ad forecrow are buff-white tiged with gree. Juveiles do ot have blue o the gree cheeks or breast (Forshaw 2010), ad the white patch o the chi ad the middle of the throat is abset (World Parrot Trust 2016g). Distributio Pious seilis is ative to Mexico. It occurs i the states of Tamaulipas, Sa Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche ad Quitaa Roo (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016h). Pious seilis does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status Pious seilis has bee assessed as Least Cocer by the IUCN (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012a, b, c, d, e, f, g, 2014a, b). I Mexico, Pious seilis is cosidered Threateed (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Pious seilis is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade Live specimes of Pious seilis were regularly imported ito the Uited States prior to 1992, but are o loger commo. Remat pairs ca be foud with some US breeders, but they are ot ofte foud i the pet trade. They ted to have low ecoomic value ad are difficult to sell because of their dull plumage ad iability to talk. Wholesale prices for this species i the Uited States are betwee US$150 $200 per bird (Jorda, i litt.). I Caada, may breeders did ot retai birds for breedig ad may of the origial imported pairs have died (Hage, i litt.). Caadia wholesale prices are approximately US$615 for a pair ad US$346 $384 for a hadfed baby (Koeig, pers. comm.). A olie search i July ad August 2016 yielded o retail prices for P. seilis i the Uited States or Caada. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed that the Uited States exported eight live birds to Europe, Caada ad Costa Rica, for persoal purposes, ad 15 live birds to Japa, the Philippies ad Hugary, for commercial purposes. All of these birds were captive-bred. No exports were reported for Caada or Mexico (CITES 2016). 22 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio

37 Psittacara holochlorus (P.L. Sclater, 1859) G. Lasley/Vireo Commo ames Gree coure, gree parakeet (Eglish) Coure verte (Frech) Perico mexicao, aratiga verde, perico verde (Spaish) Descriptio A adult P. holochlorus reaches a legth of 30 cetimeters (World Parrot Trust 2016b) ad weighs about 225 grams (Vuilleumier 2016). Subspecies Psittacara holochlorus holochlorus adults are gree i color ad have yellowish-gree uderparts, a blue tige to the primary coverts ad outer webs of the flight feathers, dull yellowish-gree uderwig coverts, ad olive ad yellow o the udersides of the flight feathers. The heads of some birds have scattered red feathers. The bill is hor i color, the eye rig is pikish-grey, ad the eyes are orage-brow. Juveiles have similar coloratio to that of adults, except that the eyes are brow (World Parrot Trust 2016b). Subspecies Psittacara holochlorus brewsteri adults are similar to P.h. holochlorus except that they are a darker gree, with less yellow, ad the crow has a blue wash (World Parrot Trust 2016b). Subspecies Psittacara holochlorus streuus adults are mostly gree, with yellowish uderparts. They have a blue tige o the primary coverts ad the outer webs of the flight feathers; dull yellowish-gree uderwig coverts; ad dull yellow udersides o the flight feathers. Some birds have scattered orage-red feathers o the throats ad ecks. The eye rig is browish-grey ad the eyes are orage. Juveiles have similar coloratio to adults, but have brow eyes (World Parrot Trust 2016b). Distributio Psittacara holochlorus is ative to Mexico. I Mexico, it occurs i the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Puebla, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Sa Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leó, Sialoa, Chihuahua ad Soora (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016i). Psittacara holochlorus does ot occur i Caada, but might rage ito the southermost Uited States (souther Texas) (BirdLife Iteratioal 2014b). Coservatio status This species has bee assessed as Least Cocer by the IUCN (BirdLife Iteratioal 2014b). I Mexico, P. holochlorus is cosidered Threateed (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Psittacara holochlorus is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade This species is ot ofte foud i trade i the Uited States. Today oly remat pairs remai i US breedig circles, ad oe breeder felt this species would be goe from the pet trade i a few years (Jorda, i litt.). The small size ad dull colors of this species make it less popular as a pet (Hage, i litt.). I the Uited States, the wholesale price of this species rages from US$75 to $100 per bird (Jorda, i litt.). I Caada, the wholesale prices are US$500 $538 for a Sustaiable Trade i Parrots: Actio Pla for North America 23

38 pair ad US$461 for a hadfed baby (Koeig, pers. comm.). A olie search i July ad August 2016 yielded o retail prices for P. holochlorus i the Uited States or Caada. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed that Mexico exported eight wild-caught, o-live specimes to Polad, for scietific purposes. The Uited States exported 31 live, captive-bred birds to Paama ad Taiwa, for commercial purposes. No exports were reported for Caada (CITES 2016). Pyrilia haematotis (Sclater & Salvi, 1860) Eduardo Mariao Rivero Commo ames Brow-hooded parrot (Eglish) Caïque à capucho (Frech) Loro cabeza oscura, perico cabeza egra, loro marró ecapuchado, lorito ecapuchado, loro orejirrojo (Spaish) Descriptio A adult P. haematotis grows to a legth of 21 cetimeters ad weighs grams (World Parrot Trust 2016k). Subspecies Pyrilia haematotis haematotis has a brow face, with white lores; red axillaries; a browish-olive foreeck ad breast; ad brow or maroo ear coverts. The bill is hor i color, with a pale yellow or brow tige; the eye rig is white; ad the eye is yellow. Juveiles have similar coloratio to that of adults, except that the head is paler i color, the breast is greeer, the brow/maroo ear coverts are abset, ad the eyes are brow (World Parrot Trust 2016k). Subspecies Pyrilia haematotis cocciicollaris has a red foreeck ad upper breast, which ofte forms a collar i males (Forshaw 2010). Distributio Of the two subspecies of P. haematotis, oly P.h. haematotis is foud i Mexico (Forshaw 2010), where it occurs i the states of Quitaa Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca ad Veracruz (BirdLife Iteratioal, ad Hadbook of the Birds of the World 2016j). Pyrilia haematotis does ot occur i Caada or the Uited States. Coservatio status Pyrilia haematotis has bee assessed by the IUCN as Least Cocer (BirdLife Iteratioal 2012g). I Mexico P. haematotis is cosidered edagered (DOF 2010). I additio, all parrots have bee protected uder Mexico s LGVS sice They may be collected from the wild oly for scietific purposes, ad export is prohibited (Mexico 2016). Pyrilia haematotis is ot icluded o the ESA list. Trade This species is ot foud i the Uited States or Caadia pet trade. Data dowloaded from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database for showed o reported exports of P. haematotis for Caada, the Uited States or Mexico (CITES 2016). 24 Commissio for Evirometal Cooperatio