Copyright 2013 BackyardLiberty.com. All rights reserved worldwide.

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2 Copyright 2013 BackyardLiberty.com. All rights reserved worldwide. All trademarks and service marks are property of their respective owners. The information, stories and articles contained in this ebook are the opinion of the individual authors based on their personal observations and years of experience. Neither the author nor publisher assume any liability whatsoever for the use of or inability to use any or all information contained in this publication. Use this information at your own risk. Although the author and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the information in this book was correct at press time, the author and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed Attention: Permissions Coordinator, at the address

3 Backyard Liberty Table of Contents 1. What is Aquaponics? a. Aquaponics history at a glance b. How aquaponics works c. Benefits of Aquaponics i. Health ii. Finances iii. Environment d. 3 Types Of Aquaponic Systems i. Media Based ii. Deep Flow/Raft iii. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) 2. Setting Up Your Aquaponics System a. Backyard Aquaponics i. Requirements ii. Factors to consider b. Salt Water vs. Fresh Water c. Designing your system 3. Cultivating With Aquaponics a. Fish i. Common types of fish ii. Choosing the right fish for your system b. Plants i. Seeds vs. seedlings ii. Pest control c. Bacteria i. Nitrogen Cycle ii. Cycling iii. Monitoring and Testing 4. Common Aquaponics Issues

4 You may have heard a lot about a new method of sustainable food production called aquaponics that helps save you money while giving you the highest quality organic food possible. Aquaponics isn t some silly temporary fad; it is a complete method of farming and cultivating your own food. Perhaps one of the best parts of this growing method is that anybody can do it. You don t need a degree in engineering or biology. This comprehensive ebook will give you all the tools you need to set up your own aquaponics system even on a shoestring budget. We ll explore the many different options available to you, as well as give you a complete step by step guide on how to build your farm. If you re looking for a new way to get the vitamins and nutrients your body needs without the chemicals injected into store bought food, aquaponics is perfect for you!

5 1. What is Aquaponics? Aquaponics is a combination of two different food cultivation methods. Hydroponics: A sustainable method of growing plants in water without soil. Instead, it utilizes mineral nutrient solutions and water. Aquaculture: This is essentially aqua farming. It is the practice of cultivating animals that live in water such as fish and mollusks under your control. In a nutshell, aquaponics combines hydroponics and aquaculture into one symbiotic system consisting of plants and aquatic organisms. There is definitely some science involved in the process, but at its most basic elements, aquaponics farming is simple and the benefits are unmatched. Just like with a typical barnyard farm, there are several different methods involved with aquaponics and different types of systems that people apply. The flexibility of creating your own farm is part of what makes this method so popular. Systems can range from small backyard setups to vast commercial systems that fill up entire rooms. You can use fresh water or salt water. You can choose different types of fish and plant life as well. The world of aquaponics leaves you with so many options that you can completely customize your system to

6 your preference and have it be completely different from every other aquaponic farm out there. No matter what the size is, they all utilize similar methods and tools. Another great thing about aquaponics is that it has encouraged different farmers all around the country to form large groups and associations including the Aquaponics Association. There are several internet forums for aquaponic farmers to trade ideas, and get tips. So by getting into aquaponics you ll be joining a large community of likeminded people who want to eat organic and aim to help the environment at the same time. Aquaponics history at a glance In the grand scheme of farming and organic food production, aquaponics is still a fairly young science. Some people debate about when aquaponics started. It s widely accepted that the Aztec Indians formed early versions of aquaponics in 1,000 AD on rafts. It s said that before they settled in Central America, they were nomadic people constantly roaming around. They would settle around swamp like environments surrounded by hills that were nearly impossible to farm. In order to grow food, the Aztecs created large scale rafts and sent them out into the water covered with soil from the bottom of the lake. They would place their seeds on these rafts that became known as chinampas. As the plants grew the roots would grow through the soil and into the lake below the raft. And that was the first sign of what we now call aquaponics.

7 Of course Aquaponics has evolved quite a bit from those days. We now implement fish and a wide variety of aqua life into the systems and don t require a lake thanks to advances in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS). These advances in RAS have made it possible to grow large amounts of fish in much smaller spaces. However, this posed the issue of the waste water that the fish would produce. Luckily further advancements led to the discovery of using the waste produced by fish to provide nutrients for aquatic plants. This self-sustaining system took years to develop and is still being continuously worked on today. Actual research of aquaponics started in the 1970 s and today it is studied by some of the most prestigious universities in the world in order to improve the technology involved and to develop new farming methods. One university that has been placing a lot of effort and importance on Aquaponics is the University of the Virgin Islands. They have been working on the Agricultural Experiment Station for over 25 years and have made great progress in the world of Aquaponics. Pictured below is the raft system created at the University of Virgin Islands headed by Dr. James Rakocy.

8 How Aquaponics Works As you know, aquaponics combines farming plants and fish symbiotically. Before you can understand how aquaponics works, it s important to realize why it s so essential. By combining aquaculture and hydroponics, it removes a lot of (if not all) the issues with the two separate methods. One of the major issues with aquaculture is that when cultivating fish or other sea animals, large amounts of effluents (wastewater) is produced since it is a closed system. This matter is dangerous and toxic for the fish to live in. The result is polluted water and fish that isn t safe to eat. So as a result you have to constantly change out the water every day which means wasted water. The water you re disposing of might be harmful to the fish but it is beneficial for other purposes as you ll find out. The issue with hydroponics is that it requires costly nutrients in order to feed the plants. The money spent to feed the plants often makes is difficult for the average person to sustain it over an extended period of time. There are some DIY hydroponic nutrient recipes, but it can be time

9 consuming to create. Also, you have to flush out your system periodically. It can be difficult to find methods to constantly dispose of all this wastewater. Aquaponics introduces a solution to these issues, while providing an entirely new way to cultivate aquatic animals and plants at the same time. Through aquaponics, the wastewater and effluents are utilized to provide nutrients to the plants used in the process. In laments terms, the fish fertilize the plants. This enables the aquaponic system to remain a closed system without the need to constantly change out the water and also allows it to operate with minimal amounts of water. An aquaponic system consists of three major items: Fish Plants Bacteria Later on, we will touch on each of these elements, but just remember that these are the three components essential for any aquaponic system. Through feeding the fish, they produce effluents from their waste and uneaten food that collects at the bottom of your tanks. Bacteria turn that wastewater into nutrients necessary for the plants to grow and thrive. As you harvest the plants, the water becomes clean again and the process repeats. The image above demonstrates the basic process of a simple aquaponic system. Not shown is the series of pipes and fittings. This is to show you the flow of the nutrients and process of how an aquaponic system works.to the left is a grow bed where the plants are harvested. The bed is filled with gravel or clay pebbles. On the right is a fish tank. The water goes from the fish tank to the grow bed. As the water seeps through the grow bed and the roots of the plants, the plants get all of the nutrients they need in order to grow and consequently cleans out the ammonia waste. Then the water is drained back into the tank clean and safe for the fish to swim in. The process of converting the ammonia produced by the fish into nitrates for the plants is known as The Nitrogen Cycle.

10 As you will find out a little later in this ebook, there are several different variations for the process. Elements such as what you fill the grow bed with, what you place your plants in and other can all be changed and altered to suit your needs. Again, this is what makes aquaponics so popular and easy to get started with. Benefits of Aquaponics Now that you have an understanding of how Aquaponics works, you can probably guess some of the many benefits of such a great system. However, there may be some benefits that you overlooked or never even thought about. The primary reasons people set up this organic sustainable food production method are: To improve health (100% organic food) To save money To help the environment In addition to those benefits, aquaponics is also extremely easy to set up. Because it requires such little space and doesn t require a lot of maintenance, it s possible to set up your system in a very limited space, hence the popular trend of backyard aquaponics. One of the reasons some people don t like about traditional farming is the effort and work needed to properly maintain it. It requires a lot of maintenance and constant monitoring. Harvesting is also a very time consuming process. Aquaponics doesn t have any of those issues because after you set up your system (we ll give you a full walkthrough in the next chapter) maintaining it essentially means just feeding the fish. Since this method uses the nutrient rich water from the fish tank to fertilize the plants, your vegetables will grow in a fraction of the time that they would if they were growing in soil. This means that you can get your vegetables much quicker and pretty much have fresh food on a whim. And due to the ease of the process, it s very easy for people of all ages to maintain and care for. Getting the family involved in your aquaponics farm is a great way to have some fun while receiving many other great benefits as well. Whatever your reasoning is for utilizing aquaponics, you are making one of the best decisions of your life and you won t regret it. Health Benefits

11 It s no coincidence that people who choose to eat organic food live overall healthier lives than those who don t. Food bought from stores and restaurants are loaded with chemicals, steroids, fats, and ingredients that are not conducive to a healthy lifestyle. This is one area in which aquaponics gives you a great advantage. Everything is handled right in your backyard and is controlled completely by you. That means that you know exactly what is going into your food from the moment you begin setting up your system. You are getting completely organic food through aquaponics. Another great advantage of aquaponics is that it is vegan/vegetarian friendly as well. Although your system will have fish and other crustaceans in it, that does not mean that you have to eat them! The fish can simply be used as a method for fueling your system by pumping nitrates and necessary nutrients to your plants. So again, you see another case of aquaponics being arguably the most flexible food production methods there is. There have been studies conducted about the effects of herbicides on plants, and they have shown that the herbicides actually lessen the plant s abilities to ward off pests. The consequence of this is that you re not getting all of the antioxidants the plants can and should give you. Antioxidants are an extremely vital to keeping you healthy and avoiding getting common sicknesses and even some potentially fatal diseases such as cancer. When you grow your own vegetables with aquaponics, you don t have to deal with those issues at all as you re

12 not going to be polluting your crops with harmful chemicals. Aquaponics gives you pure vegetables, with no additives. You re getting all of the vitamins, nutrients, and antioxidant properties possible. Fresh organic vegetables are not only better for you, but they also taste better. Many people who have never had the opportunity or pleasure of tasting organic vegetables have a false sense of what they are supposed to taste like. If you have wanted to make the switch to eating organic food or even if you already do eat organic food, then aquaponics is tailor made for you and you will truly appreciate the benefits it offers. The fish that you raise in your farm will also be extremely fresh. When getting fish from oceans or lakes, you re potentially exposing yourself to the many pollutants found in the water.harvesting the fish yourself is the only way to ensure that you are ingesting truly organic food that has not been compromised at any point. You know exactly what the fish have eaten and you can control what they eat as well. Aquaponics is also great because it naturally encourages a healthy diet. Since the only things you can harvest will be organic vegetables, fish, and other aquatic life, you will be more likely to make healthier eating choices. The food will be readily available so there s less of a need to go out for fast food or junk food when you re hungry. The health benefits of aquaponics continue, but the most important thing to keep in mind is that aquaponics gives you one of the greatest ways of getting organic food into your diet on a regular basis. Financial Benefits

13 It s no secret that the cost of food is increasing all over. You have probably noticed it in your grocery stores, and those increases in food also affect restaurants as well. So the cost of eating out has increased substantially over the years as well. This has made many people to look to cheaper more affordable methods of getting food. Some have resorted to getting lesser quality food such as less lean meats, canned foods, or other less than ideal methods of getting food on a budget. You do not have to lower your standard of eating in order to get food cheaper. With aquaponics, you can grow your own food while saving money at the same time. A common misconception is that producing your own food has to be expensive. This has stopped many would be aquaponic farmers from pursing this sustainable food production method. But you will be surprised at how cheap it is to actually set up and maintain your system. The main costs associated with this method of food production are: Fish Fish food Seedlings Power supply Water pump Air pump Fish tank Grow bed(s) The majority of these expenses are onetime expenses such as the fish tank, grow bed, and pumps. You won t have to replace these items unless you wish to upgrade or in the event that they break. However, these parts can often be repaired in order to avoid the need to replace them. Another factor to consider is the return on your investment. Setting up an aquaponic system is a financial investment as well as an investment into your healthy. When you compare the cost of your setup vs. the cost of buying your food from grocery stores and restaurants, you will more than make up the costs. A cost/benefitanalysis created by Richard Chiang in 2009 examined the costs of running an aquaponic system with the benefits it results in. Within his report, he determined that you could receive your return on investment in approximately 2 years. If you already have some of the necessary pieces to set up your system, you will save a lot more money and receive a return on your investment even sooner. One group who is starting to incorporate aquaponics into their practices is restaurants. By growing their own vegetables and seafood, restaurants are able to provide an organic dining

14 experience while lowering their own cost. It allows them to grow their own herbs and provide fresh salads as well. Additionally, restaurants can make use of the system itself as a showcase piece. Displaying the fish tank gives customers something to look at, and this is a very popular trend amongst Chinese food restaurants today. An overlooked financial benefit of aquaponics is the time and money saved on grocery shopping. You will have a completely sustainable method of getting fresh organic food whenever you like. You can grow your own herbs for seasoning as well. You can significantly cut back the time and number of trips you have to take to the grocery store by setting up your own backyard aquaponic system. Environmental Benefits Aquaponics is one of the most environmentally friendly food production methods there is. Since it utilizes less water than a traditional farm and utilizes less fertilizer, it is extremely ideal for environmentally friendly people. The amount of water saved is typically one of the first things people notice when getting involved with aquaponics. Let s look at an example.

15 It takes approximately 6 gallons of water to grow 1 head of lettuce. If you have 24 heads of lettuce in each case, it would take you about 180,000 gallons of water to furnish 1,250 cases of lettuce with traditional farming methods. You can set up a deep water aquaponic system that only requires about 16% the amount of water to produce the exact same amount. And you ll also have the benefit of getting over 3,600 pounds of fish and not to mention the amount that you ll save on fertilizer as aquaponics produces its own natural fertilizer from the wastewater. With aquaponics, you are not wasting anything. The wastewater that would traditionally be thrown out in a regular fish tank, is essentially recycled in a sense and repurposed as fertilizer for the plants. Since your system is a cycle, you rarely have to replace or refill your fish tank with water except to replace any water that has evaporated. You don t have to worry about disposing of the waste from the fish because as we mentioned, it is repurposed into fertilizer. Wastewater disposal has been of the biggest issues for fish farmers for quite some time, and it should come to no surprise that many of them have begun to adopt the practice of aquaponics in order to make their fish farming easier and less time consuming. When you set up your aquaponic garden, you re also not contributing to the ever growing air pollution that traditional farming can produce. All of these elements combined give you ample reason to give aquaponics a try if you re concerned about the environment and would like to be a part of the solution rather than the problem. 3 Types of Aquaponic Systems

16 Before you set up your aquaponic system, it s important that you recognize the options available to you. There are three major types of aquaponic systems you can set up: Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Deep Flow/Raft Media Based Each system will produce great results, and the method you choose will be a matter of personal preference. As a reference, media based systems are the most commonly used method for backyard aquaponics, and is the ideal method for people just starting out. The Deep Flow/raft method is typically reserved for larger scale setups and is used in commercial systems. It is still a viable option for the average aquaponics connoisseur. The nutrient film technique is the least utilized method overall primarily due to the fact that it requires a bit more maintenance than the other two methods. We ll give you a rundown on each system so that you can decide which method is ideal for you. Media Based

17 As mentioned, this is the most popular method of aquaponics especially amongst people who have backyard setups. It s easy to set up and easy to maintain. Typically when you see images of aquaponics setups in magazines or online, they are media based systems. The way media based systems work is that you set up a grow bed filled with a form of media (we ll give you a rundown of the different types of media) typically gravel or clay. Your plants are sown into the media. The media helps to filter out the water that is pumped through before it is transported back into the fish tank so that you are not introducing harmful nitrates to the fish. It also provides support for the plants. Media based systems require the least amount of maintenance as well which is what makes them so popular for the at home gardener. Most people turn to clay or gravel for their media, but here is a list of some of the other choices you have: Coco Coir Perlite Expanded Clay Vermiculite Gravel

18 You can choose any media you d like, but for those just starting out, gravel or clay are the most popular choices. Here is a chart that will show you the strengths and weaknesses of each option. Gravel Perlite Clay Vermiculite Coco Coir Durability Great Poor Good Poor Good Weight Heavy Light Medium Light Medium Cost Low Medium High Medium Medium Ability to hold Good Poor Poor Good Good plants Drainage Good Good Good Good Good Aeration Great Good Good Poor Good Water Poor Medium Poor Great Great Retention Easy of Poor Great Good Great Great handling Lifespan Great Poor Good Poor Great This chart should give you a decent idea of which media to go with. As you can see, gravel is the most cost effective choice because it is fairly cheap (you can often get it free) and lasts a long time. Coco Coir is a great option that is often overlooked or completely unknown. However, it is a recyclable option that isn t too costly and lasts a long time as well. Feel free to have some fun and try out different media types with your setup and find out what works best for you. Experimenting is one of the more enjoyable parts of aquaponics and it is encouraged to try new methods out when you can. Another benefit you ll get from a media based system is that they don t require any external filtering for waste. All of the waste is broken down and mineralized by heterotrophic bacteria and worm compost. These mineralized solids are used to fertilize the plants with the nutrients they need to grow. This will definitely save you money on filtering systems and will save you the time of having to constantly change out filters as the whole process is fairly natural and doesn t require a lot of human interference. We will get into the specifics of setting up your system in the next chapter, but a common question is how deep your grow beds should be in a media based system. There are no depths outlined as a necessity but typically aquaponic grow beds are as deep as the ones used in hydroponics. These depths can range anywhere from 10cm to 30cm. You don t want to have your grow beds too deep as this can cause issues when it comes time to cleaning out the plants

19 roots. Also deeper grow beds are more costly and will require you to fill it with more media as well. Your grow beds only need to be as deep as the plants roots will grow. However, you want to make sure that you have enough depth to house the necessary bacteria involved in the system. The debate as to how deep your grow bed needs to be for a media based system is ongoing with strong arguments from both sides. There may never be an agreement or official recommended depth so again, you will want to try some things out to see what works best for you. The illustration below shows why a depth of around 12 inches is ideal. As you can see, the depth extends beyond the roots of the plants. The image is divided into three different zones. Zone 1 (Surface): This area is about 2 inches deep and is known as the dry zone. It is where light penetrates the system and helps reduce the amount of water lost to evaporation. It s also beneficial in that it protects the base of the plant from collar rot. Since the surface is dry, you don t have to worry about algae forming on your media as well as any plant diseases caused by moisture. Zone 2 (The roots): This zone is crucial. In a shallower grow bed; this would be the bottom of the bin. The root zone is around 6 to 8 inches deep and is where a majority of the plant activity occurs. All of the water pumped into the grow bed from the fish tank will drain into this zone and nourish the roots with beneficial bacteria, nutrients, and earth worms. This is also the zone that the solid waste will be broken down and reduced by the earth worms so that the water is able to be drained back into the fish tank free of pollutants and material that will potentially harm your fish. Basically, this is the zone in which your plants will grow and flourish.

20 Zone 3 (Mineralization): The final 2 inches of the grow bed is where the remaining fish waste and worm castings collect. A majority of the solid waste (60%) was consumed in zone two by bacteria and the worms but the rest will be mineralized in this zone by the other worms and bacterial activity. Deep Flow/Raft Another very popular aquaponic system is the deep flow/raft system. This system is very similar to the Aztec s farming method mentioned in the beginning. The plants float atop the water like the chinampas created by the Aztecs. These systems use grow tanks to grow the plants. Just like with media based systems, the grow beds are filled with media. The grow tanks contain water rich in nutrients. Rafts made of polystyrene sheets containing seedlings float on top of the water. The aquaponic system created by The University of Virgin Islands that is pictured earlier is an example of a raft system and is actually the oldest commercial raft system in existence. Much of what we know today about aquaponics especially as it pertains to the raft system is credited to their work and effort. A deep flow or raft system has several distinct benefits including: They are fairly simple to set up and maintain You have more control over the temperatures in the root zone They contain greater amounts of water per footprint than alternative methods Fish can be stocked at higher densities Easy transport the system because all you have to do is pump out the water and move the pieces

21 There is plenty of information about these systems so you will never be lost You can make your grow tank from wood, brick, or even cement so you have several options and some flexibility for construction. You can also buy one, as they are very easy to find. The size of your grow tank will vary but for a simple backyard system the optimal width is about 4 feet. But for commercial use they can range to up to 90 feet or longer. The depth of your tank can be anywhere over 150 mm. In order to set up your deep flow/raft system, you will need the following components: Fish tank(s) Grow tanks Water pump Sump tank Air blower Some sort of filtering device for solid waste The goal of the float system is to employ continuous flow so that less effort is needed to maintain the setup over an extended period of time. However, one of the obstacles that you will encounter in both a raft system and an NFT system is the need of an external filter source.

22 This is typically done with what is called a clarifier and a mineralization tank. This is necessary because you need to get as much waste out of the water between the fish tank and the grow tank as possible. Since in this method, the roots of the plants are submerged into the water of the grow tank, any waste that gets through will ultimately disturb the growth of the plant and be harmful to their health. Purifying the water through the clarifier and mineralization tank also helps to ensure that by the time the water reaches the grow tank, all of the necessary nutrients for your plants to grow are still in intact without any of the solid waste. You probably noticed that in the media based system, the grow bed was the area in which bacteria colonized and transformed the solid waste into necessary nutrients for the plants. In a raft system, the rafts and the walls of the grow tank are utilized in a similar fashion. The most important part of the system is to ensure that you get adequate nitrification between the fish tank and the grow tank. Some people like to incorporate a trickling biological filter just to be certain that proper nitrification occurs and it also helps if you ever have to separate the fish tank from the growing tank. Another important factor to keep in mind with your raft system is proper aeration. We will explore this further in the next chapter but you want to make sure that your grow tanks have air lines and diffusers to make sure that your tanks are aerated. It does require a bit of extra maintenance to maintain these because you have to clean them regularly to make sure that they are constantly functioning. Raft systems are ideal for plants such as herbs and salad greens. This isn t to say that these are the only types of vegetables that are suitable for a raft system, but they are the most common types of greenery used. Raft/ Deep water systems continue to be a popular choice for commercial use but have not been widely used by backyard aquaponicists likely due to the knowledge and advanced systems employed. There are also more parts needed in order for it to function which can make the costs a little bit higher than most backyard aquaponicists want to spend especially if they re just starting out. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)

23 Perhaps the least utilized system for aquaponics is the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). The reason behind this is that of all the systems, it requires the most management and time so it is primarily used for comer use rather than for backyard aquaponics. It is a more advanced method so most beginners do not typically start out with this, but it is definitely something to look into after you ve gained some experience with aquaponics. The way NFT systems work is there are plastic troughs that transport scarce amounts of nutrient filled water through the roots of the plants. This is very similar to the way that raft systems work, in that the plants roots have direct contact with the nutrient packed water. For this reason, just like with raft systems it is very important that you have an external filter mechanism in order to make sure that no solid waste gets through to the roots of the plants. This disrupts the growth of your plants since it halts the flow of oxygen and nutrients into the roots of the plants. Although the system isn t routinely used, it does have several benefits worth mentioning, such as: Plants get more exposure to oxygen and nutrients Fairly simple to change out fish tanks within the system Water flows through the system easily Just as there are advantages to this system, there are also some notable disadvantages to NFT systems as well. If one of your pumps or pipes malfunctions your plants stop receiving water

24 Hot temperatures cause the temperature of the high root zone to increase which can be harmful to the plants. So it s important that you keep your system in an area that s ventilated and preferably at room temperature. The systems can be costly due to all of the parts needed 2. Setting Up Your Aquaponics System Now that we ve taken a look at some of the vital information about what aquaponics is and some of the great benefits, the next step (and probably what you ve been looking for the most) will be actually setting up your first aquaponics system. You will find that setting up your system is extremely simple once you understand the basic pieces needed and how each part functions. You will be able to easily have your first system set up and start experimenting with different parts and designs in no time. Aquaponics gives you an endless amount of opportunities which is why it has garnered a large following and why many people look to it as a primary food production method. In this chapter, you will find all the information necessary to start your system as far as the basic necessities, different options you have, and even some things that you need to factor in that you may have never considered. Since there is a lot of information available about getting into aquaponics, the goal of this chapter is to bring it all together and help you get your feet wet so to speak. It s important to remember that aquaponics is supposed to be a fun activity that helps your health, saves money, and helps the environment all at the same time. So if you run into

25 problems along the way, it s ok. Don t give up or get frustrated, just use it all as a learning experience. Also, if you don t want to attempt putting your own system together, you may consider buying a complete setup that comes with everything you need. These usually start around $1,000 or so and go up depending on the type and options you select. But again, part of the fun with aquaponics is setting your system up and customizing it to your preferences. Making your own system will also give you the chance to completely emerge yourself in the aquaponics culture that has developed over the years. There are several aquaponics forums filled with members trading tips and info about DIY aquaponics so you will have no shortage of help throughout the entire process. Another advantage of making your own DIY system is that you will be able to control how much you spend and can pretty much create your own setup for a very small budget. A great tip for people just starting out with aquaponics is to start small. You don t need a large scale NFT system to start out with. When you start out too big it s easy to get overwhelmed and want to give up before you even really get started. If you re concerned about the costs associated with building your setup, keep in mind that you can use recycled materials or items that you already have for some pieces of the setup. This is great on your wallets and also means that you re recycling old things that you otherwise would have thrown away which is a win-win situation. So don t get too caught up in the financial aspects of getting into aquaponics because the truth is that you won t spend nearly as much money as you probably think with this guide! In an effort to keep things simple and easy to follow for people just beginning, we will be focusing on media based systems since they are fairly easy to setup, and have the lowest startup costs. However, we will definitely touch on more advanced systems and techniques as well a bit for those interested. We also want to note that setting up your entire aquaponics system can take as little as one day, so it does not have to be a month long project if you don t want to. However, for most people, setting up and improving their aquaponics system is an ongoing process that is never really finished. Backyard Aquaponics

26 Backyard aquaponics has been mentioned a few times throughout this book. It is essentially the term used to describe the practice of setting up an aquaponics system at home, often in your own backyard. You can absolutely set your system up inside as well, which is one of the great benefits aquaponics has over other food production and farming methods. Another attractive part of backyard aquaponics is that there are no real prerequisites. You don t need a college degree to get started or have to pass a rigorous test. The only thing necessary is a desire to learn and a passion to create your own organic food production method. If this sounds like you, then you are more than ready to begin your journey into aquaponics. The only thing you have to do is jump in and get started! Requirements As we mentioned, setting up your aquaponics system does not have to be expensive and break the bank. Some extremist will tell you not even to attempt getting into aquaponics unless you have a few thousand dollars to invest, but thousands of people who have set up aquaponics systems in their own backyards for far less would strongly agree.

27 This guide will utilize an extremely basic setup that can be created with spare parts that you may even be able to get for free in some cases. It is based off of a barrel type system popularized by Travis Hughey in his Barrel-Ponics manual. All of the parts mentioned can be found in your local hardware store (Lowes or Home Depot). A great tip that might help you save some money is to check your local classifieds site such as Craigslist for people getting rid of old hardware. The pieces used for Aquaponics are very similar to those used in aquaculture and hydroponics so if you see someone getting rid of their system for either one of those two, jump on it because the pieces could be very useful for you. The basic parts required for your aquaponic system are: PVC Parts 1 ft. 1/4" pex pipe (3) 1-3/4" long 1/2" pipe (1) 3" long 1/2" pipe (4) 4" long 1/2" pipe (1) 6" long 1/2" pipe (2) 10" long 1/2" pipe (2) 12" long 1/2" pipe 3" long 3/4" pipe 4" long 3/4" pipe 6" long sch 40 1" pipe 19" long 1" thin wall pipe (2) 8 1/2" long 1" thin wall pipe (8) 1/2" ell (6) 1/2" male adapter (2) 3/4" male adapter Flush valve 2" female adapter 2"x1" sch 40 bushing 1 " street ell 1" tee (2) 1"x3/4" ell 1/2" IPT to 1/2" 90deg. barb (2) 1/2" IPT to 1/2" barb 3/4" threaded ball valve 3/4" street ell PXM

28 34 of 4" corrugated slittted sewer pipe Hardware (6) 1/2"conduit locknuts (2) 3/4" conduit locknuts 3/8"x 1/2" FIP coupler with insert 1 pkg. screen door tension rollers 24" steel fishing leader (2) #10 SS pan head sheet metal screws (2) #8 SS pan head sheet metal screws #10 SS flat washer 1/4" split shot (made of brass) AR 3/8" SS flat washers 1 liter water bottle 1 small tube of aquarium silicone 1" by 2 1/2" by 4" long wood block 1" by 1" by 7" long wood AR 1/2" foam sheet (type used for insulation) AR 2" net pots (2) 1-5/8 deck screws This part is optional but can be very beneficial. These are the parts needed to construct a stand for your aquaponic setup which requires a little bit of woodwork (nothing too advanced). If you have a place where you can set your grow beds and tanks, you will not need this. But if you are interested in setting up your own stand for the grow beds you will need: (4) 10 2x4 s (3) 8 2x4 s 12 2x6 12 2x8 (8) 8 cinder blocks AR 3 deck screws Tools Safety goggles Jigsaw ½ drill

29 ½ bit 5/21 bit ¼ bit ¾ bit ¾ spade bit 1 spade bit 2-1/2 hole saw Driver bit Tape measure Pencil (for marking) Adjustable wrench Framing square 12 channel lock Additional Parts In addition to these parts, you will also need 3 55 gallon barrels. The barrels will be used for the grow beds, and fish tanks. It is extremely important that you know exactly where the barrels came from and what they were used for. Barrels are commonly used to store hazardous or toxic materials. So you need to make sure the barrels you re using are for food products.

30 A tip is to avoid using black barrels, as these types are the most commonly used ones for storing chemicals or other hazardous materials. Try to stick to white or blue plastic barrels if possible as they are generally used to store food products or ice. It should go without saying but by using mysterious barrels in which you don t know what the contents were, you risk exposing yourself to potentially fatal chemicals. You can check with your local recycling center to see if they have any that you can have. Just be sure to ask what they were used for or where they received them. For your media, you can start out with gravel since it s the cheapest/easiest to find. You will need about 600lbs for this system. This is an item that you may be able to get off craigslist for very cheap or free if you re willing to go pick it up. You can buy 50lb bags of gravel for about $5 or less a bag which isn t too bad. For your pump, you will want one that is able to produce 100 gallons per hour at 5ft. head.

31 The parts mentioned are all for completely setting up your aquaponics system from scratch, which is the best way to get started on a tight budget. You can save more money if you already have a fish tank or grow beds. Then the only things needed would be the tubing, pumps, etc. But the items mentioned can all be found for extremely cheap or even free in certain cases so it s recommended that you try sourcing them all for free first before you start investing money. Here are some great places to source the parts: Craigslist free section Recycling plants Retail stores (they often throw out parts such as unused wood, just ask) Junk yards (just be careful what you re getting) Pet stores Aquariums Getting creative is often the best way to find free parts for your aquaponic system, just look around and see what you can find. Factors To Consider Now that you have the parts you need, there are some factors you need to consider before you start putting everything together. Where To Put Your System Hopefully you have given at least a little thought to where you plan on putting your aquaponics system. There are a few things to consider when thinking about where to place your system. 1. Can I get electricity here? Aquaponic systems require electricity to run and function. So setting up in an area that has no outlets or electricity won t work. A mistake that some people make is thinking they can simply run extension cords out to the backyard. If you plan on having an outdoor system, you really have to make sure that you have a power source close by, whether this means getting an external generator or if you have an outside outlet that is easily accessible. Relying on running extension cords from the inside of your home to out in the yard is very dangerous and can cause many issues. For instance, if the extension cord gets cut by accident, and you don t realize it, your system will not be functional. If left untended to for an extended period of time, your plants will die, and your fish tank will build up a lot of filth waste. This will ultimately force you to have to completely empty out your system and refill everything which is very time consuming and can

32 be difficult when you have to dispose of the waste water. So the moral of this story is:make sure you pick a location where electricity is easily accessible. 2. Can the area be covered? If you re setting your system up outside, you have to account for the inevitable chance of rain. A little light rain might not be a huge deal, but in heavy rain storms, your system can get completely flooded and tainted. A covered area outside with a solid roof is ideal. Another option you have is buying some sort of canopy. That way you can easily cover it up when necessary. Your goal should be to have adequate protection from rain storms that can potentially ruin your setup. This is something that seems simple, but it s easy to overlook such crucial aspects when you re caught up in building your system. 3. Do I have a flat surface? Your aquaponic system should be on a flat surface. When constructing or designing your system, you more than likely don t account for gravity that helps the water flow in the system. While it s true that the pumps do a lot of work, good old gravity will also play a part. Unless you are an experienced engineer or have designed more complex aquaponics systems, creating your system on a slope can be quite difficult. It s best to stick to a flat surface especially if you re just starting out. If you can find some extra wood for free (even plywood would do) you can setup your own flat surface that will be fairly sturdy. 4. Will the noise bother anyone? Aquaponics is great for the environment and your health, but the sound of the pumps and water running might be a little inconvenient at night. The pumps aren t as loud as a lawnmower or motorcycle, but you probably don t want to have one right outside of the room you sleep in. Most people don t consider the sound of the pump soothing or relaxing. You also have to be respectful of neighbors so placing it right at your fence line and outside of their bedroom probably won t help you make any new friends. Be conscious of where you put your system and make sure the sounds aren t disturbing anyone. There are some fairly quite pumps available as well. If your system is obnoxiously loud, it could be a sign that something has gone awry within and you may want to get your pump checked out. 5. Do I have enough space?

33 Of course you want to make sure that you have enough space for your system wherever you place it. For the simple small system employ in this guide,it takes up about a space of 2 feet wide and 5 feet long. This means your space should be significantly larger than this so that you can comfortably move around, build, and adjust. You can also keep the possibility of expanding later on in mind. You may want to build a larger system at some point so you don t want to limit yourself right now. This system is fairly simple and fairly small so if you wish to go a bit bigger, then you will have to adjust your space accordingly. How many pumps should I use? For this setup, we only use one pump, and for beginners/simple setups one pump is definitely ideal. It uses less energy and saves you money. Aquaponics works on a circulative process, so you want to keep things as simple as possible. When you add in extra parts and pieces, the design becomes unnecessarily complex and can get confusing especially for novices. Unless you re setting up a large commercial sized setup, then you probably won t have a use for multiple pumps. Do yourself a favor and stick to one pump. Do I have the time? Another thing you will want to keep in mind/consider is the time needed to set up your system and maintain it. Luckily media based backyard aquaponic systems don t require a ton of maintenance once you get them up and running but you don t want to just set it up and forget about it. As far as setting up your system, you just want to make sure that you set some time up for focusing on putting it up. You don t have to get it all done in one day, but depending on how good you are with tools, how much free time you have, and how handy you are, it might take you a little while to put it together. If you have a fairly busy schedule set a small portion of time each day for putting it together. If you can get some friends together, you can have everything set up and ready to go in no time at all. I ll warn you in advance that once you get started it is pretty addictive and you probably won t want to stop! Salt Water vs. Fresh Water Another thing you might want to consider is whether you want to go with fresh water or salt water for your aquaponic system. A majority of systems are fresh water, but you may run into the occasional salt water system. One factor that will affect your decision is what type of fish you choose for your system (we ll touch on that a little later). For people just starting out, fresh

34 water is typically the best option. They are much easier to handle and maintain and will give you a good idea about how the systems work. If you do wish to go with a salt water system, you will have to cultivate some sort of organism such as seaweed or algae to clean out the water s extra nutrients. I won t go too deep into this area because it s more advanced. Also, saltwater aquaponics is still an area that is being researched and looked into so the jury is still out in a sense as to proper maintenance and care needed for a saltwater system. As you get more experienced in aquaponics as a whole, you should definitely explore different options such as saltwater aquaponics and do some of your own experiments. Designing Your System Yes, finally, the portion of this book you ve been waiting for! Now that you ve gotten all of your pieces and parts together, it s time to start assembling! Depending on how handy you are and how much you like getting your hands dirty so to speak, this will either be extremely fun or a dread. Assembling your very own aquaponics system isn t necessarily a difficult task, and if you have some friends to do it with, it can be very fun. As you can see from the list of parts, we re going to put this system together in different parts. This enables you to build it over a period of time and pace yourself or if you have several people working together, each person can build up a separate part. You don t necessarily have to go in the same order of this guide, but if you re a novice or not the handiest person, it might be easier to just follow along. The Fish Tank Building your own fish tank is a great way to save money on your aquaponics system. It is extremely easy to set up which is another great reason to take on the project. The fish tank is actually the easiest part to put together, so it s an excellent place to start. I will warn you ahead of time that you will be putting some tools to use and as a precautionary measure, make sure that you are using goggles whenever handling any drills. The parts that you ll need for the fish tank are: plastic barrel 1-3/4 PVC male adapter 1-3 long piece of ¾ PVC pipe 1-3/4 PVC threaded ball valve 1-3/4 PVCstreet ell 1-3/4 conduit locknut

35 The first thing you re going to do is stand up your barrel with the bungs up. There should be a thin line between the bungs, you should be able to feel it if you rub your fingers across it. Make a mark in the middle of this line using a framing square at a 90 degree angle. You can label the mark mold line with a sharpie pen. Then flip your barrel on the opposite end and do the same thing. Lay the barrel on its side and make a straight mark (use a ruler!) from the top to the bottom.

36 Next, from one edge of the line you just drew, measure in 6 and draw a 90 degree line merging into the centerline that is 6-1/2 long on each side. You will do the same on the other end of the line as well. Then make a line connecting the ends of those 6-1/2 lines, essentially forming a box in the middle for your cutout.

37 Now, cut out the center section that you marked out. Brace the barrel against something so that you re able to make a clean cut without the barrel moving around on you. You can sand down the edges so that the cutout is smooth and clean.

38 Stand your barrel up on the end with the bottom side up. Use a frame square to make a line that goes to the bottom of your tank and make a mark at 1-1/2 from the edge. You are going to drill a 1 hole at this point.

39 Place a ¾ PVC male adapter piece with silicone on the threads. If you re having issues threading it, you can use a pipe tap but it s not a necessity.

40 In order to secure your adapter, you can lock it from the inside with a conduit locknut. Next you ll install a 3 piece of ¾ PVC with the PVC street ell.

41 Now all you have to do is install the ball valve as well as the fittings that are used for your pump and your fish tank is complete! Grow Beds Next, we ll put together the grow beds for the system. This guide will show you how to create two grow beds using one barrel. Again, if you already have something you can use for grow beds, then you can use that. But barrels are a very cost effective way to make your own and save the money of having to buy your own. If you can make the fish tank, you are more than capable of making your own grow beds as well. It is extremely important that the barrel you use for this part is clean and never had any kind of toxic chemicals in it. The parts you ll need to make your own grow beds are:

42 (1) Barrel 4- ½ PVC male adapters 4-1/2 PVC pipe pieces 4 inches long 4-1/2 PVC ells 2-1/2 PVC pipe pieces 10 inches long 2-1/2 PVC pipe pieces 12 inches long 2-1/2 grey PVC female npt x ½ male hose barb (2) 6-8 pieces of ½ hose for the barb 3 piece of 3/8 vinyl tubing (1) section of corrugated sewer. Do not use the type with holes The first thing you will do is stand the barrel up with the bottom side up. Use your framing square to make a perpendicular line from the center of the mold line just like you did with the fish tank, Mark each side of the mold line near the edge. Drill a hole ¾ wide one inch from the edge of the lines you just marked.

43 Flip the barrel over with the bungs facing up and remove them. Then you re going to cut the barrel in half (the long way) using the mold line as a guide using a jigsaw. You can sand down the edges of the barrel you cut with sandpaper so that they are smooth. If your barrel has a lip on it, cut it off with your jigsaw as well. Also, now that you have your barrel cut open, take this opportunity to clean the inside out really well. Use an all-purpose cleaner for the initial rinse. Then use some vinegar to help neutralize the cleaner. You can also go the extra step and scrub it really well with bleach water for extra precaution. Find the holes you drilled on your barrel in the beginning. Thread a ½ male PVC adapter into the whole with a silicone sealer like you did with the fish tank. Place a ½ conduit locknut and tighten the male PVC adapter on the inside.

44 Next, thread the ½ female x ½ barb to the piece you just inserted. By doing this you ve created a bulkhead fitting on the outside and a ½ hose barb on the inside!

45 Slide on the short part of your hose onto the barb curved down. If your tubing doesn t fit the end, you can heat it to get it to form better. Now, grab your drain field pipe. Your pipe should have a mold line one the sides, cut along those lines (the long way) and you should have two pieces.

46 Half of your drain pipe will cover this connection running the long way at the bottom of your grow bed. Since your tube is turned downwards, it should be touching the bottom of your grow bed. The Stand As I mentioned earlier, building your own stand is optional. However, if you choose to use something else as a stand, make sure it is sturdy enough to support the weight. Your entire system will probably weigh over 600lbs. The stand built in this guide is more than capable of supporting this. There is a little woodwork involved in this process, so if you don t feel comfortable cutting wood you can always go to a hardware store such as Home Depot and have them make the cuts for you according to your specs.

47 Do not underestimate the size/weight of this aquaponic system! If you choose to make your own using another guide or from your own design, please ensure that you have a solid base to support the weight of this system. The parts needed for this part are: (6) Concrete blocks (1) 12 2x6 (1) 12 2x8 (4) 10 2x4 (3) 8 2x4 1 lb. 3 deck screws Screw your 2x6 piece and 2x8 to create a V shape piece. Just screw through your 2x8 into your 2x6. Take this new piece you ve created and cut it into 4 35 pieces

48 Screw two of your 10 2x4 s together on top of each other to make a 4x4 piece. Then cut the big piece into two pieces that are 54-3/4 long.

49 Spread the two 54-3/4 parts about 3 feet apart and place two of your V shaped pieces on the ends to create a rectangular shape. Place one of your 3 deck screws in each corner and make sure it s squared. You can check by making sure your diagonals are all equal. Then you can screw in the other 4 corners with your deck screws.

50 Next, place another one of your V pieces in the middle. You can/should use a ruler to find the exact center of your rectangle. Then screw it in place with your deck screws. Flip the entire wooden piece over (carefully!). Mark the center of your cross brace and then measure out 8 inches on each side and mark it.

51 Screw together two more of your 10 2x4 s to make another 4x4 piece like earlier. Then cut that into two pieces that are 51-1/2 long. This will be used as a longitudinal brace. Attach it at the 8 mark you made in the previous step and as shown in the picture below. This end will lay flush on the wood and the other will slightly overhang.

52 Screw in the overhanging part with deck screws. You will do the same thing on the side of the cross brace center. It should look like the image below. Then flip it back over (carefully!) Use the leftover 2x4 s and create pieces the following sizes (a hardware store can make these cuts for you if you don t feel comfortable but it s not too difficult): (4) 14 long pieces (4) 23-1/4 long pieces (1) 16 long piece (1) 19 long piece

53 With these pieces, you re going to take 2 of the 14 pieces and 2 of the 23-1/4 pieces and make a rectangular shape with a 3-1/2 offset on one end using your deck screws. You are going to make another one of these pieces with the remaining 14 and 23-1/4 pieces. Now you re going to screw these two pieces you just created into the larger piece you made earlier. The pieces should lay flush due to the excess overhang on both pieces.

54 Then attach the 16 piece at the top of the two pieces you just put on like the picture below. Screw on the 19 piece at the end of the top like you see below. Then stand back at look at the grow bed frame you just put together! Easier than you thought, right?

55 Assuming you have the spot picked out for your aquaponics set up, you re going to lay down your concrete blocks in a rectangular shape. Space them 26 inches wide and 50 inches long. It is extremely important that they are leveled and not uneven. This is where the gravity factor that I mentioned earlier comes into play. This has to lay as flat and evenly as possible or your system might not function properly. Then lay your frame on top of your blocks.

56 Then place your grow beds into the spaces of the frame.

57 Use your last V shaped piece to wedge your fish tank against the blocks at the front of your frame. At this point, your drain pipe halves should be covering the suction tubes of your grow beds. This part will require two people. One person will hold down the pipes while the other pours in the gravel into the grow beds to help hold the drain pipes down. Make sure that your gravel is washed and cleaned especially if you didn t buy it new!

58 Keep filling your grow beds, making sure that the top is leveled and even. You want to fill them up until they are about 1 from the bung holes of the barrel. Then place 4 long ½ PVC pipes, ½ ells and 10 long ½ PVC pipe pieces into the male adapters at the bottom of your grow beds pointed upwards. Now you will fill up the buckets with water using a hose or buckets of water. Don t fill the beds to the top though. Fill it to the bottom of the bungs and mark where the water level is on the outside of your grow beds. Then place a mark that s about ½ below the water level and drill a hole ½ wide into each grow bed at that mark.

59 Place a ½ male PVC adapter in the hole with a ½ conduit locknut on the inside of the grow beds. Then install a 4 long piece of ½ PVC pipe into the male adapter and place a ½ ell on the PVC pipe. Install a 12 PVC piece in each ell essentially forming a downspout. They will be aimed down into the fish tank. This will help ensure that any water that siphoned from the grow beds will go into the fish tank instead of the ground. You can cut the 10 tubes into at least 6 long pieces if you d like. Then cut the 3 piece of 3/8 vinyl tube in half and put one piece in each of the grow bed downspouts to stop the grow beds from flowing out. This helps to allow the nutrients and to flow through the plants a little more before they get cycled back into the fish tank. Remember, you want to make sure the water is filtered properly before being cycled back into the fish tank because it can harm them.

60 The Flood Valve The flood valve is the part of your aquaponics system that allows you to adjust the flood/drain function without the need of timers or processors. So it is essential to your setup and by making one yourself, you re saving yourself a decent amount of money. The way a floodvalve works is a siphon fills a counterweight that lifts open a flush valve like in your toilet. The water from the valve fills the grow beds. The counterweight has a small hole so it drains slower than it fills up. After the flood tank is empty enough to break open the siphon, the counterweight starts to empty out. After the counterweight is empty and light enough, the flush valve closes up and the process repeats. It s essentially a self-operating flush system that eliminates the need to have to constantly flush it out manually. Many people find it easiest to understand the flood valves by thinking of it as a toilet flush valve. Since you ve managed to complete the other portions of this setup, you should feel comfortable going into this portion. But this part is a little more complex to put together so be forewarned. You may want to read through it a few times first so that you have a good understanding of how it s supposed to work first. The parts you will need to get started with your flood valve are: The last plastic barrel 1 ft. 1/4" pex pipe flush valve 1/2" PVC male adapter

61 1/2" PVC ell of 1-3/4" long 1/2" PVC pipe 3" long 1/2" PVC pipe 6" long 1/2" PVC pipe 3/4" PVC male adapter 4" long 3/4" PVC pipe 2" PVC female adapter 2"x1" PVC sch 40 bushing 1 " PVC street ell 1" PVC tee 1"x3/4" PVC ell 6" long PVC sch 40 1" pipe 19" long 1" PVC thin wall pipe (2) 8 1/2" long 1" PVC thin wall pipe 1/2"conduit locknuts 3/4" conduit locknuts 3/8"x 1/2" FIP coupler with insert pkg. screen door tension rollers 24" steel fishing leader (10) #10 x 3/4" SS pan head sheet metal screws #8 x 1/2" SS pan head sheet metal screws #10 SS flat washer 1/4" split shot (preferably brass) AR 3/8" SS flat washers 1 liter water bottle 1" by 2 1/2" by 4" long wood block 1" by 1" by 7" long wood block AR 1/2" foam sheet (type used for insulation) (1) tube of aquarium silicone AR 2" net pots Turn your barrel upside down (with the bottom side up). Find the center of the bottom using the mold line just like before. Use a framing square and make a line that is perpendicular to the center of the mold line.

62 Make a mark 4 inches from the edge of the line you just made. Then, draw a 2 long line perpendicular to the 4 mark at a 90 degree angle.

63 Then make a mark that is 1-1/2 from the first line. This is where the hole for the toilet valve will go. Use a 2-1/2 hole saw to make a hole in the center of the mark you just made. If you ve never used a hole saw, they have a tendency to get caught when cutting through plastic. So make sure the barrel is secure and that you are well braced when cutting.

64 Turn the barrel over on the other side and place it on a flat surface. Use your handy framing square and make a line 18 from the first line you drew. At the top of the 18 line, draw a line parallel to it 1 to the right and 5 down.

65 You are going to make 2 marks on this new 5 line. The first will be 16-1/2 from the bottom of your barrel, and the second will be 14-1/2 from the bottom. Drill a 1/8 hole on each of the marks you just made. On the original vertical line you made, make a mark 9-3/4 from the bottom and drill a whole ¾ wide there.

66 Make a line around the barrel approximately 17-1/2 from the bottom of the barrel that goes all the way around the barrel. This will mark where you cut for the flood tank. It should intersect the other lines you drew. Then use a jigsaw to cut through the mark you just made. This piece will be your flood tank. Go ahead and clean out both parts of the barrel just like you cleaned the grow beds.

67 Sub-Assemblies There are a few things that you can do at this point that will help you when you put the entire assembly together. These sub-assemblies are fairly easy to do so it s a great idea to get them out of the way now. The first thing you ll make is an extension for the toilet valve to the overflow tube. Take your toilet valve and 6 40 PVC pipe and slip the pipe over the overflow tube. You should have a 14 piece that is secured on. Next, take your 2 PVC female adapter, 2x1 inch PVC bushing, and 1 PVC street ell and put them together like the picture below. Glue the joints together to create a toilet valve to manifold adapter.

68 Take a 19 long PVC piece of 1 thin wall pipe, 1 PVC tee, two 8-1/2 long 1 thin wall PVC pipe, and two 1 x3/4 PVC reducing ells and put them together so that it looks like the picture below. Now, you ll need: (3) ½ PVC ells (2) 1-3/4 ½ pipe pieces (1) 3 piece of ½ pipe (1) 6 long piece of ½ PVC pipe Put these pieces together in the manner below. They should fit into each other so do not glue them.

69 Next you will put together the siphon tube downspout. For this you ll need a ¼ pex pipe, #10 stranded wire, and something to produce heat such as a blow dryer or heat gun. Since you will be handling heated plastic you should have some gloves on or something to handle the heat (you don t want to handle it with your bare hands). Place the wire into the pex pipe with a piece of the wire exposed from the pipe.

70 Heat a section (2 wide, 1 from the end) of the pipe until you re able to bend it. Bend the pipe at a 90 degree angle around a piece of pipe and hold it in place until it cools. Running some cool water over it will help it cool down faster. After it has cooled, take the wire out of the tube and trim the tube to 1-1/2 x7. Keep the extra tube that you cut off.

71 Take the 3/8 x1/2 FIP coupler and place a compression nut and compression ring on the pex pipe. Place the inner tube into the short side of the pex pipe.

72 Put together the fitting and tighten it until the nut fits on tight to the compression ring basically locking the compression ring into the pipe. Then remove the brass insert. Put the compression fitting back on tightly.

73 Next, you re going to put together the roller block. Take your 1x1x7 inch blog of wood and drill some holes for screws to attach it to a 1x2-1/2x4 inch wooden block.

74 Drill a hole 5/32 wide about 3/8 from the end of your wooden piece. Screw the wooden pieces together using 1-5/8 deck screws.

75 Take your steel leader and thread it through the 5/32 hole you drilled earlier with the swivel end at the top. Place a #10 SS washer, ¼ split shot sinker, and the leftover 1 pex pipe leftover from earlier on the steel leader.

76 Attach the rollers like the picture below. Make sure one of the rollers allows for the steel leader to go through the hole and the other one should let the leader hang off the end of the roller block. Now it s time to put that water bottle to use. On the bottom of your water bottle cut off one of the raised areas like in the picture below. This space is where the siphon downspout will go.

77 Drill two 1/8 holes into the bottom of the bottle. With the cap on the top, drill a 5/32 hole into the center of the cap.

78 Putting It Together Now that you have all the separate pieces ready, it s time to start assembling everything. First, you re going to attach the toilet valve with silicone onto the gasket (the gasket will be on the inside of your barrel) and tighten up the nut from the outside. On the inside, place a ½ PVC male adapter with silicone onto the threads and lock it in place with a locknut on the outside of the barrel.

79 Next you re going to attach the siphon downspout from the outside. Make sure it s tightened on nice and secure. Now you re going to attach your roller block to the tank using those 1/8 holes you drilled into the wooden block. Make sure your block assembly is centered and attach them to the barrel using two #10x3/4 SS panhead screws on the inside. The top of the block assembly should lay flush atop the tank.

80 Attach the water bottle onto the steel leader. For now, you can hold down the other end of the leader to the toilet valve flapper chain. You re going to use washers to help offset the weight of the water bottle (probably about washers). You want to the flapper to close properly when the water bottle gets emptied.

81 Angle the siphon downspout to the side so that it can be placed into the water bottle. Then turn the bottle with the tube inside it downward like it was before.

82 Now you re going to attach the adjustable siphon assembly to the male adapter. Make sure the cable is able to go through a full range of motion. Your leader bottle should be able to move freely uninterrupted.

83 You will want to test out the unit out before you attach it to the rest of your aquaponics system. Place the entire unit on some blocks so that the toilet valve is elevated. Fill the tank with water slowly with a hose or water buckets. As the water gets close to the top of the siphon, the water bottle should start filling up. Once the water bottle starts to get full enough, it should open up the toilet valve.

84 You may experience a little bit of leakage in the toilet valve, this is perfectly normal. Keep filling up the tank while it drains to see how it would function with an actual pump. After the water bottle is emptied, it should allow for the flapper to fall and seal the tank for the next cycle. In the event that the flapper doesn t close, you should add more washers for extra weight. But you don t want to add too much weight so add them slowly until you find the amount that allows it to close properly.

85 In order to adjust the maximum volume of your flood cycles, adjust the top of the adjustable siphon. The downspout settings control when the water bottle stops filling up. You can adjust the settings and play with it to see the difference it makes. This gives you great control over your aquaponic system and allows you to adjust for different plants in the grow beds. You can completely customize the system to work for the needs of your plants. Assuming everything is working properly, you can now install the manifold adapter using sealant on the threads.

86 Place your new flood tank onto the framework with the rest of your pieces and attach the manifold. Your water bottle should be hanging over one of your grow beds so that the water can drip into it. Floating Raft Tank Another part of this system that you can assemble is a floating raft tank. This is for people who want to utilize a floating raft setup. The plants will be in net pots and the roots will be submerged in the fish tank water. Alternatively, you could use this as a place to grow water plants to feed your fish. But for now, we ll focus on making the floating raft tank utilizing the leftover portion of the barrel from the flood tank. Since you have put together everything else, this part should be a breeze. Place the barrel upside down on a table or other flat surface. Then measure up 6-1/2 and make a mark.

87 Cut the barrel off at that mark. Then drill a hole about 1 wide around 3 inches from the edge of your barrel. Insert a ¾ male PVC adapter inside the hole (from the inside of the barrel) and cover it with a 4 long PVC sch. 40. Then drill a ¾ hole directly across from the fitting you just made. It should be about 1 away from the top edge. Next, place a ½ male adapter on the inside and lock it with a ½ conduit locknut on the outside. Use a ½ npt x ½ barb as well on the threads of the male adapter. Make sure you tighten in well. Then install a 1-3/4 piece of ½ PVC pipe and a ½ PVC ell on the inside of your

88 tank. This will be the water inlet from your pump. The purpose of this part is to transfer the water from the pump to the tank until it overflows and goes into the flood tank. Now you should have a leftover 2x4 from when you put together the frame. Use this to cut a 23 long piece and a 21 piece. Screw the two pieces together into a T shape using your deck screws. Nothing too fancy here.

89 Now, get out your foam sheet. You ll need a piece big enough to fit into the raft tank. You will cut it out in the shape of the barrel and it should be able to fit in so that you can move it up and down freely. Place the foam piece on top and press down on the standpipe so that you know where to cut your hole for the standpipe to go through. Then turn the sheet over and cut out your hole. You can also cut your holes for your net pots. The size of the holes will depend on the type of plants you plan on growing. You ll also want to cut out a space so that your hose bib can slide through. Place your T shaped piece from earlier on top of your flood tank. Then place the raft tank on top as well.

90 The Pump Now that you have all of those parts put together, you re going to need a pump if you don t already have one. For this system, your pump needs to be able to do at least 60 gph at a 7 head. This will require that you look at the actual specs of the pump. What most pumps do is list the gph at a 0 head. So you may see something like 500 gph on the box but that is for a 0 head, not 7. Blige pumps however are generally rated at a 3 head. So make sure if you re buying a new one to check the specs. Most pumps will have a complete chart on the back that tells you the maximum head and flow. All you need to look at is the volume of water, not the pressure. You don t really want to get cheap with your pump, as it will be a pretty big factor in the overall performance of your system. 60gph is the minimum, so if you can get something better go for it. Trying to go with small pumps typically causes a need for frequent cleaning and flushing in order for everything to work on a consistent basis. Aquaponics is supposed to a self-sustaining system for the most part so constantly having to go back and clean your pump and make sure everything is operational isn t ideal for most people. Cheaper pumps tend to not last as long and will ultimately crap out on you from my experience. They may be operational and seem great for a short period of time but eventually the functionality begins to decline and it s unable to sustain the maximum capabilities. You should be aiming for a pump that is capable of working at around 50% or less of the rated output. If you re new to aquaponics, you may be overwhelmed at all of the different pumps available online or in stores. For aquaponics, many people go with centrifugal pumps. Some people like submersible pumps that can go directly in the water but the problem with those is that it makes them less accessible. You can also look into magnetic drive pumps. These are nice because even if the impeller gets stuffed up, it will continue to function. In the inevitable event that your pump goes out on you, you can just replace the heads and keep using the motor. This will save you some money.

91 If you can find the type of pumps used in marine air conditioners, those are the optimal choice. These are typically fairly expensive though (over $300). You may be able to find decent deals on ebay or other classified sites so keep your eyes open and stay alert for great deals. Another great way to get one for cheap is visiting a local marina. Sometimes they have old ones that they scrap simply because the pump section is a little worn but the motor is still good. For this all you have to do is order a new pump kit and you ll have a close to new one ready to go. Another fairly popular choice of pumps is the 12V bilge. These are decent options but the problem with them is that debris gets into them fairly easily. Once you get junk in there, it stops your impeller and blow the fuse out so that your whole system is broken. After this happens a few times you ll have to completely replace your pump which will get old very quickly. If you re using a 12V bilge, you should get some sort of filter to catch the debris before it gets too deep into your pump and shuts things down. Also, keep in mind that these types don t have a very long lifespan. They aren t built to be used nonstop like aquaponics require. The upside is that they are probably one of the cheapest options available so they are easy to replace. If you re running a 12VDC system, they might get the job done, but you should definitely aim for something better. For aquaponics you want a pump that will be able to last a long time and is built for continuous full time use. As you know, your system will be running overnight and even when you re not around so you need a dependable pump. Once your pump goes out it completely disrupts your entire system and if left unattended for an extended period of time you will have a huge problem on your hands. If you don t want to use an electric pump, you can pretty much use any type of method that will move water since you have the flood valve. Some people even use solar panels hooked up to a 12V pump. Others have been able to utilize wind power utilizing a wind mill like system. You can even use a water wheel or a gas powered pump. However, gas powered pumps would be better off for large scale setups (commercial use) and will be pretty expensive to setup and maintain. The point is that you have a wide range of options available so you re not limited to strictly electrical pumps. Other options may be more environmentally feasible and cheaper as well. Try different things and find out what works best for your system. Whatever type of pump you choose, make sure it is able to support your aquaponic system on a full time basis. This is one issue that you might run into if you choose to go for a solar powered option because the system will have to run overnight as well so keep that in consideration when making your decision. Plumbing

92 Now that you have your pump all ready to go, the next step will be hooking it all up. Obviously this section might vary a bit depending on what type of pump you chose but the overall methodology is still the same. For this setup, we ve used a ½ black poly pipe for the hose. This material is commonly used in underground irrigation systems. I d recommend using this for your setup because it is easy to find (Home Depot or Lowed) and cheap. Also, you re less likely to have to deal with algae forming inside because the black helps keep the sun light out. For this reason, you should avoid using clear or light tubing that draws in sunlight. Once algae starts to form is completely clogs up your hose and water won t be able to get through. And any water that does go through will flow very slowly and have traces of algae inside. Lastly, black poly pipe is really easy to hook up. You can use grey poly barbed fittings to hook everything together without a need for clamps. To connect your pump to the fish tank, you can use a ¾ hose from the ball valve to the pump inlet. For this portion, you can use a clear hose so that you can see if there s any debris flowing in or blocking the passage. You can use a regular garden hose fitting to easily be able to unhook the inlet whenever you need. Once you ve connected the fish tank to the pump inlet, you use a ½ black poly pipe to connect with a tee split. One side will go to your raft tank and the other will be hooked up to your fish tank connected to an aerator.

93 To make your aerator, use a ¾ npt to ½ barb fitting. Drill a hole ¾ at the opposite end of the outlet at the edge of fish tank s opening like in the picture below. Next, take a ¾ threaded PVC cap and drill some fairly small holes into it. This is going to function similar to a shower head. Stick the barb through the hole in the fish tank you just drilled with the barb on the outside. Cover it with a black poly tubing so that it doesn t slide through. You may want to heat it up a little bit make it fit easier. Now any extra water will go back into the fish tank and will be aerated as well. In the event that something goes wrong with your pump or you experience some blockage and the water doesn t go into the raft tank, the fish tank will still be aerated.

94 And there you have it. You should now have a complete aquaponics setup complete on a very minimal budget. Remember you can definitely use recycled materials to save a little more money and to be more environmentally safe. The great part about aquaponics is that there is an endless amount of ways to customize your setup and I encourage you to try some different things out. Whether it s using a different type of media, pump, trying out an NFT setup or whatever you can think of. Aquaponics is a very fun activity to get into and you will definitely enjoy it. You can take pride knowing that you completely set up your system from scratch. If this process seems a little overwhelming, you can also buy a complete setup. Of course this will cost you a lot more money and you won t be as familiar with how every works. Keep in mind that the aquaponics systems that you can buy don t arrive assembled so you will have to put parts together. A lot of beginners prefer to make their own setup first just to get started out and to have an idea of how everything works but this is by no means a necessity. What it essentially boils down to is what you feel comfortable with and your ability to be handy. 3. Cultivating With Aquaponics This final chapter is all about cultivating your fish, plants, and also the importance of bacteria for a functional aquaponic setup. There are several different options you have for what you will grow and everyone seems to have their personal favorites. There aren t necessarily any best plants or fish to grow in your garden and that is a big misconception about aquaponics. Sometimes people think that aquaponics is only for specific types of fish or plants but that s far from the truth. The beauty of aquaponics is that you re able to grow so many different types of things that you ll have no shortage of food. You won t have to worry about getting bored or tired because you can always start growing something different. Currently there have been over 300 types of plants grown in aquaponic systems so that should give you a good idea of the

95 scope of possibilities. It s probably easier to name the things that you can t grow rather than what you can grow because the list is just that long. We will also go over a topic that most novices overlook, bacteria. When people think of bacteria they tend to think of disgusting organisms that will make you sick and can t fathom how they could benefit your aquaponic system. But your aquaponics system will not function without bacteria so it s important that you understand how it works and how it helps your setup. Fish Choosing fish for your aquaponic system is one of the most fun parts for many people. If you got involved in aquaponics because you used to engage in aqua farming, you will probably love this portion of the process. There are a few different aspects to consider when choosing fish for your setup. As we mentioned, there is no best type of fish so you don t have to worry about making any mistakes here. Aquaponics gives you a chance to get the freshest organic fish whenever you want right in your backyard! This is what all the hard work of putting your system together was for. Treat this part as a fun experience and take in the information in this section to help guide your way towards getting fish in your aquaponic setup. Common Types Of Fish Ok, so there might not be a best type of fish to use in aquaponics but there are certainly some common types that are popular. Barramundi: You will find many people growing barramundi during the spring and winter as they re more prone to the warm weather. Using barramundi in your aquaponic system will give you a very clean fresh taste. They are a very popular choice and are really easy to harvest.

96 Catfish: You ve probably made a practice of buying catfish from the grocery store or from restaurants but you haven t had great catfish until you ve grown your own organic catfish in your aquaponic system. There are several types of different catfish available but one of the most popular types used in aquaponics is the channel catfish. People like catfish because they grow faster than other species of fish and give you a great bang for your buck! Carp: Carp is one of the most commonly eaten fish throughout the entire world. The problem with carp is that they re a little difficult to get. It s not recommended that you

97 mix carp in the same fish tank as your other species of fish as they have a reputation of being noxious in some respects. But certain species of carp are great for aquaponics and you ll definitely see a decent amount of setups that harvest them. Jade Perch: Jade perch is notorious in Australia. For health purposes, the perch is absolutely amazing because it s packed with omega 3 oils which are great for you. Some people who raise jade perch in their commercial aquaponics system actually try to make them less oily for people who would rather not have such an oily fish. They are omnivores and live in warm water. Jade perch are a great choice for any aquaponic system.

98 Trout: These fish are great for people in cooler areas. They can grow really fast and convert food very well. You will find trout in many aquaponic setups because they are perfect for this type of environment. Goldfish: Goldfish are very popular amongst commercial aquaponic users. They can be sold to pet shops for a nice profit and if they breed you can easily turn them over quickly. It s definitely nice to have some goldfish in your aquaponic setup.

99 Silver Perch: The silver perch is a very reliable type of fish that is easy to maintain which makes them great for people just getting into aquaponics. A great benefit of silver perch is that they can thrive in almost any temperature so they are seen as a very versatile fish. They don t grow as quick as some other species however. It can take about a year to a year and a half for them to get full size. Murray Cod: This is another popular Australian fish that can grow to be very large. As far as utilizing them in aquaponics and fish tanks, they are a growing trend. They are very

100 popular in aquaculture and fish farming and have found their way into many aquaponic systems recently. They grow very rapidly but you have to make sure you are feeding them regularly because they have a tendency to eat each other. So you have to be careful with this species. Koi: Koi is a type of carp fish. You may know that they are extremely popular in Asia and many people make Koi ponds specifically for this fish. They are great for aquaponics so if you love Koi, you can definitely incorporate them in your setup. Tilapia:This is another very popular type of fish all around the world. Many restaurants use them and they are very popular amongst bodybuilders and health enthusiasts that

101 love to eat fish. Tilapia is a great starter fish for people just getting into aquaponics because they grow fast, breed easily, they re omnivores, and aren t expensive to feed. They do require a warm water atmosphere however, which can be a drawback for some people who live in a cooler area. Those are just some of the most popular types of fish that you can have in your aquaponic system. There are plenty of other types of fish that you can grow in your system. Try some different things out until you find out what works for you. One thing you want to avoid is overstocking your system with fish. Trying to pack it too much results in issues. You will have to constantly monitor your system to make sure that everything is functioning properly and at optimal rates. Trying to do too much can result in adverse outcomes. If you re just starting out, try to limit the amount of different species you re raising unless you re experienced in raising fish. The last thing you want to do is overwhelm yourself trying to care for a bunch of different types of fish with little knowledge of their individual needs. Aquaponics isn t as simple as just dumping fish into a fish tank and feeding them. Certain fish have specific needs that must be met in order for them to grow and thrive. Make sure you do research on any type of fish you plan on using in your system before you get started. Other Species You can grow more than just fish in your aquaponic system which is another great advantage. In addition to fish, you can also grow prawns, crayfish, mussels, crustaceans and more.

102 Incorporating these other species is great for a few reasons. For one, things like fresh water mussels can help filter out your system naturally. You can even place them in a flooded grow bed if you don t want to put them in the fish tank. Having an extra source for filtering never hurts your aquaponic system. A lot of people enjoy raising some different types of crayfish as well. Redclaws, Yabbies and Marron are all very popular choices for aquaponics. Redclaws grow very quickly and are native to Australia. They thrive in warm weather though so if you live somewhere a little cooler, you may want to look into Yabbies or Marron. Yabbies are great for breeding and grow very quickly. One downside of them is that they have a tendency to be a little violent and can eat each other. Choosing the right fish for your system Now that you ve gotten a decent look at what type of fish you can raise in your aquaponic system, how do you know what to look for when choosing the fish for your system?

103 When looking for fish for your system, some things you want to look for are: Eats fish food Can live in a fish tank Can live in the general temperature of where you live Can tolerate ammonia Is not cannibalistic (doesn t eat other fish) You want fish that eat fish food because it s a cost effective method of feeding them. If they have special needs for food then it can become quite costly and trying to feed your fish becomes a big ordeal. Aquaponics is supposed to be easy and simple, don t overcomplicate it with fancy feeding needs. Obviously you re going to want to make sure that the fish can live in a fish tank. If your fish are a saltwater species, you might not want to place them into a freshwater fish tank unless they are euryhaline fish that can live in both freshwater and saltwater.

104 Temperature is extremely important for any aquaponics system. In fact, temperature is one of the main factors to consider when choosing fish. Some fish simply cannot thrive in cold water and need warm water. If you live in a cool environment and want to have warm water fish, you ll need to get some type of water heater or something to control the temperature of your water. This means a new expense that you may not be prepared for. It s much easier to just get fish that are native to the overall temperature of where you live. The fish in your fish tank will produce waste and generate ammonia. Since ammonia can be fatal for fish, the water is filtered before it gets pumped back into the fish tank. However, there

105 is always the possibility that trace amounts of ammonia are still in the water. So it s important to make sure that the fish are at least a little resistant to ammonia just in case. Unless you want to keep getting new fish and basically keep starting over, you want to make sure your fish aren t cannibalistic. Sometimes, a fishes cannibalistic nature can be triggered by temperatures or other elements of the environment. Make sure that the species you pick isn t prone to cannibalism before you introduce into your aquaponic system. Another thing that some people fail to take into consideration is whether or not they even like the type of fish they are growing (assuming you re farming the fish to eat). I recommend getting out and trying some different types of fish to find out what you like before you invest time and energy into growing fish you re not going to want to eat. You should also check to see if your local government forbids you from breeding any specific types of fish. Again, aquaponics is supposed to be fun so you don t want to be fined just because you re breeding certain type of fish that you weren t supposed to. Make sure you have an idea about how big the fish you re getting will be. While you may get it when it s a fingerling, it won t stay that size forever. You have to calculate the spacing of your fish tank and think about how many full sized fish of your species will fit in there. Fish need to be able to swim freely so packing all of your fish into a tight space will have several negative consequences including dead fish, sick fish, large buildups of waste, and more. How many fish can I have? A popular question that you ll probably have is how many fish can I raise in my aquaponics setup? The answer will depend on a few different things: How big is your fish tank? What type of fish do you have? Your filtering system How fast your system can eliminate nitrates The more fish you place in your fish tank, the more risk you re assuming. Again, for people just starting out you want to start out light and not get overwhelmed. Having too many fish in your fish tank will result in problems cleaning out the ammonia and removing waste and it will become even more important that your system is properly filtered. As a general rule of thumb, a 1,000 liter fish tank should be able to produce up to 40kg of fish each year. This isn t a maximum per say, and will depend on how well you manage the system. If you have no idea what you re doing and aren t keeping your system up obviously you won t yield nearly the same amount as an experiences aquaponics farmer who is constantly checking

106 up on their system. You can try to keep it at about 4kg of fish per 100 liters while you re just starting out. This is a manageable number that you can adjust later on as you gain experience and knowledge. For people who insist on keeping a large number of fish, it s advised that you test your system out regularly to ensure everything is functioning properly. Also, make sure you are feeding your fish regularly and evenly. You may even want to have a backup aquaponics setup in the event that your main one breaks down for whatever reason. It s been shown that setups with more fish have a higher tendency to break down so you will need a backup plan unless you can afford to lose all of your fish if something breaks or if the power goes out. Feeding The Fish Unless you want your fish to starve or not grow properly, you will need to make sure they are getting an adequate amount of food. You can use regular fish pellets that you buy from a pet store or even an aquarium.

107 The biggest debate about feeding your fish is about how much to feed them. There are a few different thoughts/methods people use to determine how much to feed their fish. One method is to feed your fish around 1.5-3% of the weight of your fish every day. If your system is running great and is properly optimized, this might work for you. Another method is the eye test. This is how most people feed their fish at home. Simply feed your fish as much as they would like to eat. You just have to make sure you keep a good eye on which fish are consuming what amount. This method also allows you see if any of your fish are having problems eating which is a sign of disease. Something you ll want to watch out for is changes in your fish s metabolism. This is commonly caused by drops in the temperature. Also if you re pouring food into your fish tank and the fish aren t eating, you ll have a buildup of uneaten food in your tank. This uneaten food will increase the levels of ammonia in your tank and cause problems with your filters. If you notice that your fish aren t eating and food is gathering at the bottom of your tank, try going a couple of days without feeding and see what happens. Another issue you can run into is feeding your fish too much. This will result if fish with a large amount of body fat which is not what people look for in fish. After a while you ll find the perfect amount to feed your fish and it will become almost automatic for you. For smaller fish, some people buy an automatic fish feeder. If you have the money to spend you can give it a try but it s not a necessity by any means. Plants The other big part of aquaponics is growing plants. This is where you ll be able to put your green thumb to use. I ve stressed it time and time again throughout this book; aquaponics gives you the freshest healthiest organic vegetables you can get. A Canadian researcher by the name of Dr. Nick Savidov proved that aquaponics gives greater production than hydroponics.

108 The debate between aquaponics and soil based farming has been debated back and forth but many studies have shown that aquaponics is as good if not better than gardening with soil. As far as picking the type of plants you will be growing, the choices are endless. This is what makes aquaponics stand out so much and why so many people are getting into it. Practically any vegetable that you like can be grown through aquaponics organically. Some popular choices for growing plants include: Beans Eggplant Beets Celery Thyme Kale Basil Tomatoes Chokos Coriander Bok choi Parsley Cucumbers Corn

109 Carrots Peas Cabbage Onions Potatoes And this is an extremely short list of what you can grow. If you can grow a plant through hydroponics, chances are you can grow them through aquaponics as well. Some popular choices for people just starting out are leafy vegetables and herbs. They are easy to maintain and grow. They fit perfectly into an aquaponics environment. This is another one of those areas where I would encourage you to experiment and try some different things out. Don t feel like you have to be limited to just salad greens or the items in the list above. Try out anything you can think of and see if it works. You can really have some fun with planting your vegetables.

110 With aquaponics, you re able to have your plants out in hot water and still get a great supply of water through the cycling process. Unlike soil based gardening, plants grown with aquaponics don t have their roots submerged underground where water is soaked up quickly in the heat. You don t have to worry about providing extra water to your plants because the plants are being watered continuously in your self-sustaining system. With aquaponics you have the ability to continuously change and alter your setup on the go. There are several things you can do to help your plants grow better if problems occur. For example, if you notice you re not producing enough nitrate, you can use some worm tea to help add nutrients. Feel free to make proper adjustments and alter things to get optimal results. Performing diagnostics on your system can be a bit difficult if you re new to aquaponics or gardening. Luckily this is one of the areas where the strong aquaponics community can be extremely helpful. Explaining your issues on forums will likely get you solutions to your issues. Seeds vs. Seedlings Are you going to go with store bought seedlings or seeds? There is not right answer here but each has pros and cons. Seedlings that you buy will definitely grow much faster but they will cost a little more than seeds.

111 Growing vegetables through aquaponics does require a little bit of knowledge and skill however. You can sprinkle your seeds directly into the gravel of your grow bed. You can set up your grow beds so that the water raises up to 50mm below the surface. This will decrease the chances of algae forming on your gravel but you also run the risk of your seeds not getting enough water. A tip if you re using gravel as a media is to use a spoon to dig a spot to put your seedling roots. Then cover the gravel up right away and water it. Also, try to do your planting when it s cooler outside and avoid doing it on those really hot days. Pest Control Another very important aspect of planting with aquaponics is pest control. Remember that aquaponics is completely organic so you re not going to be dealing with all of those toxic pesticides. One of the great things about aquaponics is that your plants are elevated so it greatly decreases the chances of bugs getting to them. In the event that caterpillars or other insects find their way to your plants, they make a great snack for your fish. Simply pluck them off and toss them into your fish tank so that they can eat. If you re looking for some organic pest control methods, consider trying out the following: Take 3 hot green peppers, a couple of cloves of garlic, ¾tsp of liquid soap and 3 cups of water. Combine the garlic and hot peppers in a blender or food processor. Put this into a

112 spray bottle and combine your soap water. Let this mixture sit for about 24 hours and then strain the pulp out. Then spray the plants that have been infested completely. Use water and a caustic potash based soap. Combine them in a bottle until it produces kind of a frothy mixture. Boil 8 liters of oil and 1kg of soap and stir it together. Dilute it with water and only spray plants when it s cool outside. Mix chili and water in a bottle and spray on caterpillars. Just be careful not to get any of this mixture in your eyes.

113 Try some different methods out and see what gives you the best results. There are some organic pest sprays that you can buy in stores that would work as well (such as EndAll). It s important not to pollute the system with chemicals or you may as well buy your vegetables from a grocery store grown inorganically. If any of your plants becomes completely infested, you should consider getting rid of it. I cannot stress this enough, no pesticides are to be used on your aquaponics setup. It is dangerous to the fish and to your health as well. By running your system properly and making sure that your plants are growing healthily, your plants will naturally repel pests. Bacteria The one link of the aquaponics chain that a lot of people tend to forget or don t know about is bacteria. It is a necessity for any aquaponics system to operate and plays a very important role in the entire cycling process. The bacteria are responsible for cleaning the wastewater from your fish tank and cleaning out the ammonia. So understanding why your system needs bacteria and how it helps is vitalfor having a functioning setup and keeping your fish alive and safe to eat. The Nitrogen Cycle

114 In order to understand why bacteria are so important for your aquaponic system, you have to understand how the nitrogen cycle works. When the fish defecate, the matter that comes out is filled with ammonia. When the ammonia levels reach 5 parts per million inside of your fish tank, the results are toxic. It also exposes them to diseases and sickness. In the event that the fish don t die and are diseased, you may potentially eat the fish and this will of course make you extremely sick and is very detrimental to your health. Fish cannot live in water filled with ammonia and you don t want to eat fish that has been ingesting ammonia. So how do you get rid of the ammonia and make the water safe for the fish to live in? Bacteria! There are two types of what s called beneficial bacteria in aquaponics. The bacteria used in aquaponics are the same as the type used in aquariums. Nitrosomanas bacteria are the bacteria that convert the ammonia into nitrites. However, nitrites are also very toxic and unsafe for fish to ingest as well so another bacterium comes into play here. Nitrobacter converts the nitrites into nitrate which is a substance that is much safer than ammonia and nitrites, but can still be harmful in large amounts. But this is the beauty of the aquaponics system.

115 Plants use nitrates for nourishment to grow. So when the water runs through your grow beds, the plants complete the last part of the cleansing cycle for the wastewater and clean out the rest of the harmful toxins in ammonia. If you re interested in checking the levels of your fish tank, you should have less than.25ppm of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in your aquaponics system. This is part of the reason that it s so important that your grow beds are not too shallow. The grow bed is where a majority of the cleaning process takes place and bacteria typically do best in a grow bed with a depth of at least 1 foot. You want to make sure that the bacteria have plenty of space to colonize and formulate. If you don t have an adequate amount of bacteria you risk having the toxins not be fully eliminated which can cause big issues for your entire aquaponics system. Cycling At this point you re probably thinking to yourself how do I get bacteria into my system? This is a logical question because obviously your grow beds are clean when you first set up your system so there won t be any of the necessary bacteria there. In order to get things going correctly, you have to establish colonies of nitrosomanas and nitrobacter. The process of getting these beneficial bacteria into your aquaponics system is known as cycling. You can t see them but nitrosomanas and nitrobacter are both everywhere in the air, water, and even soil. It s actually really easy to get them into your aquaponics system. Assuming you don t have any fish in your fish tank yet but have water in there and media in your grow bed,

116 you can actually add ammonia into your system right now! Getting ammonia into your system is a lot easier than you think. No you re not going to pour a bottle of chemicals into your system. In order to get some ammonia into your system you can actually put a very small amount of pure ammonia into the fish tank. Alternatively you can place some uneaten fish food into the tank as well. When you leave the fish food in water it will break down and release ammonia into the system. Another approach that I wouldn t recommend is to put a live fish in the tank. Some aqua farmers have been known to do this in order to establish the bacteria but it is a risky move. For one you re exposing the fish to possible disease as the ammonia levels rise or possibly pass on disease to the fish you put in later. An idea that is becoming fairly popular is putting some prawns (5-7 large prawns should do) into the fish tank. Wait about a week and throw some more in there. Then add in your source of ammonia and commence pumping the water through to your grow bed and basically do a cycle just like if the system was fully running. Whichever method you use, keep in mind that the bacteria will not just colonize overnight. Depending on the temperatures, depth of your grow beds and other factors, you could have to wait a little while. Optimal conditions for this type of bacteria to establish are warm tropical weather. Under the best circumstances, you could start getting the bacteria to colonize within a few weeks. If the conditions aren t as great or ideal you may have to wait a bit longer. Just be patient because if you re not you can expect to have your entire system ruined. Testing

117 I wish I could tell you that finding out whether or not the system has cycles is as easy as looking at it but that s not the case here. The best way (and really the only way) to tell if your system has completely cycled is to use an aquarium water test kit. You have probably seen these used before. They can test the levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate as well as your ph levels. You can buy a test kit at pet stores or aqua gardening shops at a pretty reasonable price. Good kits will allow you to perform hundreds of test. You should take advantage of this and test your water levels every day after you add in your ammonia source. I d highly recommend recording your findings so that you can see exactly what s happening. Ideally what you should see is that initially you ll have ammonia levels rising to around 5ppm, then once the nitrosomanas are established the ammonia levels should fall to zero. Then the nitrite levels should start to increase to around 5ppm but eventually fall to zero when the nitrobacter are established and your system starts producing the nitrates. At this point it is safe to start adding your fish into the fish tank and start planting your vegetables. Keep monitoring your ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite levels for the first couple of months of your setup being operational. Don t be alarmed if the numbers you get are inconsistent or seem extremely random, this is perfectly normal. What s happening is the bacteria are still in the process of being established.

118 In the event that your ammonia or nitrite levels rise above 5ppm, there is an issue somewhere within your system and you need to fix it as soon as possible. It could be an issue with your grow bed, plumbing or elsewhere. But if you allow the problem to persist you will be harming your fish and they may potentially die. Your nitrate levels on the other hand may get as high as 20ppm, but this isn t as much of a concern. They should go back down shortly. If you are getting high levels of ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate over an extended period of time, dump out some of the water (about a third) and replace it with fresh water. You should strive for a ph level of around in your aquaponics setup. Again, if your levels are a lot higher than this you need to address it immediately. Please don t make the mistake of putting chlorine into your aquaponics system. It is commonly added into tap water in order to kill bacteria so that it s safe for us to drink. However, it will kill your fish and the necessary bacteria for your system. For this reason make sure that the water you fill your fish tank with is free of chlorine before you put it into your system. The method you use to get chlorine out of your water will depend on how it was added into it. If it s a chlorine gas, all you have to do is let it sit in a bucket for a couple of days and it will eventually dissolve. The other way chlorine is added is as a chloramine. If this is the case or you just want to use the water right away you can buy a water conditioner. Water conditioners remove the chlorine from the water chemically. You can buy them from aquariums or pet stores. The only thing you have to be careful with is making sure that the conditioner is safe to use for water where fish that you will be eating will swim. I would suggest just leaving the water out because you want to avoid using chemicals in this organic food production process whenever possible. After your system has been cycled, you

119 should still check your levels regularly to make sure that everything is fine. As I mentioned, the levels of ammonia might not always be so high that they kill your fish immediately. Lower toxic levels can still harm your fish and kill them over a longer period of time. And if you eat this fish before it dies from the ammonia you re exposing yourself to disease and sickness. 4. Common Aquaponics Issues Like all things, aquaponics isn t always perfect. You will definitely run into some issues along the way. It s not a matter of if something will go wrong with your system; it s a matter of when it will happen and what will happen. The best thing you can do is to be prepared for the inevitable issues that you will run into so that when it happens you re not completely caught off guard. In a lot of situations time is of the essence so you might not have time to ask questions on a forum or message board. Problems that you will run into will typically fall under one of the following categories: Equipment breaking/failing Leaks in your plumbing/pipes Unsafe ammonia levels Diseased fish Power outages Equipment Breaking We touched on this a little bit in the section about pumps, but I ll reiterate, you shouldn t skimp out on your pump. Some people think they will save some money by getting a lower quality/cheaper type of pump. However, you have to realize that these are cheaper for a reason. If you re going to invest a good chunk of change into any part of your setup please make it your pump. When your pump fails your system is pretty much rendered useless and you ll have to worry about what to do with your fish and have to spend money on new pumps over and over. If for some reason you choose to go with a cheaper pump you better get two because you will want an extra one in arms reach when the first one craps out on you.

120 Plumbing Leaks

121 Something that isn t necessarily a common issue but certainly does happen to the best of us is leaks in your plumbing, broken pipes or even blockage. These can be really damaging especially if they happen while your system is unattended. You can potentially lose all of the water in your system. You can reduce the chances of this happening by installing a float switch. These stop the pump if the water levels fall too low. This will help minimize the damage done by leaks. In order to help reduce the chance of blockages occurring, you really have to make sure that your setup it installed properly. Things like algae forming in your piping or even a fish getting stuck accidentally in your piping can be avoided if you install everything correctly. The only thing you can do if you have a pipe burst is to replace it. You can try to close the piping up temporarily but you really will have to replace it completely. Avoid using cheap piping that can be easily broken. Saving money on parts is great, but not if it means compromising the integrity and quality of your system. But like I said, what you really have to worry about is if issues arise when you re away from your setup. That is why it is important not to leave you system unattended to for days at a time. If you ever have to be away from your system for an extended period of time, make sure that you have someone that can at least take a look at it every day. The average person might not be

122 able to notice blockage but leaks and bursts are pretty difficult to miss (the pool of water on the ground is pretty hard to miss). The best way to help minimize the damage caused by leaks, bursts, or blockages is to install a float switch or an alarm that will sound when the water levels fall below a certain point. After you run into your first issue you will be glad you have one of these installed. Also make sure you re using decent quality parts for your setup. As you saw from my guide earlier, you can build your first aquaponic setup even on an extremely low budget. But there are some areas where you will want to spend a little money in order to prevent huge problems from occurring. Unsafe Ammonia Levels You should have a good idea about the issues involving toxic ammonia or nitrite levels from the last section. The best way to avoid this is to test your levels regularly because the levels don t get toxic overnight. It s usually takes several days for the levels to get to unsafe levels. If your levels do get high you can do as suggested earlier and replace some of the water. This has proven to be one of the best ways to return levels back to normal. Don t result to trying to introducing more chemicals to offset it or try to become a backyard chemist so to speak. After you replace some of the water just continue monitoring your levels daily and everything should be back to normal soon. Diseased Fish

123 There are several types of diseases your fish can catch while in your aquaponic system. While I can t touch on all of them, I will give some insight on one of the most common ones in aquaponics and that is ICH (aka the white spot disease). This disease is actually present in a large amount of captive fish and some people believe it s triggered by stress. The only way to really tell if your fish has ICH is through being examined under a microscope. However some symptoms of the disease are: Small white spots on the fishes body and its gills Agitated movements Rubbing up against objects in the fish tank Decreased appetite The best way to treat ICH is to catch it before it gets too bad. The disease can t be killed while it s on the fish, only when it leaves the fish and is attempting to multiply (by attaching to other fish) You will have to increase the temperature of your fish tank in order to get the disease to a point where it can be killed. You want to get the temperatures up to about 25 degrees Celsius. When the water is cooler, the disease will take longer to go through its life cycle and consequently it will take longer to get rid of it.